The Water and Sanitation Program - Environmental Health at USAID

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DRAFTFigure 2.1: Countries with the largest unserved population with improved sanitationIndiaChinaIndonesiaNigeriaBangladeshPakistanEthiopiaVietnamBrazilCongo DRMexicoSudanPhillipinesAfghanistanRussiaNepalMozambiqueYemenMyanmarTurkeyMoroccoCambodiaMadagascarBurkina FasoRomaniaIranPeruNigerCote D'IvoireVenezuela75756965474436232221211918141413121212111111111010108104735725- 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800This year marks the halfway point in the effort to achieve the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) by 2015. The World Bank’s Global Monitoring Report’s assessment of the MDGs atmidpoint presents a mixed picture. Although the poverty goal is likely to be met at the globallevel, thanks to a remarkable surge in global economic growth over the past decade, there areserious shortfalls in fighting critical MDGs in the areas of hunger and malnutrition. Lack ofadequate sanitation and its direct implications on children diarrhea has a major implication onmalnutrition. Reducing malnutrition is essential to success on a number of other MDGs whichare unlikely to be met, including maternal health, infant mortality and education.The JMP reports that access to sanitation has improved from 49% to 59% between 1990 and2004, but absolute numbers of unserved population have not changed much due to populationgrowth. To meet the MDG sanitation target by 2015, over 1 billion more people need to gainaccess. However, at the current rate of progress, MDG Target 10 on sanitation will not bereached before 2026. Many countries are making good progress, with half of the most populousdeveloping countries on track to reach the MDG sanitation target. Regions like Sub-SaharanAfrica are lagging behind, though some countries are making substantial progress. With currenttrends, in 2015 Sub-Saharan Africa will have 91 million more unserved than in 2004.2.2 Global Trends Affecting the Future of Sanitation ServicesIn addition to the above sanitation coverage figures, there are global trends that affect the waysanitation services are planned and provided:2
DRAFT• Rising Income Inequalities. The World Bank’s 2008 Global Monitoring Report alsohighlights that although high growth rates have helped reduce global poverty, they have beenaccompanied by rising income inequality in many developing countries. A recent study byInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) staff shows that since the beginning of the 1980s, percapita incomes rose in most countries, making most people in developing countries better off.However, income inequality within countries also increased in most cases, and this isparticularly important for sanitation, where the disparity in service levels between the highestand lowest quintile of the population is 1 to 4, as shown in the figure below.Figure 2.2Sanitation and income80706050% 4030201007549322617Poorest 2nd 3rd 4th Richest• Urbanization. Urbanization is accelerating in the developing world. Rapidly urbanizingeconomies in the developing world (Africa’s urban population quadrupled between 1971 and2001, and Asia’s is expected to double by 2030) has fueled growth, but has also beenaccompanied by increasing spatial disparities and changes in the location and nature of thedemand for infrastructure services. More than half the world's population now lives in cities,and this trend will intensify. The urban population is projected to grow to 4.9 billion by 2030,and the rural population to decline by some 30 million. Most of this urban growth will takeplace in developing countries. For example, urban populations of Africa and Asia areexpected to double by 2030, while in the developing world as a whole a very substantialincrease of 25% is projected over the same period. The speed and magnitude of thisdemographic transition is unprecedented. As indicated by the JMP, the projected increase inpopulation, under a business as usual scenario will increase the urban coverage rates from80% in 2004 to only 82% in 2015. This increase translates into 81 million more people inurban areas in 2015 to be added to the 611 million without access in 2014.An area of particular concern for sanitation is the explosive growth of small towns. It isexpected that about 75% of the population growth over the next 15 years will be in cities ofless than 5 million inhabitants, with over 50% in cities under 1 million. This trend willincrease the demand for sanitation infrastructure services in many places where such servicesare already in short supply and of poor quality, and where the institutional and financialcapacity to provide them is weak.3
Page 1 and 2: The Water and Sanitation ProgramMed
Page 3 and 4: DRAFTEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis document
Page 5: DRAFT1. IntroductionThis document p
Page 9 and 10: DRAFTIn addition to the decline in
Page 11 and 12: DRAFTo Ineffective solutions purcha
Page 13 and 14: DRAFTSanitation approach which incl
Page 15 and 16: DRAFTthese Conferences were to shar
Page 17 and 18: DRAFTdevelopment of a vibrant local
Page 19 and 20: DRAFT• Scaling up Change at Local
Page 21 and 22: DRAFTFigure 4.1: Performance of San
Page 23 and 24: DRAFTA second area of work for WSP
Page 25 and 26: DRAFTSector Development Program (IS
Page 27 and 28: DRAFTThe main steps in these roadma
Page 29 and 30: DRAFTuse is closely related and a d
Page 31 and 32: DRAFTThemesOutcomes and trendsGener
Page 33: DRAFTutility partnerships (especial

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