18.1 Studying Viruses and Prokaryotes

Chapter AssessmentChapter Vocabulary18.1 virus, p. 544pathogen, p. 544viroid, p. 544prion, p. 54518.2 capsid, p. 547bacteriophage, p. 549lytic infection, p. 551lysogenic infection, p. 551prophage, p. 55118.3 epidemic, p. 553vaccine, p. 553retrovirus, p. 55318.4 obligate anaerobe, p. 555obligate aerobe, p. 555facultative aerobe, p. 555plasmid, p. 556flagellum, p. 556conjugation, p. 558endospore, p. 55818.5 bioremediation, p. 56118.6 toxin, p. 563antibiotic, p. 564Reviewing VocabularyCategory CluesFor each clue, list the appropriate vocabulary termfrom the chapter.Category: Viral Infection1. protects against infection2. plant virus3. host and viral DNACategory: Bacteria4. virus of bacteria5. fights bacterial infection6. pollution digestionGreek and Latin Word Origins7. The term flagellum comes from the Latin word flagrum,which means “whip.” Explain how this meaning relatesto flagellum.8. The term conjugation comes from the Latin wordconjugare, which means “to join together.” Using thismeaning, explain how it relates to what conjugation is.9. The term epidemic comes from the Greek wordsepi-, which means “upon,” and demos, which means“people.” Explain how these meanings relate toan epidemic.10. The term aerobe means “an organism that requiresoxygen to live.” The prefixes a- or an- mean “without,or not.” How do these meanings relate to theterm anaerobe?Reviewing MAIN IDEAS11. Viruses, viroids, and prions are not considered to beliving things. Which of their traits resemble livingorganisms, and which traits do not?12. The flu virus has an envelope with surface proteins thatallow it to infect its host cells. What structures helpviruses infect bacterial cells? Explain.13. Explain the differences between the two ways virusesinfect their host cells.14. Children across the United States get “shots,” orinjections, during their physical exams. Explain whatthese shots are and why they are recommended forall children.15. The success of prokaryotes is due to special characteristicsthey have, such as the ability to form endosporesand perform conjugation. Explain how each of theseabilities helps prokaryotes survive changing environments.16. It surprises most people to learn that their lives dependon bacteria. Describe three roles bacteria play in humanhealth and survival.17. Due to their unique ability to break down an enormousarray of substances, prokaryotes play critical roles inecosystems. Summarize two of these roles.18. Doctors recommend washing hands before eating toprevent the spread of disease. What is the connectionbetween bacteria and disease?19. Prokaryotes have the ability to carry genes other thantheir own. How is this trait important for geneticengineering?20. Recently, doctors have been advised to limit the use ofantibiotics whenever possible. Why is this recommendationimportant?Chapter 18: Viruses and Prokaryotes 569