TEEB Manual for Cities

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The TEEB Manual for Cities: Ecosystem Services in Urban ManagementMyles ManderInvestigating the value of ecosystem services in rural South Africa (continued)A series of targeted stakeholderworkshops were facilitated in orderto present the outcomes of the studyto stakeholders, and to facilitate theirinputs into the process. The workshopswere used to assess the responseof the various groupings to incentiveoptions; to include improvementsproposed; and, to enhance awarenessof the value of the diversity of relevantecosystem services. The ultimate aimof the workshops was to determinewhich of the incentive optionsavailable would be most useful to thevarious stakeholder groupings, withinwhich there was varying capacity forimplementation. From this the serviceswith the potential to deliver maximumnet social benefit, and for which therewere potential economic incentives toenhance or maintain service supply,were prioritised.What is quite remarkable is that whilethe demand for the study area; from anaesthetic, nature-based tourism point ofview; far outstripped the demand for anyother ecosystem service, the financialimpacts thereof on the local municipalityand its people are rather limited. Themoney flows that do occur are mainlytowards private tourism operators andnot to society in general. Also, the numberof incentive mechanisms from a tourismand biodiversity perspective to protectthe land and to promote sustainableland-use options is rather limited. Whatdid, however, emerge as arguably thebest policy intervention binding people’saspirations; and reconciling that witha range of conservation objectives,for which a large number of incentivemechanisms are available; was inthe promotion of food-, water- andenergy security. Food-, water- andenergy provision are some of the moreimportant ecosystem services. In mostcases they are also available on a locallevel and are national level priorities.Matching the demand for delivery ofthese ecosystem services with thesustainable supply thereof (whichrequires prudent land-use) and withthe resources available for deliveringsuch essential services from a nationalperspective, provided a ‘win-win-win’solution.Source: Golder Associates 2010;Blignaut et al. 2011.Further reading:● For additional general information on social impact assessment, see the United Nations Environmental Program: EIA TrainingResource Manual (UNEP 2002) - UNEP’s Economics and Trade Programme’s training manual for Social Impact Assessment(www.unep.ch/etu/publications/EIA_2ed/EIA_E_top13_body.PDF).● The Social Analysis Sourcebook published by the World Bank (Dani 2003) presents a conceptual framework for social analysisand describes how task teams can incorporate its principles into a project cycle (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTSOCIALDEV/0,,contentMDK:21177387~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:3177395,00.html).● For the social impact assessment of carbon projects, the manual for social impact assessment of land-based carbon projects byForest Trends (Richards and Panfil 2010), provides good guidance (www.forest-trends.org/documents/files/doc_2436.pdf)● TEEB - The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Local and Regional Policy Makers (2010), The Economics ofEcosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations (TEEB Foundations 2010), and TEEB – The Economics ofEcosystems and Biodiversity Report for Business - Executive Summary (2010) all contain additional information about valuingecosystem services.29
The TEEB Manual for Cities: Ecosystem Services in Urban ManagementGoal:To ensure thatecosystem services become anintegral component of citymanagementNoStep 1:Specify and agree on the problem or policyissues with stakeholders.Is further assessment & understandingof associated ecosystem services necessary?YesStep 2:Identify which ecosystem services are mostrelevant.1. On which ecosystem services the problemis reliant2. Which ecosystem services the problemis impactingStep 4 may be performed in conjunction withStep 2, and then follow on with Step 3Use a relevant economicvaluation method to assessmonetary valueStakeholderparticipation andconsultation includingStep 6:Assess the impact of the policyoptions on the range ofstakeholdersStep 3:Determine what information is needed andselect assessment methods.Are monetary, quantitative or qualitativevalues required?MonetaryQuantitativeQualitativeLook at changesand trends in ecosystemservices, and theirdelivery/useStep 4:Assess future changes in ecosystemservices.Perform the valuation study to assess howecosystem services have been and will beaffected by the problem or policy.Use consultativetechniques with relevantstakeholdersStep 6 may be performed inconjunction with Step 5Step 5:Identify and assess management/policyoptionsDevelop/design policy tools, compare theoptions, costs and benefits, risks, etc..Figure 1: The TEEB stepwise approach is designed to be flexible, and can be adapted for each unique situation.This flow diagram shows how the steps can be linked, and that the order of the steps can be adjusted asnecessary.30
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