20O<strong>Radio</strong> <strong>Broadcast</strong>fleeting the flames of our lamps. Outside,Green River was low, and therefore Echo Riverwas low. It was remarkably transparent, too,giving one the feeling that the clumsy boatwas, by some magic, being floated upon air.The time was approaching for another radioconcert, and we began to prepare for it. Here,with the very best of ground connections byletting down our iron bar to the bed of theriver we felt sure of success.Both pairs of phones were on our heads whenthe hour came. We listened. We tuned. Welistened again, and again we tuned.The disappointmenton our faces was reflected in thesceptical smile of our guide. But the test wasnot all failure this time, because we caught theclear, sharp whistle of the WHAS carrier wave.That was all, however; and when the time wasup this abruptly ceased.Once more we began diligently to investigatethe cause of this partial failure. We hadachieved something by catching the carrierwave. But, if the carrier wave, why not thevoice and music? We finally hit upon a reasoncertainly plausible, and one that after eventsstrengthened. In our position on Echo River,with roof and sides simply dripping moisture,we were as a matter of fact sealed within athoroughly wet apartment as though in adiving bell on the ocean bed and the electromagneticwaves were sponged out by thiscondition. Our receiving set and aerial werebeing insulated from the WHAS wave as effectuallyas if they were in an iron box withall parts grounded, for everything about ustop, sides, bottom was grounded by the saturatedcondition of the rocks and soil.It required courage to tell the guide that ourfailure this time was due to ioo much moisture!We had left the hotel about ten o'clock in themorningand it was now after three. Theregular afternoon concert would, begin fromWHAS at four, and if we did not catch anythingthen we would have to wait until half pastseven, as nothing had been arranged betweenthis and the night concert hour. So we chainedthe boat to its landing, took up our packs andstarted in search of another promising spot.It seemed that we had walked nearly a milewhen, immediately at our feet, the flickeringlamps showed a moist spot in the soil. Thislooked hopeful because the ceiling and wallswere dry, and with good cheer we drove downthe iron spike as far as it would go. The loopaerial, too, was set, our compass giving us thedirection of Louisville.ECHO RIVER, FAR DOWN IN MAMMOTH CAVEWhere the author's second attempt to receive signals from Louisville was made
What You Should Know About Antennas and Grounds 201Four o'clock came, and with earphonesin place we tuned. Without a moment ofhesitation, a strong, clear voice came to us,saying:"This is WHAS, the radiophone broadcastingstation of the Courier- Journal andLouisville Times, at Louisville, Kentucky.WHAS, at Louisville, Kentucky, is sendingout its usual afternoon concert."The first number was announced, and thencame the music as vigorously as though we hadbeen in Louisville. I leaned quickly over andslipped the phones on our guide's head. Witha cry he sprang back, making a gesture as if toslap them off. But we steadied him, andthenceforth he was both an amazed and ahappy man. Although we could hear themusic quite six feet away from the phones, welet him keep that pair to his ears. For theentire hour he listened in rapt attention.CONCLUSION: This spot was, according toour guide, about a mile from the entrance,and 370 feet below the surface. We had successfullycarried out the first radio test evermade in Mammoth Cave. Moreover, to WHASgoes the distinction of being the first broadcastingstation ever received within the Cave.may continue to be so for a long time, as aItmatter of fact, because after it had signed offwe tried diligently to get other stations whichwe knew were on the air, but could not bringin even their whistles.What You Should Know AboutAntennas and GroundsBy R. H. G. MATHEWSChief Engineer, Chicago <strong>Radio</strong> LaboratoryTpurpose of a receiving antennais perhaps more often misstated thanthat of any other device used in connectionwith radio. To understandjust what a receiving antenna does,let us consider for a moment the form in whichradio energy is transmitted. In the first placea radio telephone or telegraph transmitter simplyradiates energy in an all-pervading mediumcalled the ether. Electrical energy, assuch, is not radiated by a radio antenna.One of the most popular analogies to a radiotransmitter is the old but serviceable exampleof a stone dropped into a pool of water. A chipfloating in the pool is agitated by the ripples orwaves set up by the dropping of the stone. Nopart of the stone is transmitted from the pointat which it is dropped to the chip. The energy,however, acquired by the stone in dropping istransformed into wave motion in the water, aportion of which in turn is communicated to thechip, causingit to move. In a radio transmitter,the energy generated in the station producesa series of disturbances in the ether,which travel out in expanding hemisphericalshape in all directions.You who studied, or even merely tookphysics, remember that the principles of operationof an ordinary direct-current generator aresummarized in a rule which runs like this:"When moving conductors cut lines of force,electrical energy is produced."In a radio receiving antenna we have a somewhatsimilar condition. We have, in place ofrotating conductors, an antenna of one or morewires, and we have, "cutting" this antenna,the incoming radio waves, which correspondto the magnetic field or lines of force mentionedin our generator rule. Here we havea fixed conductor with a moving field, whichgives us nearly the same effect as in our generator,and accordingly we have in our receivingantenna the vibration energy of the ether wavetransformed into electrical energy again.PROPERTHE novice, in installing a set, considersthat almost anything in the way of a wirestuck up on his roof in the most convenientmanner is a satisfactory antenna. As a matterof fact, the antenna is one of the most importantfeatures of the receiving installation. Ifthe infinitely small amount of energy collectedon the antenna issubjected to all kinds of lossesbefore it ever reaches the receiving set, how can