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1. IntroductionThematic papers were presented at both the First and Second World Congresses that criticallyanalysed the subject of child pornography. While the World Congress website points outthat the information contained in the papers arising from the Stockholm meeting are now‘out-of-date’, a reading of this first thematic paper addressing child pornography wouldsuggest that many of the concerns raised in 1996 are still pertinent today. Specifically, thatpaper acknowledged that there were major challenges due to the lack of uniform definitionsof what child pornography was; lack of data regarding the production and distribution ofchild pornography in many parts of the world, particularly Africa and Latin America;and shifting global patterns of production and consumption of child pornography. This inpart was linked to the rapid development of camera and computer technology, which wasproviding expanding access and allowing for the creation of digitally generated or modifiedimages. This first World Congress paper also was notable because it sought to identify someof the major centres of global production of child pornography and located specific typesof images to named countries. Victims were thought to be equally distributed betweengenders, but with more female children exploited in Japan; street children, poor children,juveniles from broken homes and disabled minors were vulnerable to exploitation; andthose exploiting children were seen to be largely, but not exclusively, paedophiles. Withinthis paper is a lengthy discussion of the introduction of computer technology, which todayserves as a reminder as to the rapid growth over the last 15 years of technologically enabledcommunication and the extended availability of the same. Many of the studies used by thefirst paper relied on data that pre-dated the Internet, both in terms of victims and also inrelation to offenders.The second thematic paper, produced in 2001 for the Congress in Yokahama, notedthat the Internet was becoming a highly pervasive technology and that it presented theentire community with a major new global challenge in the ongoing fight against childpornography. In particular, this second paper discussed the lack of specific legislation globallywhich explicitly outlaws child pornography; the damage to children where sexual abuse iscaptured via a pornographic image; the links between child prostitution, child-sex tourismand child pornography; the role of the Internet acting as a mechanism for the creation anddistribution of child pornography and also in offering opportunity for contact with children;and the growth of commercial child pornography and the blurring of distinctions betweencommercial and non-commercial availability. The paper also detailed the increasing use ofencryption software, making detection more difficult, and highlighted the possibility thatthe Internet was generating a new class of users of child pornography and allowing forthe development of organised, technologically sophisticated rings of child sexual abusers.6|Child Pornography and Sexual Exploitation of Children Online
Positive advances were also noted, particularly in relation to increased internationalpolice co-operation, the development of dedicated law enforcement initiatives, as well ascommunity-based initiatives, such as hotlines and industry-based codes of practice, alongwith public-awareness campaigns designed to alert children and parents about potentialonline dangers. A series of recommendations were made by this thematic paper whichrelated to specific targets for consolidation or change. These included another call for theharmonisation of definitions and laws related to the problem, including issues relating toage of majority, and the need to develop expertise and resources within law enforcementagencies and the establishment of standardised procedures, protocols and databases, alongwith multilateral and bilateral working relationships within law enforcement. The judiciarywere identified as needing to develop greater understanding of technological crime, whichwould be reflected in sentencing policies and both industry, and law enforcement agencieswere called upon to work with the challenges of encryption, anonymity, identificationand removal of image availability. At a community level, recommendations were made toincrease assistance to the development of hotlines and to enable more effective educationabout staying safe online. In addition, a challenge was made at a political level to ‘confrontand confound any argument which seeks to link the protection of children with attacks onfree speech’.As already noted, when the first paper was written there was very little empirical datarelating to the new technologies that could inform our understanding of the problemsposed, and while this had changed somewhat by 2001 the data that was drawn on relatedlargely to that obtained through police operations and anecdotal information, or casestudies, from several countries. In fact, one of the constraints noted in this paper related tothe absence of reliable data from many parts of the non-industrialised world, which madegeneralisations from existing published studies more difficult. As we will see, this situationhas not substantially changed and is a cause for considerable concern, as is the continuedpaucity of recovery programmes for children and young people abused and/or exploitedthrough the new technologies. However, there have been some very positive changes, withmore countries developing definitions and laws related to child abuse through the newtechnologies, a substantial advance in the capacity of law enforcement agencies to respondboth nationally and internationally, and an increasing acknowledgement that tacklingthese problems requires a multi-agency, multi-sector approach. Few countries have,however, responded with more stringent legislation in relation to the use of Informationand communication technology (ICT) to exploit children sexually. There has also been anincrease in the number of countries that have hotlines, which have received substantialChild Pornography and Sexual Exploitation of Children Online |7
Page 5 and 6: Child Pornography and SexualExploit
Page 7 and 8: 6.1.5 Media co-operation 956.1.6 Ev
Page 9 and 10: Executive SummaryÜ This thematic p
Page 11 and 12: importance for children who are sam
Page 13: Actions to be achieved by 2013Toget
Page 17 and 18: 2. Adult perpetrators of abuse2.1 C
Page 19 and 20: 2 (c) defined child pornography as,
Page 21 and 22: Taylor, 2002). In part, this relate
Page 23 and 24: Level 7: Explicit Sexual Activity.I
Page 25 and 26: and carefree the child seems to be,
Page 29 and 30: 2.3 The Internet sex offender, the
Page 31 and 32: e criminalised before the offender
Page 33 and 34: Non-secure collector: This person p
Page 35 and 36: This section examines the potential
Page 37 and 38: about sexually abusive practices an
Page 39 and 40: Activity Number PercentagePhysical
Page 41 and 42: searched for files on Gnutella are
Page 43 and 44: for a minimum of several months, wi
Page 45 and 46: develop a risk assessment that will
Page 47 and 48: 3. Child victims of abuse via the n
Page 49 and 50: that a more conservative estimate w
Page 51 and 52: States need to demonstrate investme
Page 53 and 54: we investigate such cases and how w
Page 55 and 56: Table 5: Disclosure of abuse throug
Page 57 and 58: Silbert (1989) made reference to th
Page 59 and 60: they will have had no control over
Page 61 and 62: 3.3 Children persuaded and coerced
Page 63 and 64: all crimes in which the victim thou
Page 65 and 66:
situation have reported to one of t
Page 67 and 68:
programmed to make them difficult t
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disorders, for young offenders with
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ealising how widely they could be c
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contexts, be seen as a consequence
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some people they connect with onlin
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Two studies by Lwin et al. (2008) l
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perhaps reaching the same conclusio
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4.5.2 Young people accessing child
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Some abusers intent on grooming you
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or young person’s experience of b
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for different psychosocial problems
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A recent study from Ukraine demonst
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paper, such as online abuse where t
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definition in Article 20 - Offences
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• Which is a visual or audio repr
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i. The display of the material by a
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sex offending, this would certainly
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the vast majority who met someone o
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6.1.6 Evaluation of impactFew infor
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most countries. However, such image
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of online child sexual abuse conten
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gambling). Based on research commis
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7. RecommendationsIn preparation of
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Endnotes1Dr. Ethel Quayle, COPINE R
Page 115 and 116:
Bensimon, P. The role of pornograph
Page 117 and 118:
Flood, M. Exposure to pornography a
Page 119 and 120:
Joyce, E. and Kraut, R. Predicting
Page 121 and 122:
Mitchell, K.J., Finkelhor, D. and W
Page 123 and 124:
Shukan Bunshun. Yoji Rape Bon ga Ba
Page 125:
Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., Mitchell,
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