Companion_to_the_Roman_Army_(Blackw(BookFi.org)

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FALISCANSCapenaSABINESVeiiETRURIANomentumCrustumeriumFidenaeAntemnaeTiburAEQUIRomeGabiiL A T I U MLabiciPraenesteOstiaFicanaLaviniumAriciaTusculumA LBAN HILLSVelitraeSigniaHERNICIAnagniaLanuviumCoraArdeaNorbaSatricumM ONTI L EPINIAntiumVOLSCISetiaPrivernumT y r r h e n i a nS e aUnder 200 m200–1000 mOver 1000 mCirceiiAnxur-TarracinaMap 1.1Early Latium and its environs
10 John RichRome was not the only Latin community to expand in the archaic period, but itsterritory had become much larger than any other’s. Beloch’s estimates, though highlyconjectural, are plausible approximations: he reckoned Roman territory at the endof the sixth century as 822 square kilometers, just over a third of all Latin territory(2,344 km 2 ). 4The literary tradition represents Rome as seeking to assert supremacy over the otherLatins from the reign of Tullus Hostilius on, with the Latins frequently mountingcombined opposition. Little in this tradition is of any value, but, in view of the greatersize of their city and territory, it is likely that the last kings were able to establishsome form of hegemony over at least some of the Latins.Remarkable evidence of the extent of Roman claims in the late sixth century maybe afforded by their first treaty with Carthage, preserved by the second century bcGreek historian Polybius (3.22), in which the Carthaginians undertake not to injure“the people of Ardea, Antium, Lavinium, Circeii, Tarracina or any other of the Latinswho are subjects.” Although the alternative dating to 348 still has its supporters,most scholars now accept Polybius’ dating of the treaty to the first year of the republic.Whichever dating is correct, the claim to rule over Antium, Circeii, and Tarracinaprobably represents an exaggeration of Roman power. These coastal towns, and thePomptine Plain behind them, were occupied by the Volsci, and full Roman controlwas not established there until 338. It is commonly supposed that the Volsci wereinvaders who only arrived in the Pomptine region in the early fifth century. However,the tradition represents them as already present there in the time of the Romankings, and we should accept its accuracy on the point. The supposed fifth-centuryVolscian invasion of the Pomptine region and ousting of the Latins would have beena momentous event, and it is most unlikely that no trace of it should have survivedin Roman memory. 5Warfare was probably not the only means by which the Romans in the seventhand sixth centuries were able to extend their territory and their power. Nonetheless,despite its unreliability in detail, the historical tradition is probably right to portraythem as often at war then with their Latin and other neighbors. The profits of suchwars will have been one of the sources of the wealth of sixth-century Rome: the traditionthat the great temple on the Capitol was built from the spoils from the lastTarquin’s capture of Pometia may be well founded. 6The frequency of these wars can only be conjectured. Violent conflict betweenRomans and members of other communities may well have occurred most years. Ritualevidence has often been held to show that in early times, as later, war was a regular,annual occurrence for the Romans, with ancient rituals held in March and Octoberbeing interpreted as opening and closing the campaigning season. However, the originalsignificance of most of these rituals is disputed, and there is no ancient evidencethat they constituted a seasonal war-cycle. 7One indication of the significance of warfare in archaic Latium is the spread of fortifications.Earth ramparts with ditches appear at some sites in the eighth century, andat numerous others over the seventh and sixth centuries. Some sites acquired complexdefenses, like the three successive ramparts protecting the approach to Ardea. At leastone town, Lavinium, seems to have acquired a stone circuit wall by the sixth century.
Page 2: A COMPANIONTO THEROMAN ARMYEdited b
Page 5 and 6: BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT
Page 7 and 8: © 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Page 10 and 11: ContentsList of IllustrationsNotes
Page 12 and 13: ContentsixArmy, Emperor, and Empire
Page 14 and 15: Illustrationsxi22.6 Reconstruction
Page 16 and 17: Notes on ContributorsxiiiPaul Erdka
Page 18 and 19: Notes on ContributorsxvWalter Schei
Page 20 and 21: Abbreviations of ReferenceWorks and
Page 22 and 23: Abbreviations of Reference Works an
Page 24 and 25: Abbreviations of Reference Works an
Page 26 and 27: Abbreviations of Works of Classical
Page 28 and 29: Abbreviations of Works of Classical
Page 30 and 31: IntroductionPaul ErdkampThe guiding
Page 32: Introduction 3The army retained a c
Page 36 and 37: CHAPTER ONEWarfare and the Armyin E
Page 40 and 41: Warfare and the Army in Early Rome
Page 54 and 55: The Army and Centuriate Organizatio
Page 70: The Army and Centuriate Organizatio
Page 74 and 75: CHAPTER THREEArmy and BattleDuring
Page 76 and 77: Army and Battle During the Conquest
Page 88 and 89:
Army and Battle During the Conquest
Page 90 and 91:
Army and Battle During the Conquest
Page 92 and 93:
CHAPTER FOURThe Age of OverseasExpa
Page 94 and 95:
The Age of Overseas Expansion 652 T
Page 96 and 97:
The Age of Overseas Expansion 674 W
Page 98 and 99:
The Age of Overseas Expansion 69exp
Page 100 and 101:
The Age of Overseas Expansion 71ins
Page 102 and 103:
The Age of Overseas Expansion 73inv
Page 104 and 105:
The Age of Overseas Expansion 75Amb
Page 106:
The Age of Overseas Expansion 775 N
Page 109 and 110:
CHAPTER FIVEThe Late RepublicanArmy
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82 Pierre Cagniartbut because there
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84 Pierre Cagniartopportunity of lo
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86 Pierre CagniartThe war in Numidi
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88 Pierre Cagniartlosing his balanc
Page 119 and 120:
90 Pierre CagniartLegionaries wore
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92 Pierre Cagniart4 The Order of Ba
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94 Pierre Cagniartthis model, the R
Page 125 and 126:
CHAPTER SIXWar and State Formationi
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98 Paul Erdkampinstitutions, which
Page 129 and 130:
100 Paul ErdkampAuthors writing cen
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102 Paul ErdkampFood and fodderThe
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104 Paul Erdkampan equal number of
Page 135 and 136:
106 Paul ErdkampIn summary, the int
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108 Paul Erdkampcrucial role. The R
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110 Paul Erdkampthe Carthaginian Se
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112 Paul Erdkamp9 Keppie 1984, 63-7
Page 143 and 144:
CHAPTER SEVENRoman Manpowerand Recr
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116 Luuk de Ligt(as in the first ce
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118 Luuk de Ligtland reforms of 133
Page 149 and 150:
120 Luuk de Ligtpractice of allowin
Page 151 and 152:
122 Luuk de Ligtmilitary service ab
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124 Luuk de Ligtwith supplementary
Page 155 and 156:
126 Luuk de Ligtclasses were regist
Page 157 and 158:
128 Luuk de Ligtafter 131/0 bc. Par
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130 Luuk de Ligt—— 1994. “The
Page 161 and 162:
CHAPTER EIGHTMilitary Command,Polit
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134 Nathan Rosensteinan insightful
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136 Nathan Rosensteinservice as an
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138 Nathan Rosensteintenure of the
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140 Nathan Rosensteinin each genera
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142 Nathan Rosensteintook its armie
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144 Nathan RosensteinThe answer lie
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146 Nathan Rosenstein13 Rosenstein
Page 177 and 178:
CHAPTER NINEColonization,Land Distr
Page 179 and 180:
150 Will Broadheadadult males is re
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152 Will Broadheadintended for othe
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154 Will BroadheadThe prohibition o
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156 Will BroadheadLatin colonies we
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158 Will Broadheadwas abandoned whe
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160 Will Broadheadthey now shared
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162 Will Broadheadafter Philippi. I
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CHAPTER TENArmy and General in theL
Page 195 and 196:
166 Lukas de Bloiswar? A difficult
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168 Lukas de Bloisveterans, but as
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170 Lukas de Bloisdefied the Senate
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172 Lukas de Bloisinterests, and fe
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174 Lukas de Bloisthem were given t
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176 Lukas de Bloisthe Caesarean arm
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178 Lukas de BloisPlutarch, Caes. 3
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PART IIIThe Empire(Actium to Adrian
Page 213 and 214:
184 Kate Gillivernecessity given th
Page 215 and 216:
186 Kate Gilliverimperial period wa
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188 Kate Gilliverdecades of the rep
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190 Kate Gilliverevidence from some
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192 Kate Gilliversimply, moving up
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194 Kate Gilliversix centuries of 8
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196 Kate GilliverBy the third centu
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198 Kate Gilliver8 Roth 1999, 258-9
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200 Kate Gilliverof the disposition
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202 D. B. Saddington(Lat. gubernato
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204 D. B. SaddingtonPlate 12.2 Roma
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206 D. B. SaddingtonIt is not known
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208 D. B. SaddingtonMars for peace
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210 D. B. SaddingtonThe groups of s
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212 D. B. SaddingtonLike all armed
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214 D. B. Saddingtonsaid to have in
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216 D. B. Saddington8 ConclusionTo
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CHAPTER THIRTEENBattle, Tactics,and
Page 249 and 250:
220 James Thornewithout the near an
Page 251 and 252:
222 James Thorne(Tacitus, Ann. 1.51
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224 James ThorneIt is noticeable th
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226 James Thorneorganization, not j
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228 James Thorneuse: Tacitus, Hist.
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230 James Thorneintruders and negat
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232 James ThorneAs in Germany, the
Page 263 and 264:
234 James ThorneCornell, T. J. 1993
Page 265 and 266:
236 Everett L. Wheelerin negotiatio
Page 267 and 268:
238 Everett L. Wheelerof the anti-s
Page 269 and 270:
240 Everett L. Wheelerdebacle at Ca
Page 271 and 272:
242 Everett L. WheelerBesides exter
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5COLCHIS/Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea)
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246 Everett L. WheelerCorbulo had o
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248 Everett L. WheelerThe northern
Page 279 and 280:
250 Everett L. Wheelerof offensive
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252 Everett L. WheelerRoman western
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254 Everett L. Wheelerand efforts a
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256 Everett L. Wheelercampaign and
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258 Everett L. WheelerBesides indiv
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260 Everett L. Wheelerof a Parthian
Page 291 and 292:
262 Everett L. Wheelerbecame Hadria
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264 Everett L. WheelerThe anti-stra
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266 Everett L. WheelerSartre, M. 19
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268 Karl Strobelevolving process of
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270 Karl Strobelimperial escort and
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272 Karl Strobelof equestrian offic
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274 Karl Strobelarmy introduced cav
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276 Karl Strobelfor mountainous are
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278 Karl Strobelinto higher-ranking
Page 309 and 310:
280 Karl Strobeldistinction between
Page 311 and 312:
282 Karl Strobelsubdivisions and th
Page 313 and 314:
284 Karl StrobelIsaac, B. 1998. “
Page 315 and 316:
CHAPTER SIXTEENMilitary Documents,L
Page 317 and 318:
288 Sara Elise Phangexamination, th
Page 319 and 320:
290 Sara Elise Phangepisodes, sickn
Page 321 and 322:
292 Sara Elise PhangConfirmation th
Page 323 and 324:
294 Sara Elise PhangPlate 16.1 Stre
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296 Sara Elise Phang6 Immunes and T
Page 327 and 328:
298 Sara Elise PhangA fourth of the
Page 329 and 330:
300 Sara Elise Phangbiblia to Anton
Page 331 and 332:
302 Sara Elise Phang2 On these part
Page 333 and 334:
304 Sara Elise PhangCribiore, R. 20
Page 335 and 336:
CHAPTER SEVENTEENFinances and Costs
Page 337 and 338:
308 Peter Herzfrom families in whic
Page 339 and 340:
310 Peter HerzP.Gen.Lat. 1 recto I
Page 341 and 342:
312 Peter Herzon local conditions.
Page 343 and 344:
314 Peter HerzOne-time expensesThis
Page 345 and 346:
316 Peter Herzbased on peacetime co
Page 347 and 348:
318 Peter Herzwas replenished, for
Page 349 and 350:
320 Peter Herzand lodging from civi
Page 351 and 352:
322 Peter HerzPhang, S. E. 2001. Th
Page 353 and 354:
324 Peter Kehne(Onos. 6.13; cf. Liv
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326 Peter KehneAn average of 35,000
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328 Peter Kehnemostly in vain, to t
Page 359 and 360:
330 Peter KehneFundamental changes
Page 361 and 362:
332 Peter Kehnehave had a similar f
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334 Peter Kehne5 Conclusion: Roman
Page 365 and 366:
336 Peter Kehnevan Berchem, D. 1937
Page 367 and 368:
338 Peter KehneRoth 1999, 144-6, Ki
Page 369 and 370:
340 Olivier Heksterof the Roman Emp
Page 371 and 372:
342 Olivier Hekstermedia which were
Page 373 and 374:
344 Olivier HeksterPlate 19.2 Arch
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Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
350 Olivier Heksterin ad 244, his c
Page 381 and 382:
352 Olivier Heksterimagery. When, i
Page 383 and 384:
354 Olivier Heksterlinked to the fi
Page 385 and 386:
356 Olivier Hekster14 Dispatches: C
Page 387 and 388:
358 Olivier HeksterSyme, R. 1939. T
Page 389 and 390:
360 Clifford Andoto pay its taxes a
Page 391 and 392:
362 Clifford AndoIn republican thou
Page 393 and 394:
364 Clifford Andowith his soldiers
Page 395 and 396:
366 Clifford AndoSuch constitutiona
Page 397 and 398:
368 Clifford Andobe acknowledged ki
Page 399 and 400:
370 Clifford AndoThe first model, t
Page 401 and 402:
372 Clifford Andocourse, the overal
Page 403 and 404:
374 Clifford Andolevel, in any give
Page 405 and 406:
376 Clifford Andowhatever supplies
Page 407 and 408:
378 Clifford AndoIn thinking about
Page 409 and 410:
380 Anthony R. Birleythe senators t
Page 411 and 412:
382 Anthony R. Birleyadoptive fathe
Page 413 and 414:
384 Anthony R. Birleyforces, seven
Page 415 and 416:
386 Anthony R. BirleyVitellius’ p
Page 417 and 418:
388 Anthony R. Birleywatchword, the
Page 419 and 420:
390 Anthony R. Birleyhad successes
Page 421 and 422:
392 Anthony R. BirleyNOTES1 Stevens
Page 423 and 424:
394 Anthony R. BirleyFURTHER READIN
Page 425 and 426:
13128 9 11107141516617 181920 21222
Page 427 and 428:
398 Norbert Hanelterritories. In co
Page 429 and 430:
400 Norbert HanelPlate 22.1 León.
Page 431 and 432:
402 Norbert Hanelprovides a list of
Page 433 and 434:
404 Norbert Hanel1 fortification 16
Page 435 and 436:
406 Norbert Hanelto a hippodrome. C
Page 437 and 438:
408 Norbert Hanelof an auxiliary un
Page 439 and 440:
410 Norbert Hanelstructure of a mar
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412 Norbert Hanelyet sufficiently a
Page 443 and 444:
414 Norbert Hanelalong the main roa
Page 445 and 446:
416 Norbert HanelTrousset, P. 1974.
Page 447 and 448:
418 Walter Scheideltheir formal mar
Page 449 and 450:
420 Walter ScheidelTable 23.1Civili
Page 451 and 452:
422 Walter Scheidel1009080706050403
Page 453 and 454:
424 Walter ScheidelThis pattern ass
Page 455 and 456:
426 Walter ScheidelEnlistmentAt wha
Page 457 and 458:
428 Walter Scheidelthe order of 2.6
Page 459 and 460:
430 Walter Scheidelwarm climate of
Page 461 and 462:
432 Walter ScheidelGeneral implicat
Page 463 and 464:
434 Walter ScheidelFURTHER READINGP
Page 465 and 466:
436 Gabriele Wesch-Kleinhiding plac
Page 467 and 468:
438 Gabriele Wesch-Kleincontrast to
Page 469 and 470:
440 Gabriele Wesch-Klein(consuetudo
Page 471 and 472:
442 Gabriele Wesch-KleinTheodosianu
Page 473 and 474:
444 Gabriele Wesch-Kleinan honorabl
Page 475 and 476:
446 Gabriele Wesch-Kleinrusticae),
Page 477 and 478:
448 Gabriele Wesch-Kleinresponsibil
Page 479 and 480:
450 Gabriele Wesch-KleinBIBLIOGRAPH
Page 481 and 482:
452 Oliver Stoll2 The Religion of t
Page 483 and 484:
454 Oliver StollPlate 25.1 Scene fr
Page 485 and 486:
456 Oliver StollPlate 25.2 Bronze G
Page 487 and 488:
458 Oliver Stollof the camps was li
Page 489 and 490:
460 Oliver StollPlate 25.3b Monumen
Page 491 and 492:
462 Oliver Stolland the commander c
Page 493 and 494:
464 Oliver Stollveterans, active so
Page 495 and 496:
466 Oliver Stollthe Matronae Aufani
Page 497 and 498:
468 Oliver Stollhomes, if they retu
Page 499 and 500:
470 Oliver Stollfor the theophoric
Page 501 and 502:
472 Oliver StollPlate 25.6a From th
Page 503 and 504:
474 Oliver Stollrole of the officer
Page 505 and 506:
476 Oliver StollFURTHER READINGComp
Page 508 and 509:
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIXWarlords and Land
Page 510 and 511:
Warlords and Landlords 481that had
Page 512 and 513:
imperial. Successful campaigning re
Page 514 and 515:
Warlords and Landlords 485striking
Page 516 and 517:
Warlords and Landlords 487when the
Page 518 and 519:
Warlords and Landlords 489it was ci
Page 520 and 521:
Warlords and Landlords 491resources
Page 522 and 523:
Warlords and Landlords 493BIBLIOGRA
Page 524 and 525:
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVENThe FoederatiTi
Page 526 and 527:
The Foederati 497(deditio) the defe
Page 528 and 529:
The Foederati 499Instead, there is
Page 530 and 531:
The Foederati 501characterized the
Page 532 and 533:
The Foederati 503formed from. The e
Page 534 and 535:
The Foederati 505the ranks of the R
Page 536 and 537:
The Foederati 507however fraught wi
Page 538 and 539:
The Foederati 509territories and se
Page 540 and 541:
The Foederati 5112 Cf. Scharf 2001,
Page 542 and 543:
The Foederati 513—— 1993. “Th
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CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHTArmy and Societ
Page 546 and 547:
Army and Society in the Late Roman
Page 548 and 549:
Page 550 and 551:
Page 552 and 553:
Page 554 and 555:
Page 556 and 557:
Page 558 and 559:
Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
Army and Battle in the Age of Justi
Page 564 and 565:
Page 566 and 567:
Page 568 and 569:
Page 570 and 571:
Page 572 and 573:
Page 574 and 575:
Page 576 and 577:
Page 578 and 579:
Page 580 and 581:
Index locorumLITERARY SOURCESAgathi
Page 582 and 583:
Index locorum 55317 230TacitusAgr.3
Page 584 and 585:
IndexA copiis militaribus 330A rati
Page 586 and 587:
Index 557Arrianus 192, 243, 262-3Ar
Page 588 and 589:
Index 559Census 26, 29-30, 37, 81,
Page 590 and 591:
Index 561Diet see foodDiocletian 25
Page 592 and 593:
Index 563Ghadames 400Ghassanid dyna
Page 594 and 595:
Index 565Latium 8-10, 25, 27, 99, 1
Page 596 and 597:
Index 567Mauten 486Mavia 253, 480Ma
Page 598 and 599:
Index 569Phasis 246, 254, 532, 541,
Page 600 and 601:
Index 571Scolacium 157Scordisci 86,
Page 602 and 603:
Index 573Trajan 205, 213, 215, 243,
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