materials can be prolonged by <strong>the</strong> application ofashes.There is considerable scope <strong>in</strong> Vanuatu foradopt<strong>in</strong>g appropriate 'non-traditional' foodpreservation techniques. Vanuatu is already aleader <strong>in</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g basic food process<strong>in</strong>g techniques topreserve nuts <strong>and</strong> fruits, particularly through <strong>the</strong>efforts of Mr. Charles Long Wah of <strong>the</strong> Kava Store<strong>in</strong> Port Vila. Us<strong>in</strong>g his revenues from kavawholesal<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> Kava Store has developedcommercially viable process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> packag<strong>in</strong>g for<strong>in</strong>digenous nuts <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r fruit, vegetable, <strong>and</strong>spice products. With<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region, <strong>the</strong> Kava Storehas become a showpiece for small-scaleprocess<strong>in</strong>g 110 . Long Wah's techniques arereplicable at <strong>the</strong> village level as <strong>the</strong>y are based on<strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciple of us<strong>in</strong>g only a 'pot <strong>and</strong> woodenspoon' <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> products can be stored <strong>in</strong> sterilisedglass bottles. Long Wah has run numerous tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>gprogrammes to teach village people how to processproducts like tomatoes, but <strong>the</strong> uptake has beenlimited. To be effective, <strong>the</strong>se tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g programmesneed to be re-enforced by simple illustrativeposters. The basis for promot<strong>in</strong>g this type of foodpreservation should be to add dietary variety,create household <strong>in</strong>come opportunities, <strong>and</strong> savehousehold <strong>in</strong>come. A sp<strong>in</strong>off benefit would bebetter food security <strong>and</strong> disaster mitigation.DISASTER RELIEF AND REHABILITATIONPROGRAMMES AND THEIR IMPACT ONAGRICULTUREFrom colonial times, cyclone relief <strong>and</strong>rehabilitation programmes were mounted aftermajor cyclones. Due to Vanuatu's uniquedonors. The ni-Vanuatu populations be<strong>in</strong>gsubstantial rice consumers, <strong>the</strong>se donations havebeen gratefully received even if well <strong>in</strong> excess ofsurvival requirements. Rehabilitation <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong>distribution of kumala tops <strong>and</strong> imported maizeseed, with Department of Agriculture field staffprovid<strong>in</strong>g crop loss assessments upon whichrations were distributed.A public service strike <strong>in</strong> 1993, <strong>and</strong> subsequentstaff dismissals, had a crippl<strong>in</strong>g effect on <strong>the</strong>efficiency of government services. Thisparticularly affected disaster relief <strong>and</strong>rehabilitation services to <strong>agriculture</strong>. TheAgriculture Department lost most of its tra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>and</strong>experienced staff, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> officer nowresponsible for <strong>the</strong> VANGO <strong>Disaster</strong> PreparednessProject.The present disaster management <strong>in</strong>stitutionalstructure orig<strong>in</strong>ated from <strong>the</strong> Barr Report, preparedby AIDAB <strong>in</strong> 1990. NGOs play a key role <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>structure recently developed by <strong>the</strong> National<strong>Disaster</strong> Management Committee (NDMC). ANational <strong>Disaster</strong> Management Office (NDMO)serves as a st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g secretariat for <strong>the</strong> NDMC. TheNDMC is made up of <strong>the</strong> First Secretary of HomeAffairs, <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er of <strong>the</strong> Mobile Force of <strong>the</strong>Defence Force, <strong>the</strong> Deputy Commissioner ofPolice, nom<strong>in</strong>ated representatives of <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cialgovernments, <strong>and</strong> nom<strong>in</strong>ated NGO representatives.The NGO Co-ord<strong>in</strong>ator is an experiencedagriculturist whose ma<strong>in</strong> responsibility has been toimplement a <strong>Disaster</strong> Preparedness Project fundedby AusAid, a project which holds workshops <strong>in</strong>rural areas on traditional mitigation practices,<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g cropp<strong>in</strong>g systems <strong>and</strong> food preservation.Condom<strong>in</strong>ium status, (adm<strong>in</strong>istered by bothBrita<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> France) <strong>the</strong>se efforts tended to bepoorly co-ord<strong>in</strong>ated, leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> villages to <strong>the</strong>irtraditional disaster mitigation devices. InSelf reliance, dependency, <strong>and</strong> back to self relianceretrospect, this might have not been a bad th<strong>in</strong>g,for it may expla<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> higher degree of selfrelianceapparent <strong>in</strong> Vanuatu compared with mosto<strong>the</strong>r <strong>Pacific</strong> isl<strong>and</strong> countries. After Independence<strong>in</strong> 1980, Vanuatu developed its own <strong>in</strong>tegrateddisaster management <strong>in</strong>stitutional structure, whichhas ma<strong>in</strong>ly functioned as part of <strong>the</strong> Police Force.The emphasis has been almost exclusively oncyclones with relief programmes for <strong>agriculture</strong><strong>and</strong> food security focus<strong>in</strong>g on distribut<strong>in</strong>g foodrations (pr<strong>in</strong>cipally rice) that have been suppliedby aidTo recognise <strong>the</strong> disaster problem as part oftotal government responsibility <strong>and</strong> to make <strong>the</strong>best possible arrangements to deal with it;To recognise <strong>the</strong> disaster management phasesof prevention, preparedness, response, <strong>and</strong>recovery as essential <strong>in</strong>gredients for nationaldevelopment; <strong>and</strong>To develop an attitude of self help with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>community through public education <strong>and</strong>awareness programmes.110 ADB, 1997:156The NDMO recognises that some food rationdistribution programmes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> past haveunderm<strong>in</strong>ed self-reliance <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> peoples' ability todeal with natural <strong>disasters</strong>. In <strong>the</strong> case of Cyclone
Fergus, <strong>the</strong> NDMO made <strong>the</strong> unprecedented stepof turn<strong>in</strong>g down offers of foreign aid assistance.The change of attitude is reflected <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>NDMO assessment reports from Vanuatu's twomost recent cyclones: Cyclone Beti <strong>in</strong> April 1996<strong>and</strong> Cyclone Fergus <strong>in</strong> January 1997:Recommendations for Cyclone Beti:If <strong>the</strong> Government of <strong>the</strong> day's policy is topromote SELF-RELIANCE <strong>the</strong>n this office canalso help <strong>in</strong> educat<strong>in</strong>g our people through <strong>the</strong>setypes of situation to encourage; Isl<strong>and</strong> Chiefs to establish mutualcooperation <strong>in</strong> order to assist eachcommunity <strong>in</strong> resources <strong>and</strong> to f<strong>in</strong>d sometraditional ways to susta<strong>in</strong> survival <strong>in</strong> timesof disaster. Respective Prov<strong>in</strong>cial HQ to <strong>in</strong>corporatedisaster preparedness programme <strong>and</strong> toassist <strong>in</strong> dissem<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation to <strong>the</strong>irregion <strong>and</strong> not to over dependent onNDMO. Individuals to get up <strong>and</strong> work so as toutilise <strong>the</strong>ir skills to meet <strong>the</strong> needs of <strong>the</strong>ircommunity <strong>and</strong> to start us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir commonsense for <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>dividual benefits as well.With <strong>the</strong>se few remarks I wish to make <strong>the</strong>follow<strong>in</strong>g recommendations:a) That <strong>the</strong>re should always be cooperationbetween all community leaders to copedur<strong>in</strong>g such situations i.e. it is certa<strong>in</strong>ly ourtradition <strong>and</strong> culture that we always sharewith o<strong>the</strong>r communities <strong>in</strong> need. Thereforeas assessed <strong>the</strong>re are some areas concernwho are not directly affected by Cyclone sothis Office if <strong>the</strong>re should be some exchangeof local food to those who are affected.b) If <strong>in</strong> any means that <strong>the</strong> Government willdecide to have some assistance providedwith justification from <strong>the</strong> report <strong>the</strong>n thisOffice recommends supplementary seeds asnormally practised <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> past.The communities <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> affected areas arealready yell<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> supply of Rice etc. butaga<strong>in</strong> this Office is no longer encourag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>idea, as <strong>the</strong>re is no solution to <strong>the</strong> problem if <strong>the</strong>rice is distributed 111 .Conclusions <strong>and</strong> recommendations for Cyclone FergusIt is important that we cont<strong>in</strong>ually develop selfhelpwith<strong>in</strong> community, Prov<strong>in</strong>cial level tomaximally utilise exist<strong>in</strong>g resources beforedem<strong>and</strong>s are sent to National <strong>Disaster</strong>Executive Committee for additional support.Promotion of cultural values <strong>and</strong> self-reliance isimportant <strong>in</strong> order to discourage dependency<strong>and</strong> to work h<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> h<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> achiev<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>dependence. However, National <strong>Disaster</strong>Executive Committee can only response when<strong>the</strong>re is significant emergency dem<strong>and</strong> affect<strong>in</strong>ghuman life's <strong>and</strong> after <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce hasexhaustedly utilise its resources <strong>and</strong> that humanlife is <strong>in</strong> real hunger, <strong>the</strong>n emergency reliefsupply can be considered urgently.1. TAFEA Prov<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>and</strong> Agriculture FieldAssistant to keep monitor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> situation<strong>and</strong> to play <strong>the</strong>ir part before dem<strong>and</strong>s arerequested from <strong>the</strong> National <strong>Disaster</strong>Executive Committee for fur<strong>the</strong>r support.2. No emergency food relief food supply isrequire at present.3. Seedl<strong>in</strong>gs may be considered fordistribution.4. TAFEA Agriculture Field Assistant to<strong>in</strong>vestigate fungal on taro effects (Futuna).5. TAFEA Prov<strong>in</strong>ce to advice <strong>the</strong> people to replantcrops <strong>and</strong> not to wait. (Follow-up beAgriculture Field Assistants) 112 .111NDMO report on Cyclone Beti, 24 April, 1996112 National <strong>Disaster</strong> Management OfficeAssessment Report for TAFEA Prov<strong>in</strong>ce: TropicalCyclone Fergus, Jan. 25, 1997
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DISASTERS ANDISBN: 982-364-006-8AGR
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List of MapsMap1 The Region........
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSNumerous people con
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The Pacific island region is a regi
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1. DISASTERS AND PACIFIC ISLAND AGR
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American Samoa Unincorporated US 24
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CyclonesCyclones are the most promi
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to the drought but exact numbers we
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holdings in the “renovation” of
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2. DISASTERS AND AGRICULTURE IN POL
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costs where the steeplands meet the
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Development Bank, Manila.Twyford 1.