Chapter 6The key uncertainties for <strong>Rwanda</strong> that should be used in scenarios are oil price, oil dependency,population growth, urbanisation, temperature increase, rainfall change, energy demand and water demand.<strong>Rwanda</strong> needs forecasts of energy supply/demand to 2050 with expected shifts in source and associatedGHG emissions in order to generate emissions reductions scenarios. <strong>Rwanda</strong> also needs to account forland and water demand into the future by all sectors and understand the degree of competition forresources between sectors. The Technical Coordinating Committee will be responsible for initiating a futurescenarios programme and ensure that all sectors are involved, due to its cross-cutting nature.6.4 Risks to Implementation This <strong>Strategy</strong> lays out an ambitious path for development in <strong>Rwanda</strong>. It aims to contribute to povertyreduction and an improved standard of living for all <strong>Rwanda</strong>ns. If all of the Enabling Pillars are put in place,and all the Programmes of Action are implemented, then <strong>Rwanda</strong> will indeed have a climate resilient lowcarbon economy by 2050. There are challenges ahead however. The <strong>Strategy</strong> requires large amounts offinance and human capacity to be implemented. This will require significant support from developmentpartners, civil society and the private sector. As outlined in EDPRS, development of the private sector iscrucial for sustainable development in <strong>Rwanda</strong> and more work needs to be done to encourage foreigndirect investment. Capacity building is underway in government but needs to be scaled up to meet theneeds of the <strong>Strategy</strong>. Initially, <strong>Rwanda</strong> will need technical assistance from the international community, andlocal staff will need to study and gain work experience abroad until the technical and university courses areup and running in <strong>Rwanda</strong>. School education and primary health care remain fundamental to development,enabling the creation of a healthy skilled workforce. <strong>Rwanda</strong> has made much progress in the past decade,but aspires to achieve even more.48Government of <strong>Rwanda</strong>
ReferencesReferencesReferences1. UN, 2011. World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision. Population Division of the Department ofEconomic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat.2. Shongwe, ME, Van Oldenborgh, JG, Van den Hurk, B and Van Aalst, M, 2011. Projected changes inmean and extreme precipitation in Africa under global warming, Part II: East Africa, Journal of<strong>Climate</strong>, submitted.3. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), 2009. Economics of <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> in <strong>Rwanda</strong>.4. World Resource Institute (WRI), 2011. <strong>Climate</strong> Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Version 8.0.5. International Union for Conservation on Nature (IUCN), 2011. http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/esaro/?7308/IUCN-welcomes-<strong>Rwanda</strong>-as-new-State-Member6. Inter-governmental Panel on <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> (IPCC), 2007. Contribution of Working Group I to theFourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong>, Solomon, S., D. Qin,M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Avery, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.) Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.7. Conway, D, 2002. Extreme Rainfall Events and Lake Level <strong>Change</strong>s in East Africa: Recent Eventsand Historical Precedents In E.O. Odada (ed.) The Second International Symposium on theLimnology, Climatology and Palaeoclimatology of the East African Lakes. Kluwer.8. Nakicenovic, N and Swart, R, (eds.) 2000. Special report on Emissions Scenarios. A special report ofthe Intergovernmental Panel on <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong>, IPCC, Cambridge University Press, UK, 5099pp.Footnote: CMIP3 output was used by Working Group I of the IPCC in the production of the FourthAssessment Report (AR4). In running the models different scenarios or ‘pathways’ of future GHGemissions are used to assess their differing impact on global climate. The scenario used for the resultshere, ‘A1B’, can be referred to as a ‘medium’ emissions scenario; that is, it describes a world with rapideconomic and population growth, but with a balance of fossil fuel and renewable energy sources [8] . Theconcentrations of GHGs and associated temperature increase fall towards the middle of the sixscenarios; it is used here to give an indication of potential change to <strong>Rwanda</strong>’s climate. The data refer tomodel grid cells over <strong>Rwanda</strong> specifically.9. Liu, J, Fritzb, S, Van Wesenbeeckc, CFA, Fuchsd, M, Youe, L, Obersteinerb, M, and Yang, H., 2008.A spatially explicit assessment of current and future hotspots of hunger in Sub-Saharan Africa in thecontext of global change. <strong>Global</strong> and Planetary <strong>Change</strong>. Volume 64, Issues 3-4, December 2008, pp222-235.National <strong>Strategy</strong> on <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> and Low Carbon Development 49