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The results of the New Zealand study also indicated that offenders identified as secondaryschool students were more likely than the others to collect large numbers of imagesthat were well indexed. They were also more frequently associated with the collection ofimages of older children and teenagers, portrayed with other children, and were muchless likely to collect images of adult rape or the torture of adults or children. Carr (2004)concluded that what is worrying was that their Internet-based exploration had led themto subject matter involving largely deviant activities at a time when they were most likelyto be influenced by the message they convey. Moultrie (2006) described the referral ofseven adolescent boys to The Taithe Service in 2001–2004 (a Barnardos’ UK project whereyoung people who have engaged in sexually harmful behaviour are referred for assessmentand longer-term intervention work). Their referral followed arrest for possession and/ordistribution of child abuse images. The number of abuse images of which the young peoplewere found in possession varied from 15 to ‘several hundred’ (police information). Themajority were also charged with distribution, either sending images via email or makingthem available to others on ‘peer-to-peer’ networks. Ages on referral ranged from 13 to16 years, and all but one child was identified as being white-westernised. Moultrie (2006)said of these children, “Two of the young people in the internet sample were known tohave sexually offended in addition to their index offence... One young person was arrestedfor taking indecent photographs of local children. Another had sexually assaulted hisyounger sister and another younger girl, which he admitted immediately following hisarrest for the Internet offences. Two young people also transmitted images of themselvesmasturbating via webcam… There were no specific allegations in relation to the otherboys, although it became apparent during involvement that a further three were engagingin ‘risky’ behaviours, ie, following children, involving themselves in child focused activitiesand using film recording equipment in the community” (p. 168). What is similar to theresults from Carr’s study, and of concern given high levels of exposure to pornography, isthat approximately half the young people stated they first used the Internet to view adultpornography, which was heterosexual and/or homosexual. A similar proportion said thatthey began using chatrooms to explore their sexual orientation. Conversations with othersbecame increasingly sexual and, over time, turned to increasingly younger adolescents andchildren. The boys were aware at the outset, or became aware during the course of thecommunications, that they were corresponding with adults, and this has resonances withthe work of Wolak et al. (2008). Moultrie (2006) concluded that, “Young people in thissample have undoubtedly been victimized, in that adults have sent them abuse images andcommunicated with them about the sexual abuse of younger children. However, to regardthese young people solely as victims may result unintentionally in the neglect of the needswe would identify for them in addressing their sexual arousal and attitude towards childreninvolved in the abuse images. Online relationships and the ongoing influence of such,should not be dismissed” (p. 173).74|Child Pornography and Sexual Exploitation of Children Online
Some abusers intent on grooming young people online in order to meet and abuse themoffline introduce them to different forms of pornography, including illegal material. Palmer(2004) suggested that this is generally done with two aims in mind: to desensitise theyoung person to sexualised activities which may become increasingly abusive, and to feedthe groomer’s fantasies of introducing a young person to this material and to encouragethem to develop masturbatory fantasies fuelled by the images. In such circumstances,the perpetrator encourages exposure of the young person to adult pornography as away of demonstrating ‘preferred’ or ‘fantasised’ sexual activity to the young person andas a demonstration of what activity the adult wishes to engage in. During this process,the young person is unlikely to be aware of the motivation behind their online ‘friend’s’suggestions but could become fixated on and develop masturbatory fantasies to imageswhich are deemed illegal. A UK case example, which reflects Moultrie’s conclusions, isthat of a 13-year-old boy introduced to adult pornography online. He was encouraged tomasturbate to this material and then, over time, introduced to illegal material of childrenbeing sexually abused. By the time the police arrested this young person following a ’sting’operation, he was masturbating to images of very young children being buggered andraped. Following a 6-month assessment period of his intervention needs, the therapistswere unable to find any contra-indicators within the young person’s background, family,schooling and attitudes which would cause them to have concern about him, other thanhe had accessed abusive images of children. On further discussion with the police and anin-depth examination of the forensic evidence, it transpired that the young person hadbeen groomed by an adult who was intent on eventually meeting him offline to sexuallyabuse him. Thus, here we have a serious predicament: a young person who pleaded guiltyto downloading abusive images of children, is now a convicted sex offender, has his nameplaced on the sex offenders’ register and will never be allowed employment which involvesworking with children but who is in fact the victim of a sophisticated adult perpetrator.This case example reflects the need to review how we manage cases where young peopleare involved in sexual offending behaviour via the new technologies. At the very least, a fulland comprehensive assessment needs to be carried out before decisions are made regardinghow to dispose of the matter – placing children and young people before the criminaljustice system may not be the most appropriate way of resolving matters in many casesinvolving young people who have displayed sexually abusive behaviours via the Internet.It is apparent that we understand very little about how children become involved inaccessing abusive images, the relationship of this to other sexually problematic behavioursand the developmental needs that this may be meeting. What is of concern, for someadolescents, is the lack of adequate assessment to understand their behaviour, and weargue that placing such children within the criminal justice system is not the appropriateresponse.Child Pornography and Sexual Exploitation of Children Online |75
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Child Pornography and SexualExploit
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6.1.5 Media co-operation 956.1.6 Ev
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Executive SummaryÜ This thematic p
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importance for children who are sam
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Actions to be achieved by 2013Toget
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Positive advances were also noted,
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2. Adult perpetrators of abuse2.1 C
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2 (c) defined child pornography as,
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Taylor, 2002). In part, this relate
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Level 7: Explicit Sexual Activity.I
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and carefree the child seems to be,
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2.3 The Internet sex offender, the
Page 31 and 32: e criminalised before the offender
Page 33 and 34: Non-secure collector: This person p
Page 35 and 36: This section examines the potential
Page 37 and 38: about sexually abusive practices an
Page 39 and 40: Activity Number PercentagePhysical
Page 41 and 42: searched for files on Gnutella are
Page 43 and 44: for a minimum of several months, wi
Page 45 and 46: develop a risk assessment that will
Page 47 and 48: 3. Child victims of abuse via the n
Page 49 and 50: that a more conservative estimate w
Page 51 and 52: States need to demonstrate investme
Page 53 and 54: we investigate such cases and how w
Page 55 and 56: Table 5: Disclosure of abuse throug
Page 57 and 58: Silbert (1989) made reference to th
Page 59 and 60: they will have had no control over
Page 61 and 62: 3.3 Children persuaded and coerced
Page 63 and 64: all crimes in which the victim thou
Page 65 and 66: situation have reported to one of t
Page 67 and 68: programmed to make them difficult t
Page 69 and 70: disorders, for young offenders with
Page 71 and 72: ealising how widely they could be c
Page 73 and 74: contexts, be seen as a consequence
Page 75 and 76: some people they connect with onlin
Page 77 and 78: Two studies by Lwin et al. (2008) l
Page 79 and 80: perhaps reaching the same conclusio
Page 81: 4.5.2 Young people accessing child
Page 85 and 86: or young person’s experience of b
Page 87 and 88: for different psychosocial problems
Page 89 and 90: A recent study from Ukraine demonst
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Page 93 and 94: definition in Article 20 - Offences
Page 95 and 96: • Which is a visual or audio repr
Page 97 and 98: i. The display of the material by a
Page 99 and 100: sex offending, this would certainly
Page 101 and 102: the vast majority who met someone o
Page 103 and 104: 6.1.6 Evaluation of impactFew infor
Page 105 and 106: most countries. However, such image
Page 107 and 108: of online child sexual abuse conten
Page 109 and 110: gambling). Based on research commis
Page 111 and 112: 7. RecommendationsIn preparation of
Page 113 and 114: Endnotes1Dr. Ethel Quayle, COPINE R
Page 115 and 116: Bensimon, P. The role of pornograph
Page 117 and 118: Flood, M. Exposure to pornography a
Page 119 and 120: Joyce, E. and Kraut, R. Predicting
Page 121 and 122: Mitchell, K.J., Finkelhor, D. and W
Page 123 and 124: Shukan Bunshun. Yoji Rape Bon ga Ba
Page 125: Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., Mitchell,
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