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that they use the Internet to gain access to children whom they coerce into meeting themfor sexual purposes. The third category, trader-travellers, are those who do both. However,as Beech, Elliot, Birgden and Findlater (2008) have indicated, “Although intuitivelysimple and appealing, there are also a number of problems with this system. A trader whotravels to commit contact offences with children solicited offline while simultaneouslyaccessing abusive images would only be considered a trader. Conversely, an offender whouses the Internet to arrange sexual meetings with children and simultaneously collectsoffline ‘indicative’ images or sexually abusive pseudo-images of children is only considereda traveller”. For the discussion on the offending behaviour that would fit into the categoryof sexual exploitation we can clearly see the trader as contributing to and furthering thesexual abuse of children by committing crimes that would fall in the exploitation category,whereas the traveller and the trader-traveller would both be sexual abusers and sexualexploiters as their offences build on the one to further the other. Krone (2004) generated amore comprehensive typology along a continuum of increasing seriousness of the offence.This included offences that did not directly involve a child to offences involving directcontact with children, and from online engagement to physical abuse. Krone’s (2004)typology generated nine types of offender classes. These were:Table 2: Krone’s (2004) typologyBrowser: This is a person who may stumble across child pornography unintentionally(for example via spam) but then decide to keep it, rather than delete it.Private fantasy: Krone differentiates between a private fantasy (which is unlikely to beseen as illegal) and where there is evidence of that fantasy through a permanent product,such as images or text. This is not necessarily shared with others, but may come to lightaccidentally.Trawler: This is a person who uses little online security and where there is minimalnetworking with others. Krone (2004) used the earlier work of Taylor (1999) to explainwhat might motivate such a person. The sexually omnivorous user is oriented to a rangeof sexually explicit material of which child pornography is simply a part but not thefocus. The sexually curious user has experimented with child pornographic material buthas not pursued it. The libertarian is driven to assert a claim to be free to access whateverIn material a similar they way, wish. Lanning (2001) talked about ‘computer offenders’ who use this medium24|Child Pornography and Sexual Exploitation of Children Online
Non-secure collector: This person purchases, downloads or exchanges child pornographyfrom openly available sources on the Internet or in chatrooms that do not imposesecurity barriers, such as passwords, encryption or the requirement to trade a minimumnumber of images. This is also associated with a higher degree of networking activity.Secure collector: This person collects images within a more secure framework, which mayinclude the trading of images in order to join a network. Krone (2004) suggests thatwhat might motivate such an offender is the desire to collect a large number of images,and gives an example of a UK offender, Andrew Tatum, who “was jailed for five years forpossessing 495,000 indecent images of children. An indication of the obsessive natureof his collecting is that the images upon which his conviction was based counted foronly about five per cent of his personal collection of more than 10 million pornographicimages (The Age 2004)”.Online groomer: This is someone who has initiated online contact with a child with theintention of establishing a sexual relationship involving cyber sex or physical sex. In thiscase, images are often used to desensitize the child to sexual activity – ‘groom’ the child–- it is shown to the child to lower that child’s inhibitions concerning sexual activities.Physical abuser: Physical abusers are actively involved in the commission of contactoffences against children and use images to enhance or supplement their sexual needs.Krone (2004) suggests that the physical abuse may be recorded for the personal use ofthe abuser but is not intended to be further distributed.Producer: A producer is involved in the physical abuse of children and records that abuseto distribute to others.Distributor: The distributor of abusive images may or may not have a sexual interest inchildren and may be motivated by the desire to sell it to others.Child Pornography and Sexual Exploitation of Children Online |25
Page 5 and 6: Child Pornography and SexualExploit
Page 7 and 8: 6.1.5 Media co-operation 956.1.6 Ev
Page 9 and 10: Executive SummaryÜ This thematic p
Page 11 and 12: importance for children who are sam
Page 13 and 14: Actions to be achieved by 2013Toget
Page 15 and 16: Positive advances were also noted,
Page 17 and 18: 2. Adult perpetrators of abuse2.1 C
Page 19 and 20: 2 (c) defined child pornography as,
Page 21 and 22: Taylor, 2002). In part, this relate
Page 23 and 24: Level 7: Explicit Sexual Activity.I
Page 25 and 26: and carefree the child seems to be,
Page 29 and 30: 2.3 The Internet sex offender, the
Page 31: e criminalised before the offender
Page 35 and 36: This section examines the potential
Page 37 and 38: about sexually abusive practices an
Page 39 and 40: Activity Number PercentagePhysical
Page 41 and 42: searched for files on Gnutella are
Page 43 and 44: for a minimum of several months, wi
Page 45 and 46: develop a risk assessment that will
Page 47 and 48: 3. Child victims of abuse via the n
Page 49 and 50: that a more conservative estimate w
Page 51 and 52: States need to demonstrate investme
Page 53 and 54: we investigate such cases and how w
Page 55 and 56: Table 5: Disclosure of abuse throug
Page 57 and 58: Silbert (1989) made reference to th
Page 59 and 60: they will have had no control over
Page 61 and 62: 3.3 Children persuaded and coerced
Page 63 and 64: all crimes in which the victim thou
Page 65 and 66: situation have reported to one of t
Page 67 and 68: programmed to make them difficult t
Page 69 and 70: disorders, for young offenders with
Page 71 and 72: ealising how widely they could be c
Page 73 and 74: contexts, be seen as a consequence
Page 75 and 76: some people they connect with onlin
Page 77 and 78: Two studies by Lwin et al. (2008) l
Page 79 and 80: perhaps reaching the same conclusio
Page 81 and 82: 4.5.2 Young people accessing child
Page 83 and 84:
Some abusers intent on grooming you
Page 85 and 86:
or young person’s experience of b
Page 87 and 88:
for different psychosocial problems
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A recent study from Ukraine demonst
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paper, such as online abuse where t
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definition in Article 20 - Offences
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• Which is a visual or audio repr
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i. The display of the material by a
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sex offending, this would certainly
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the vast majority who met someone o
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6.1.6 Evaluation of impactFew infor
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most countries. However, such image
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of online child sexual abuse conten
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gambling). Based on research commis
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7. RecommendationsIn preparation of
Page 113 and 114:
Endnotes1Dr. Ethel Quayle, COPINE R
Page 115 and 116:
Bensimon, P. The role of pornograph
Page 117 and 118:
Flood, M. Exposure to pornography a
Page 119 and 120:
Joyce, E. and Kraut, R. Predicting
Page 121 and 122:
Mitchell, K.J., Finkelhor, D. and W
Page 123 and 124:
Shukan Bunshun. Yoji Rape Bon ga Ba
Page 125:
Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., Mitchell,
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