An Introduction to the Invertebrates, Second Edition - tiera.ru

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92 NEMATODAFig. 8.1 The structure of nematodes: (a) external view; (b) transverse section based on Ascaris; (c) longitudinal section of (i) female, (ii) male, based on Rhabditis; (d) nematode cuticle.
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cambridge university pressCambridge
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viCONTENTS4.5 What is the ecologica
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viiiCONTENTS13.5 What are the speci
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Boxes5.1 Muscle page 495.2 Protosto
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xivPREFACEfirst two, are more gener
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Illustration acknowledgementsAll th
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Chapter1The process of evolution:na
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WHAT IS THE CELLULAR BASIS OF HERED
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WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF GENETIC VARIA
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WHAT IN GENERAL DOES EVOLUTION PROD
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WHAT IN GENERAL DOES EVOLUTION PROD
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Chapter 2The pattern of evolution:m
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HOW CAN WE USE MORPHOLOGY TO TRACE
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HOW CAN WE USE FOSSILS TO INVESTIGA
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CAN THE FOSSIL RECORD DATE THE EARL
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WHICH MOLECULES ARE USED?19Using pa
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HOW RELIABLE IS MOLECULAR TAXONOMY?
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Chapter 3PoriferaSponges are by far
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WHAT DIFFERENT KINDS OF SPONGE ARE
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HOW DO SPONGES MAKE A LIVING?27dige
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WHAT CHANGES HAVE EVOLVED DURING SP
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HOW HAVE SPONGES BECOME SO SUCCESSF
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WHY DO WE REGARD CNIDARIA AS SIMPLE
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HOW DO CNIDARIA MAKE A LIVING?35Fig
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HOW DO CNIDARIA MAKE A LIVING?37Nem
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HOW DO CNIDARIA MAKE A LIVING?39of
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HOW HAS SO MUCH DIVERSITY BEEN POSS
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WHATISTHEECOLOGICALIMPORTANCEOFCORA
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HOW ARE CNIDARIA RELATED TO EACH OT
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Chapter 5On being a wormAny soft-bo
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MUSCLE49Box 5.1MuscleMuscles contra
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MUSCLE51divided into coelomates, ps
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MUSCLE53Fig. 5.1 (contd.) (c) Thene
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WHAT WORM PHYLA ARE KNOWN?55Fig. 5.
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WHAT WORM PHYLA ARE KNOWN?57Fig. 5.
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WHAT WORM PHYLA ARE KNOWN?59conspic
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PROTOSTOMES AND DEUTEROSTOMES61Clea
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DO CTENOPHORA BELONG AMONG THE WORM
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Chapter 6Platyhelminthes andAcoelom
Page 172: WHATARE THE ACOELOMORPHA?67Parasiti
Page 176: WHAT IS SPECIALISED ABOUT MODERN PL
Page 180: PARASITISM71Box 6.1ParasitismParasi
Page 184: HOW ARE PLATYHELMINTHS RELATED TO O
Page 188: Chapter 7NemerteaNemertea (also cal
Page 192: WHATARE THE PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF NEM
Page 196: HOW DO NEMERTINES DIFFER FROM PLATY
Page 208: HOW DO NEMERTINES DEVELOP?85Fig. 7.
Page 212: SEA, FRESH WATER AND LAND87Box 7.1S
Page 216: SEA, FRESH WATER AND LAND892. Activ
Page 220: HOW ARE THESE CHARACTERS RELATED TO
Page 226: 94 NEMATODA(most unusually) send pr
Page 230: 96 NEMATODAchanged by this loss of
Page 234: 98 NEMATODAFig. 8.3 Caenorhabditis
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Page 242: 102 ANNELIDAFig. 9.1 Diagrammatic t
Page 246: 104 ANNELIDAeither layer. Protoneph
Page 250: 106 ANNELIDAenables each to move in
Page 254: 108 ANNELIDA9.4 How does a coelom i
Page 258: 110 ANNELIDADiagram to show the bas
Page 262: 112 ANNELIDAin some members of almo
Page 266: 114 ANNELIDASeawater transport syst
Page 270: 116 ANNELIDAFig. 9.5 A polychaetetr
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118 ANNELIDAa collection of small a
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Chapter10Mollusca: generaland Gastr
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122 MOLLUSCA: GENERAL AND GASTROPOD
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136 MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA AND CEPHALOP
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154 ARTHROPODA: GENERAL12.1 What de
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156 ARTHROPODA: GENERALcuticle belo
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158 ARTHROPODA: GENERALunder hormon
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160 ARTHROPODA: GENERALdifferences:
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162 ARTHROPODA: GENERALBehind the b
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164 ARTHROPODA: GENERALFig.12.7 (co
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166 ARTHROPODA: GENERALFig.12.8 Non
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Chapter13CrustaceaCrustacea include
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170 CRUSTACEAa few millimetres in l
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172 CRUSTACEApenetrate estuaries (e
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174 CRUSTACEAFig.13.4 The diversity
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176 CRUSTACEAFig.13.6 The diversity
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178 CRUSTACEAare recognisable crust
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180 CRUSTACEA13.7 How are Crustacea
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182 CHELICERATA AND MYRIAPODA14.2 W
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184 CHELICERATA AND MYRIAPODAFig.14
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186 CHELICERATA AND MYRIAPODAsepara
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188 CHELICERATA AND MYRIAPODA14.5.3
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190 CHELICERATA AND MYRIAPODAdorsov
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Chapter15InsectaMost animals are in
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194 INSECTAFig.15.1 Insect tracheal
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196 INSECTAWhile the essential requ
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198 INSECTAmeet the airstream over
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200 INSECTAFig.15.3 Insect flight m
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202 INSECTA15.5 What are the main o
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204 INSECTAcaptures a female and fl
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206 INSECTAThere are other smaller
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208 INSECTAlike nets of gauze and a
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210 INSECTAreproductive potential?
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212 INSECTA15.7.4 Modern geneticsAc
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214 ANIMALS WITH LOPHOPHORESFig.16.
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216 ANIMALS WITH LOPHOPHORESand a g
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218 ANIMALS WITH LOPHOPHORES16.3.2
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220 ANIMALS WITH LOPHOPHORESBox 16.
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Chapter17EchinodermataEchinoderms i
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224 ECHINODERMATAcan be serviced by
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226 ECHINODERMATAFig.17.2 The struc
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228 ECHINODERMATAring but in the ra
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230 ECHINODERMATAFig.17.6Diagram co
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232 ECHINODERMATATypically holothur
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234 ECHINODERMATAbe accompanied by
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Chapter18Invertebrate Chordata andH
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238 INVERTEBRATE CHORDATA AND HEMIC
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248 DEVELOPMENTpolarity and the int
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250 DEVELOPMENTThe first steps of c
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252 DEVELOPMENTFig.19.3 Nematode (A
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254 DEVELOPMENTmethod called ‘epi
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256 DEVELOPMENTconcentrations is ca
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258 DEVELOPMENTFig.19.6 Regeneratio
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260 DEVELOPMENT3. Hox genes are alw
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262 DEVELOPMENTthe current focus is
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264 INVERTEBRATE EVOLUTIONARY HISTO
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284 FURTHER READINGR. McNeil Alexan
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286 FURTHER READINGSymposium (2003)
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288 FURTHER READINGC. P. Ellington,
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290 FURTHER READINGJ. W. Valentine,
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292 FURTHER READINGA. S. Monteiro,
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GlossaryWords in italic have their
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296 GLOSSARYBuoyancy Neutral buoyan
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298 GLOSSARYDepolarisation Applied
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300 GLOSSARYGamete The haploid unit
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302 GLOSSARYIntrovert Front end of
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304 GLOSSARYMitosis Division of the
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306 GLOSSARYOssicle Skeletal unit o
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308 GLOSSARYRadial cleavage Cleavag
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310 GLOSSARYTagma Region of an arth
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IndexBold numbers denote figures an
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INDEX315model animal 3, 192, 210-12
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INDEX317in chordates 237, 238, 240h
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INDEX319Tail 236, 237, 240, Fig. 18
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