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Table 1: COPINE scale (Taylor et al., 2001)Level 1: Indicative.Non-erotic and non-sexualized picturesshowing children in their underwear,swimming costumes, etc. from eithercommercial sources or family albums;pictures of children playing in normalsettings, in which the context or organizationof pictures by the collector indicatesinappropriateness.Level 2: Nudist.Pictures of naked or semi-naked childrenin appropriate nudist settings, and fromlegitimate sources.Level 3: Erotica.Surreptitiously taken photographs of childrenin play areas or other safe environmentsshowing either underwear or varying degreesof nakedness.Level 4: Posing.Deliberately posed pictures of childrenfully, partially clothed or naked (where theamount, context and organization suggestsexual interest).Level 5: Erotic Posing.Deliberately posed pictures of fully, partiallyclothed or naked children in sexualized orprovocative poses.Level 6: Explicit Erotic Posing.Emphasizing genital areas where the child iseither naked, partially or fully clothed.14|Child Pornography and Sexual Exploitation of Children Online
Level 7: Explicit Sexual Activity.Involves touching, mutual and selfmasturbation,oral sex and intercourse bychild, not involving an adult.Level 8: Assault.Pictures of children being subject to a sexualassault, involving digital touching, involvingan adult.Level 9: Gross Assault.Grossly obscene pictures of sexual assault,involving penetrative sex, masturbation ororal sex involving an adult.Level 10: Sadistic/Bestiality.a. pictures showing a child being tied, bound,beaten, whipped or otherwise subject tosomething that implies pain; b. pictureswhere an animal is involved in some form ofsexual behaviour with a child.In 2002, in England and Wales the Sentencing Advisory Panel (SAP) published its adviceto the Court of Appeal on offences involving child pornography. The SAP believed thatthe nature of the material should be the key factor in deciding the level of sentence, andadapted the Combating Paedophile Information Networks in Europe (COPINE) scale(above) to five levels. SAP dropped levels 1 to 3 completely, arguing that nakedness alonewas not indicative of indecency. The proposed structure was therefore that COPINE levels5 to 6 constitute sentencing level 1, and that COPINE levels 7 onwards each constitute anindividual sentencing stage (Gillespie, 2003). Technically the SAP suggested that COPINElevels 4 and 5 should be included, but the Court of Appeal rejected this and stated itshould be level 5. However, there have been English cases where ‘naturist’ images havebeen the subject of criminal charges. The Court of Appeal rejected the suggestion that animage under COPINE level 5 could not be indecent (Gillespie, personal communication).These levels have been further revised. It would appear that most jurisdictions (for example,Australia) rely on case law rather than objective measures or scales to categorise theseimages.Child Pornography and Sexual Exploitation of Children Online |15
Page 5 and 6: Child Pornography and SexualExploit
Page 7 and 8: 6.1.5 Media co-operation 956.1.6 Ev
Page 9 and 10: Executive SummaryÜ This thematic p
Page 11 and 12: importance for children who are sam
Page 13 and 14: Actions to be achieved by 2013Toget
Page 15 and 16: Positive advances were also noted,
Page 17 and 18: 2. Adult perpetrators of abuse2.1 C
Page 19 and 20: 2 (c) defined child pornography as,
Page 21: Taylor, 2002). In part, this relate
Page 25 and 26: and carefree the child seems to be,
Page 29 and 30: 2.3 The Internet sex offender, the
Page 31 and 32: e criminalised before the offender
Page 33 and 34: Non-secure collector: This person p
Page 35 and 36: This section examines the potential
Page 37 and 38: about sexually abusive practices an
Page 39 and 40: Activity Number PercentagePhysical
Page 41 and 42: searched for files on Gnutella are
Page 43 and 44: for a minimum of several months, wi
Page 45 and 46: develop a risk assessment that will
Page 47 and 48: 3. Child victims of abuse via the n
Page 49 and 50: that a more conservative estimate w
Page 51 and 52: States need to demonstrate investme
Page 53 and 54: we investigate such cases and how w
Page 55 and 56: Table 5: Disclosure of abuse throug
Page 57 and 58: Silbert (1989) made reference to th
Page 59 and 60: they will have had no control over
Page 61 and 62: 3.3 Children persuaded and coerced
Page 63 and 64: all crimes in which the victim thou
Page 65 and 66: situation have reported to one of t
Page 67 and 68: programmed to make them difficult t
Page 69 and 70: disorders, for young offenders with
Page 71 and 72: ealising how widely they could be c
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contexts, be seen as a consequence
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some people they connect with onlin
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Two studies by Lwin et al. (2008) l
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perhaps reaching the same conclusio
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4.5.2 Young people accessing child
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Some abusers intent on grooming you
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or young person’s experience of b
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for different psychosocial problems
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A recent study from Ukraine demonst
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paper, such as online abuse where t
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definition in Article 20 - Offences
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• Which is a visual or audio repr
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i. The display of the material by a
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sex offending, this would certainly
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the vast majority who met someone o
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6.1.6 Evaluation of impactFew infor
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most countries. However, such image
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of online child sexual abuse conten
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gambling). Based on research commis
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7. RecommendationsIn preparation of
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Endnotes1Dr. Ethel Quayle, COPINE R
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Bensimon, P. The role of pornograph
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Flood, M. Exposure to pornography a
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Joyce, E. and Kraut, R. Predicting
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Mitchell, K.J., Finkelhor, D. and W
Page 123 and 124:
Shukan Bunshun. Yoji Rape Bon ga Ba
Page 125:
Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., Mitchell,
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