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IntroductionxiiiThis period saw an increase in access to safe water and sanitationservices in lower-income countries. Such access, coupled withincreases in per capita food supplies, basic public health services,greater knowledge of basic hygiene, and newer weapons (such asantibiotics and tests for early diagnosis) were instrumental inreducing mortality rates.As a result of these advances, life expectancies lengthened worldwide,not just in the richest nations. Globally, average lifeexpectancy increased from 46.6 in 1950–1955 to 66.8 years between1950–1955 and 2003, as technology and knowledge was diffusedaround the world (World Bank, 2005).Economic growth, technology and free trade – a cycleof progressThis amazing story has at its roots what Goklany describes as the“mutually reinforcing, co-evolving forces of economic growth, technologicalchange and free trade.” Economic growth is a particularlypotent force for improving health, as was demonstrated by aseminal 1996 study by economists Lant Pritchett and LawrenceSummers. Their research demonstrated a strong causative effect ofincome on infant mortality, showing that if the developing world’sgrowth rate had been 1.5 percentage points higher in the 1980s, halfa million infant deaths would have been averted.When economic growth translates into higher incomes, it allowspeople to invest in cleaner drinking water, proper sewage and sanitation,clean fuel and better nutrition. Currently, water-bornediseases, chest infections caused by using biomass fuels in unventilateddwellings and malnutrition constitute a large proportion ofthe disease burden in the world’s poorest countries. If a country iswealthy, these diseases can easily be overcome by upgrading waterand electrical infrastructure, and by ensuring the population is wellnourished.The improvements in health that prosperity brings can alsohelp to further reinforce and accelerate economic growth. Good