The Water and Sanitation Program - Environmental Health at USAID

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DRAFTFigure 4.2WSP will focus its emphasis to influence three main areas of financing, in priority order :(i) public government funding in a way that leverages other sources of funding and isbased on the principles described above; (ii) household and domestic private sector whichare critical pillars of financing for the overall sanitation sector; and (iii) financing fromthe IFIs (including the World Bank, AfDB, and bilateral donors) to bring into theirfunding lessons of experience of effective large-scale sanitation programs.WSP is currently undertaking a global study of good lessons of sanitation financing thatwill serve as a key global guidance document for this key theme.• Improved Service Levels. Under this theme, WSP will continue to explore theintroduction of innovative and environmentally friendly technology; and new approachesto enhanced pro-poor services, including through the involvement of domestic privatesector providers. In the area of innovative and environmentally friendly technology,WSP will continue the long-standing work in areas such as condominial system (Figure4.3) that have been shown to reduce construction costs by as much as 25% for thesewerage, and as much as 40% with enhanced participation of the community inconstruction and operation. WSP is bringing these lessons to other regions.Figure 4.3: Traditional and Condominial Sewerage Designs18
DRAFTA second area of work for WSP will be on innovative small-scale decentralizedwastewater treatment technologies, which are critical for the sustainable management ofsanitation systems in small towns and peri-urban areas. The experience with biofilters inCentral America, and decentralized systems in East Asia are some of the examples thatwill serve as basis to work further in this area.Finally, in terms of Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan), WSP will continue supporting thereplication of successful lessons emerging from its review work in Africa, and the initialexperiences in Bolivia. Some of the emerging lessons include: (i) different cultural,geographic and demographic situations produce different reactions to EcoSantechnologies and therefore adaptation is critical; (ii) sanitation programs need expertise inmarket research and the design of social marketing, so that EcoSan is promoted as oneamong a range of technological solutions that enhance the range of options available tohouseholds; (iii) EcoSan marketing needs to effectively target households with higherenvironmental awareness willing to invest the time and resources for enhancedmanagement of their waste; (iv) the financing strategies for EcoSan should not distort themarket for other products but rather focus subsidies in areas where the public benefits aredemonstrated and can be valued.In the area of innovative sanitation technology, WSP will incorporate the lessons learnedfrom its work in the 1980s and avoid the belief that technology alone can solve thesanitation challenge. While innovations in technology are indispensable to achieve thesanitation MDG and beyond, without parallel reforms in finance, governance, behaviorchange, and programmatic approaches, it will not be possible to scale-up assistanceeffectively and sustainably in this area.The role of the domestic private sector has been fundamental in the provision ofhousehold sanitation solutions. Small-scale providers include those involved in pitemptying and disposal services (suction truck operators or manual latrine cleaners) andeven treatment facilities, to those owning and managing communal toilet facilities tothose providing technical services for the construction of on-site solutions. In addition tothe provision of individual sanitation solutions in rural areas, small-scale providers play acritical role given their ability to provide sanitation services in illegal and ad hocsettlements, to provide lower levels of more affordable services, to provide flexibility interms of payments. Many of these benefits accrue to the poorest and more vulnerablehouseholds with complex needs and capacities.The potential of the domestic private sector in service delivery in low-income countries isoften constrained by the bottlenecks it faces in relation to finance, technical andcommercial capacity, specifically in:o a lack of capacity in the supply-side of the market;o policy, institutional and financial constraints to supply-side markets;o a lack of incentive for government to facilitate an enabling environment for thedomestic private sector;o immature and unreliable demand-side forces; and19
Page 1 and 2: The Water and Sanitation ProgramMed
Page 3 and 4: DRAFTEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis document
Page 5 and 6: DRAFT1. IntroductionThis document p
Page 7 and 8: DRAFT• Rising Income Inequalities
Page 9 and 10: DRAFTIn addition to the decline in
Page 11 and 12: DRAFTo Ineffective solutions purcha
Page 13 and 14: DRAFTSanitation approach which incl
Page 15 and 16: DRAFTthese Conferences were to shar
Page 17 and 18: DRAFTdevelopment of a vibrant local
Page 19 and 20: DRAFT• Scaling up Change at Local
Page 21: DRAFTFigure 4.1: Performance of San
Page 25 and 26: DRAFTSector Development Program (IS
Page 27 and 28: DRAFTThe main steps in these roadma
Page 29 and 30: DRAFTuse is closely related and a d
Page 31 and 32: DRAFTThemesOutcomes and trendsGener
Page 33: DRAFTutility partnerships (especial

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