High-resolution Interferometric Diagnostics for Ultrashort Pulses

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AbstractI present several new methods for the characterisation of ultrashort pulses using interferometry.A generalisation of the concatenation algorithm for spectral shearing interferometryenables interferograms taken at multiple shears to be combined. This improves theprecision of the reconstructed phase in the presence of detector noise, and enablesthe relative phase between disjoint spectral components to be obtained without decreasingthe spectral resolution. The algorithm is applied to experimental data fromtwo different implementations of spectral shearing interferometry for ultrashort opticalpulses. In one, the shears are acquired sequentially, and in the other they areacquired simultaneously.I develop a form of spatio-temporal ultrashort pulse characterisation which performsboth spatial and spectral shearing interferometry simultaneously. It requires a similargeometrical setup to common implementations of spectral phase interferometryfor direct electric-field reconstruction, but provides complete amplitude and phasecharacterisation in time and one spatial dimension.I develop the theory of lateral shearing interferometry for spectrally resolved wavefrontsensing of extended ultraviolet and soft x-ray pulses generated using high-harmonicgeneration. A comprehensive set of wavefront measurements of harmonics 13–25 inKrypton show good agreement with theory, validating the technique.I propose and numerically demonstrate quantum-path interferometry mediated bya weak control field for high harmonic generation. This is a general technique formeasuring the amplitude and relative phases of each contributing quantum path. Thecontrol field perturbatively modulates the phase of each path. The differing sensitivityof each path to the parameters of the control field allows their contributions to bedistinguished from one another.ii
Page 1: High-resolution InterferometricDiag
Page 6: Author’s contributionThe concept
Page 9 and 10: PublicationsThe following publicati
Page 11 and 12: SPIDER spectral phase interferometr
Page 13 and 14: 1 IntroductionUltrafast optics is a
Page 15: experiment” supports the plausibi
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2. BACKGROUNDgrating. Spectrally re
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2. BACKGROUNDmeasurement can be per
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2. BACKGROUNDspecific motivations,
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2. BACKGROUNDχ (2)yĨ (ω,y )oTest
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2. BACKGROUNDoeχ (2)2D imagingspec
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2. BACKGROUND2.3.7.1 Time magnifier
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2. BACKGROUNDwavenumber k maxx= kNA
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2. BACKGROUNDWavefronts Lenslets De
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2. BACKGROUNDbe used, which project
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2. BACKGROUNDReferenceySingle-mode
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2. BACKGROUND|E (y ,ω)| 2 . Struct
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2. BACKGROUNDtion to produce a spat
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3. PHASE RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHM F
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4. EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATIONS OF
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5. COMPACT SPACE-TIME SPIDERy(a) y(
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5. COMPACT SPACE-TIME SPIDERLateral
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5. COMPACT SPACE-TIME SPIDER5.3.2 R
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5. COMPACT SPACE-TIME SPIDERtilt is
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5. COMPACT SPACE-TIME SPIDERThe arr
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5. COMPACT SPACE-TIME SPIDER(a)B:CC
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5. COMPACT SPACE-TIME SPIDERfundame
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5. COMPACT SPACE-TIME SPIDER200(a)(
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5. COMPACT SPACE-TIME SPIDERnot cor
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6 High-harmonic generationWhen the
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6.1 Development and applications[32
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6.2 Theory of the single-atom respo
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6.3 Theory of the macroscopic respo
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6.3 Theory of the macroscopic respo
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6.4 Temporal metrology of high-harm
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6.4 Temporal metrology of high-harm
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6.5 Spatial metrology of high-harmo
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7 Lateral shearing interferometry f
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7.1 Motivationssitive to the spatio
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7.2 Theory of the methodFocusingopt
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7.2 Theory of the methodshears. In
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7.2 Theory of the methodwhere η k
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7.3 Experiment: longitudinal gas je
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7.4 Data processing200x (µm)00.10.
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7.4 Data processingDivergence (mrad
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7.5 Comparison of results with simu
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7.5 Comparison of results with simu
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7.6 Physical interpretation0.125, -
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7.6 Physical interpretation4025202r
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7.6 Physical interpretation0.525kT
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7.6 Physical interpretation0.525kT
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7.7 Summary and outlook0.10.0525500
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8 Quantum-path interferometry in hi
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8.2 Related workgeneral technique f
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8.3 Action-shift induced by a weak
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8.3 Action-shift induced by a weak
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8.4 Example8.4.1 Monochromatic driv
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8.4 Example (t ) (a.u.)0.20−0.2(a
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8.5 Limitation of the perturbative
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8.6 Simulated experiment20.1(a)50.1
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8.7 Fourier transform issuesαI0(a)
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8.8 Extraction of orbit amplitudes
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8.8 Extraction of orbit amplitudes
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8.9 Summary and outlook1001800.8Har
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8.9 Summary and outlookFor the phas
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9. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOKplementations
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ANoise and uncertaintyThis appendix
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A.2 Estimation of the filtered nois
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BSimulation codes for high-harmonic
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B.4 Propagation modelamount to prev
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REFERENCES[34] Fontaine, J., Dietel
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REFERENCES[95] Kovács, A., Osvay,
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REFERENCES23, 1046 (1998). 39[162]
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REFERENCESFrancis (1990). 51[220] B
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REFERENCES[284] Dorrer, C. & Walmsl
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REFERENCES[340] Drescher, M., Hents
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REFERENCES[388] Wood, W. M., Siders
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REFERENCES1547 (1993). 215[436] Dan
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High-resolution Interferometric Diagnostics for Ultrashort Pulses

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