Sources 2914 The diseases of poverty and the 10/90 gapAttaran, A., Barnes, K., Curtis, C., d’Alessandro, U., Fanello, C., Galinski, M., Kokwaro,G., Looareesuwan, S., Makanga, M., Mutabingwa, T., (2004), “WHO, the GlobalFund, and medical malpractice in malaria treatment,” The Lancet, 363:9404, pp237–240.Barat, L., Palmer, N., Basu, S., Worrall, E., Hanson, K., Mills, A., (2003), “Do MalariaControl Interventions Reach the Poor?: A view Through the Equity Lens,” DiseaseControl Priorities Project, Bethesda: National Institutes of Health.Black, RE., Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? The Lancet 2003;361: 2226–34Bruce, N., Perez-Padilla, R. & Albalak, R., (2002), “The health effects of indoor airpollution exposure in developing countries”, Geneva: World HealthOrganization.Carrin, G., (2002), “Social Health Insurance in developing countries: a continuingchallenge,” <strong>International</strong> Social Security Review, Vol. 55.Chima, R., Goodman, C. & Mills, A., (2003), “The economic impact of malaria inAfrica: a critical review of the evidence,” Health <strong>Policy</strong>, 63(1): 17–36Deolalikar, A., (1995), “Government Health Spending in Indonesia: Impact onChildren in Different Economic Groups.” In Public Spending and the Poor: Theoryand Evidence, eds. Van de Walle, D., & Nead, K., Baltimore: John HopkinsUniversity Press.Department of Health and Human Services, United States, (2002), “Report to thePresident: Prescription drug coverage, spending, utilization, and prices”, April2002.de Soto, H., (2001), The Mystery of Capital, London: Bantam Books.Fenwick, A, (2006), “Waterborne Infectious Diseases – Could They Be Consigned toHistory?” Science, 313:5790, pp 1077 – 1081Filmer, D. & Pritchett, L., (1999), “The Impact of public spending on health: doesmoney matter?” World BankFilmer, D., Hammer, J., Pritchett, L., (2000), “Weak links in the chain: a diagnosis ofhealth policy in poor countries,” World Bank Research Observer, 15(2): 199–224.Jones, G., & Stetekee R., (2004), How many child deaths can we prevent this year? TheLancet, vol 362, 5 July 2004Kumarasamy, N., (2004), “Generic antiretroviral drugs – will they be the answer toHIV in the developing world?” The Lancet, vol 364.Levison, L. & Laing, R., (2003), “The hidden costs of essential medicines,” WHOessential drugs monitor, Issue 33.Levison, L., (2003), “<strong>Policy</strong> and programming options for reducing the procurementcosts of essential medicines in developing countries”, concentration paper:Boston University School of Public Health.Love J., Hubbard T., (2003) “An agenda for research and development,” Meeting onthe role of generics and local industry in attaining the Millennium DevelopmentGoals in pharmaceuticals and vaccines. World Bank: Washington DC, June 2003Monath, T., (2005), “Yellow Fever Vaccine,” Expert Review of Vaccines, 4(4):553–74Medecins Sans Frontiers & Drugs for Neglected Diseases Working Group, (2001),“Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Drugs for
292 Fighting the Diseases of PovertyNeglected Diseases”, September 2001, available at http://www.accessmedmsf.org/documents/fatal_imbalance_2001.pdfMuheki, C., McIntyre, D. & Barnes K., (2004), “Artemisinin-based combinationtherapy reduces expenditure on malaria treatment in KwaZulu Natal, SouthAfrica,” Tropical Medicine and <strong>International</strong> Health 9, 959–966.PAHO, (2006), “New malaria treatments guidelines issued,” 20/01/2006, available athttp://www.paho.org/English/DD/PIN/pr060120.htm.Poisal, J. & Chulis, G., (2000), “Medicare beneficiaries and drug coverage,” HealthAffairs, 19(2).Rice, A., West, K., & Black, R., (2004), “Vitamin A Deficiency” (Chapter 4), in Ezzati,M. et al. (Eds.) Comparative Quantification of Health Risks. Geneva: World HealthOrganization.Shaw, R. & Ainswoth, M., (1995), “Financing heath services through user fees andinsurance,” World Bank discussion paper 294.Soderlund, N. & Hansl, B., (2000), “Health Insurance in South Africa: an empiricalanalysis of trends in risk-pooling and efficiency following deregulation,” Health<strong>Policy</strong> and Planning, 15(4):378–385.Trouiller et al., (2002), Drug development for neglected diseases: a deficient market and apublic-health policy failure, The Lancet, vol 359, June 22, 2002Wirth, D., (2001), Survey for the Drugs for Neglected Diseases Working Group,Switzerland, May 2001. [Online]. Original survey and letter available:www.accessmed-msf.org. Andra Brichacek, Top 50 Pharmaceutical Companies of2000, Pharmaceutical Executive, April 2001. Available: http://www.pharmaportal.com/articles/pe/pe0401_062-82.pdf [2001, August 6].Monath, T. & Nasidi, A., (1993), “Should Yellow Fever vaccine be included in theexpanded program of immunisation in Africa? A cost-effectiveness analysis forNigeria,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 48(2):274–299.Moran, M., Ropars, A., Guzman, J. Diaz, J. & Garrison, C., (2005), “The New landscapeof neglected disease drug development,” London School of Economicspharmaceutical R&D policy project, Wellcome Trust: LondonMurray H., Pepin, J., Nutman, T., Hoffman, S., Mhamoud, A., (2001), “Recentadvances, tropical medicine”, British Medical Journal, 320:490–494PhRMA, (2005), data solicited by author, November 2005.Saleh, K. & Ibrahim, M., (2005), “Are Essential Medicines in Malaysia Accessible,Affordable and Available?” Pharmacy World & Science, 27:6 442–446.WHO, (1995), Global prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency, Micronutrient DeficiencyInformation System working paper no.2, Geneva: WHOWHO (1999), Report on Infectious Diseases: Removing Obstacles to Healthy Development,Geneva: WHO.WHO, (2002), World Health Report 2002, Geneva: WHOWHO, (2002a), State of the world’s vaccines and immunisation, Geneva: WHOWHO, (2003), World Health Report 2003, Geneva: WHOWHO, (2003a), Medicines Strategy Report 2002–2003, Geneva: WHOWHO, (2004), World Health Report, Statistical Annex, Geneva: WHO.WHO, (2005a), Preventing Chronic Disease: a vital investment, Geneva: WHO.WHO-IFPMA (2001) Round Table, Working paper on priority infectious diseasesrequiring additional R&D, July 2001
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ContentsIntroductionPhilip Stevens1
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viiiFighting the Diseases of Povert
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IntroductionxiiiThis period saw an
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Introductionxixrising overall level
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3 Corruption in publichealthMaureen
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Corruption in public health 65Healt
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Corruption in public health 67where
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Corruption in public health 69◆
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Corruption in public health 71healt
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Corruption in public health 1152001
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Corruption in public health 117The
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Corruption in public health 123inco
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5 Increasing access tomedicinesProf
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8 The value of vaccinationDavid E.
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