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BIOLOGIC (T b ), EFFECTIVE (T e ) HALF LIFEPharmaceuticals administered to living organismsdisappear from the biological system exponentiallyT b = The time needed for half of a pharmaceuticalto be excreted by a biological systemThe biological decay constant is λ b = 0.693 / T bPhysical Decay(T p ) and Biologic Excretion(T b ) resultin faster disappearance of a radiopharmaceuticalT e = The time needed for half the A o to disappearThe net or effective rate λ e = λ p + λ b, (λ = 0.693/t 1/2 )1/ T e = 1/ T p + 1/ T b and T e = (T p T b ) /(T p + T b )
ACTIVITY(A)= DISINTEGRATION RATE(D)==RADIOACTIVITY = DECAY RATEThe decay rate is proportionalto the total number of nuclei (N)dN/dt = λN = A = Dλ=decay constant ( sec -1 )Remaining radionuclides at any time (t) areN t = N o e -λt , e -λt = decay factorRadioactive decay is exponentialD t = D o e -λt or A t = A o e -λ t
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NUCLEAR MEDICINE IMAGINGandTHERAPY
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NUCLEAR MEDICINE DETECTORS1) ANGER
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HISTORICAL INFORMATION
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HUMAN PROGRESS1) SURVIVAL: personal
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THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERSObservation:
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THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS LIVED HEREAN
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PLATO’S THEORY OFGEOMETRICALOR MA
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EPICUROSA PHILOSOPHER OFTHE ROMAN P
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ALEXANDER THE GREAT EXPANDED EASTAL
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THERE FOLLOWS CHRISTIANITYAND THE M
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THE MEDIEVAL TIMESCHRISTIANSMUSLIMS
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THE RENAISSANCEIN THE 14 th CENTURY
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HISTORYDmitry Ivanovic Mendeleyev 1
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RADIATION FROM ELECTRONSTHE DISCOVE
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MEDICINE LAGGED BEHIND
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THEORIES ABOUTTHE STRUCTURE OF THE
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MODERNS TIMESSCIENCE PHILOSOPHY and
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IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE WE USERADIOPHAR
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RADIOPHARMACEUTICALSOrganic or Inor
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NUCLEAR MEDICINE IMAGINGSINGLE PHOT
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IMAGING INTRODUCTION
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HISTORYRectilinear Scanner1954 Will
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HISTORYCyclotronErnest O. Lawrence
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NUCLEAR MEDICINE IMAGINGSINGLE PHOT
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THE COMBINED PET/CT (GEMINI)PETCT
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THE UNIVERSEMATTER (ATOMS etc) ENE
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THE UNIVERSE = MATTER+ENERGYMATTER
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RADIOACTIVE ATOM and RADIATION:radi
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RADIATION2) Electromagnetic Radiati
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ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
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X-RAY SPECTRUM
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RADIATION1) Particular Radiation (m
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THE ATOMELECTRONSNUCLEUS(NUCLEONS)
Page 74 and 75: NUCLEUSATOMIC # : Z ( p + ), NEUTRO
Page 76 and 77: SHELLS AND SUBSHELLS OF ELECTRONS
Page 79 and 80: ELECTRONSIN DIFFERENT ENERGY CELLS
Page 81 and 82: STANDING PARTICLE WAVES
Page 83 and 84: PARTICLES and ANTIPARTICLES
Page 85 and 86: PARTICLES of the STANDARD MODEL
Page 87 and 88: PARTICLE TRACKS IN BUBBLE CHAMBERPa
Page 89 and 90: NUTRINOS
Page 91 and 92: NUCLEUSZ : ATOMIC # ( p + ), N : NE
Page 93 and 94: NUCLIDES - ATOMS - ELEMENTSΝuclide
Page 95 and 96: NUCLEUSThere are 3000 nuclides, sta
Page 97 and 98: LINE OF STABILITY, STABLE/UNSTABLE
Page 99 and 100: ALPHA DECAY (α ++ )Heavy Nuclides(
Page 101 and 102: ALPHA DECAY
Page 103 and 104: BETA DECAY ( β − = e − )Neutro
Page 105 and 106: BETA-GAMMA DECAY OF 131 I
Page 107 and 108: THE ENERGY OF THE BETA PARTICLES
Page 109 and 110: POSITRON DECAY (β + = e + )Proton
Page 112 and 113: ELECTRON CAPTURE (EC)Proton rich un
Page 115 and 116: ISOMERIC TRANSITION (IT)Nucleus in
Page 117 and 118: TECHNETIUM-99m DECAY SCHEME
Page 119 and 120: MOLYBDENUM/TECHNETIUM GENERATOR
Page 121 and 122: QUANTIFICATION OF RADIATION
Page 123: PHYSICAL HALF LIFE (t 1/2 OR T p )T
Page 127 and 128: TRANSIENT EQUILIBRIUM
Page 129 and 130: FISSION
Page 131: CHAIN REACTION
Page 134 and 135: CONTROLLED CHAIN REACTION
Page 136: THREE MILE ISLAND NUCLEAR POWER PLA
Page 139 and 140: FUSION REACTOR
Page 141 and 142: ELEMENTS OF NEW FUSION TECHNOLOGY
Page 143 and 144: PARTICLE ACCELERATOR
Page 145 and 146: MONITORING RADIOACTIVITY
Page 147 and 148: QTPIE
Page 149 and 150: GEIGER COUNTER
Page 151 and 152: A DOSE CALIBRATOR
Page 153 and 154: GEOMETRIC EFICIENCY OF DETECTORS
Page 155 and 156: SCINTILLATION DETECTOR
Page 157 and 158: SPECTRUM OF A 662keV GAMMA RAY OF 1
Page 159 and 160: SPECTRUM OF 81keV gamma ray of 133
Page 161 and 162: Spillover or Crosstalk
Page 163 and 164: FULL WIDTH AT HALF MAXIMUM
Page 165 and 166: PERSONAL DOSIMETER
Page 167 and 168: INTERFERENCE FROM AC Cs SOURCELymph
Page 169: QUALITY CONTROL IN NM
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