THE 1920S DROUGHT RECORDED BY TREE RINGS AND ...

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428 ERYUAN LIANG ET AL.Tree growth decline exhibited a regionally synchronous and coherent pattern innorthern China, which is a reflection of drought variability. Based on the studiedtree-ring sites, the 1920s drought extended across North China, southern Ningxia,eastern Qinghai, Gansu and eastern Xinjiang in Northwest China. Dendroclimaticevidence is clearly supported by a variety of historical records. This research alsoshows the need to extend the tree-ring network, to enable a more detailed assessmentof the spatio-temporal characteristics of extreme drought events. Ultimately, thelarge-scale spatio-temporal climate anomalies recovered from an extensive treeringnetwork would provide insights into the atmospheric circulation patterns thatinfluenced precipitation patterns over the semi-arid areas in northern China.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by the Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS (KZCX3-SW-321) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30300053 and90102005). We gratefully acknowledge Professor Raymond S. Bradley for encouragingus to write this paper, and for insightful comments and suggestions on anearlier version of the manuscript. Thanks to Dr. Jürg Luterbacher for many usefulsuggestions and Tom Cannavino for helpful English corrections. We sincerelythank Jingyun Zheng and Hongbin Liu for their suggestions, and Zhaochen Kong,Xudong Chen, Kejun Che, Hu Hao, Tianyu Li, Jicheng He, Lusan Liu and Pu Wufor their help with the fieldwork. The authors also wish to thank to the anonymousreviewers and the editor whose comments and suggestions were helpful inthe improvement of the quality of this paper.ReferencesBradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D.: 1992, Climate Since A.D. 1500, Routledge, London, p. 679.Bryson, R. A. and Swain, A. M.: 1981, ‘Holocene variations of monsoon rainfall in Rajasthan’, Quat.Res. 16, 135–145.Chen, G. R. and Cheng, G. W.: 1997, ‘Drought analysis in the upper basin of changjiang riverand disaster prevention/abatement’, Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Valley 6, 74–79.(in Chinese with English abstract)Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science: 1981, Yearly Charts of Dryness/Wetness in China forthe Last 500-Year Period, China Map Press, Beijing, p. 332. (in Chinese with English abstract)Chu, K. Z., Tu, C. W., and Chang, P. K.: 1936, The Chinese Rainfall, The National Research Instituteof Meteorology, Academic Sinica, Beijing, p. 536. (in Chinese with English abstract)Cook, E. R.: 1992, ‘Using tree rings to study past El Niño/Southern oscillation influences on climate’,in Diaz, H. F. and Markgraf, V. (eds), El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the SouthernOscillation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 203–214.Cook, E. R. and Kairiukstis, L.: 1990, Methods of Dendrochronology: Applications in the EnvironmentalSciences, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 23–217.Cook, E. R., Meko, D. M., Stahle, D. W., and Cleaveland, M. K.: 1999, ‘Drought reconstructions forthe continental united states’, J. Clim. 12, 1145–1162.
THE 1920S DROUGHT IN NORTHERN CHINA 429Damage Report: 1995, Report of the Damage Caused by Disaster in China, China Statistical Press,Beijing, pp. 1–406. (in Chinese)deMenocal, P. B.: 2001, ‘Culture responses to climate change during the late holocene’, Science 292,667–673.Deng, Y. T.: 1937, History of Famine Relief in China, Commercial Press, Beijing, p. 376. (in Chinese)Dong, A. X., Hao, H. L. and Xiang, J.: 2000, ‘The analysis of several severe dry damages in historicaltime in northwest China’, in Xie, J. N. (ed.), The Research on Change and Prediction of DroughtClimate in northwest China, China Meterological Press, Beijing, pp. 93–96. (in Chinese withEnglish abstract)Fang, X. Q.: 1999, ‘Decline of pre-historical agriculture and formation of farming-grazing transitionalzone in north China : A view from climatic changes’, J. Nat. Resour. 14, 212–218. (in Chinesewith English abstract)Feng, J. X. and Ke, X. X.: 2000, ‘The variation features of the runoff in the upper reaches of the yellowriver for 260 years’, in Xie, J. N. (ed.), The Research on Change and Prediction of Drought Climatein Northwest China, China Meterological Press, Beijing, pp. 166–170. (in Chinese with Englishabstract)Fritts, H. C.: 1974, ‘Relationships of ring widths in arid-site conifers to variations in monthly temperatureand precipitation’, Ecol. Monograph. 44, 411–440.Fritts, H. C.: 1976, Tree Ring and Climate, Academic Press, London, p. 567.Fu, C. B., Diaz, H. F., Dong, D. F. and Fletcher, J. O.: 1999, ‘Changes in atmospheric circulation overnorthern hemisphere oceans associated with the rapid warming of the 1920s’, Int. J. Climatol. 19,581–606.Ge, Q. S. and Wang, W. Q.: 1995, ‘Population pressure, climate change and tai-ping rebellion’, Geog.Res. 14, 32–41. (in Chinese with English abstract)Grissino-Mayer, H. D.: 2001, ‘Assessing crossdating accuracy: A manual and tutorial for the computerprogram COFECHA’, Tree-ring Res. 57, 205–221.Hu, Q. and Feng, S.: 2001, ‘A southward migration of centennial-scale variations of drought/flood ineastern China and the Western United States’, J. Clim. 14, 1323–1328.Huang, C. C., Zhao, S. C., Pang, J. L., Zhou, Q. Y., Chen, S., Li, P. H., Mao, L. J. and Ding, M.: 2003,‘Climatic aridity and the relocations of the zhou culture in the southern loess plateau of China’,Clim. Change 61, 361–378.Hughes, M. K., Wu, X. D., Shao, X. M. and Garfin, G. M.: 1994, ‘A preliminary reconstruction ofrainfall in north-central China since A.D. 1600 from tree-ring density and width’, Quat. Res. 42,88–99.Hughes, M. K. and Graumlich, L. J.: 1996, ‘Multimillennial dendroclimatic studies from the WesternUnited States’, in Jones, P. D., Bradley, R. S. and Jouzel, J. (eds.), Climatic Variations and ForcingMechanisms of the Last 2000 Years. NATO ASI Series I41, 109–124.IPCC.: 2001, Climate Change 2001: Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of WorkingGroup II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 1031.Jacoby, G., Pederson, N. and D’Arrigo, R.: 2003, ‘Temperature and precipitation in mongolia basedon dendroclimatic investigations’, Chin. Sci. Bull. 48, 1474–1479.Kang, X. C., Cheng, G. D., Kang, E. S. and Zhang, Q. H.: 2002, ‘Mountain pass runoff reconstructionof the Heihe river during the past 1000 years using tree rings’, Sci. China (D) 32, 675–685.(in Chinese)Li, J. F.: 1989, Xinjiang Dendroclimatological and Dendrohydrological Studies, China MeteorologicalPress, Beijing, p. 268. (in Chinese with English abstract)Li, X., Zhan, X. Z. and Wu, X. D.: 1992, ‘Preliminary study on drought/wet variation over Last 250years in baotou area using tree-ring data’, Sin. Geog. Sin. 12, 143–152. (in Chinese with Englishabstract)
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