An Introduction to the Invertebrates, Second Edition - tiera.ru

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16 THE PATTERN OF EVOLUTION: METHODS OF INVESTIGATIONFig. 2.2The geological succession.of living animals show that common predatory gastropods attackbarnacles at these junctions. The plate reduction coincided with therise of this family of predacious gastropods in the Cretaceous.Further, the one lineage with no plate reduction is Chenobia,barnacles living on turtles and free from gastropod predation.2.4 Can the fossilrecord date the earliestappearance of animals?The difficulty is that all the main phyla seem to have appeared overa relatively short period of time in the Cambrian. Modern methods
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cambridge university pressCambridge
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viCONTENTS4.5 What is the ecologica
Page 18: viiiCONTENTS13.5 What are the speci
Page 24: Boxes5.1 Muscle page 495.2 Protosto
Page 30: xivPREFACEfirst two, are more gener
Page 36: Illustration acknowledgementsAll th
Page 40: Chapter1The process of evolution:na
Page 44: WHAT IS THE CELLULAR BASIS OF HERED
Page 48: WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF GENETIC VARIA
Page 52: WHAT IN GENERAL DOES EVOLUTION PROD
Page 56: WHAT IN GENERAL DOES EVOLUTION PROD
Page 60: Chapter 2The pattern of evolution:m
Page 64: HOW CAN WE USE MORPHOLOGY TO TRACE
Page 68: HOW CAN WE USE FOSSILS TO INVESTIGA
Page 74: 18 THE PATTERN OF EVOLUTION: METHOD
Page 86: 24 PORIFERAFig. 3.1 The structure o
Page 90: 26 PORIFERADemospongiae, with silic
Page 94: 28 PORIFERAFig. 3.3 Sponge developm
Page 98: 30 PORIFERAthrough the osculum. In
Page 102: Chapter 4CnidariaCnidaria include t
Page 106: 34 CNIDARIAFig. 4.2 (a) The nerve n
Page 110: 36 CNIDARIAFig. 4.4 The structure o
Page 114: 38 CNIDARIAFig. 4.5The structure of
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42 CNIDARIAFig. 4.7 (a) Physalia, t
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44 CNIDARIAFig. 4.8 Diagrams of cor
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46 CNIDARIAas primitive. Mitochondr
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48 ONBEING AWORMWorms are ‘triplo
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50 ON BEING A WORM(b) Shortening of
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52 ON BEING A WORMGraphical represe
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54 ON BEING A WORM5.2.4 The disadva
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56 ON BEING A WORMFig. 5.3 The dive
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58 ON BEING A WORMMicrognathozoa. A
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60 ON BEING A WORMChaetognatha (Fig
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62 ON BEING A WORMDiagram showing t
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64 ONBEING A WORMcnidarian nematocy
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66 PLATYHELMINTHES AND ACOELOMORPHA
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76 NEMERTEAFig. 7.2 Diagrams showin
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78 NEMERTEAouter muscle layer is ci
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80 NEMERTEAthe tip attaches to the
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82 NEMERTEAThe blood does not seem
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84 NEMERTEA7.4 What diversity exist
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86 NEMERTEAis determined early, and
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88 NEMERTEALong-term adaptations to
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Chapter 8NematodaNematodes, or ‘r
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92 NEMATODAFig. 8.1 The structure o
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94 NEMATODA(most unusually) send pr
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96 NEMATODAchanged by this loss of
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98 NEMATODAFig. 8.3 Caenorhabditis
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100 NEMATODArate of nucleotide subs
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102 ANNELIDAFig. 9.1 Diagrammatic t
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104 ANNELIDAeither layer. Protoneph
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106 ANNELIDAenables each to move in
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108 ANNELIDA9.4 How does a coelom i
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110 ANNELIDADiagram to show the bas
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112 ANNELIDAin some members of almo
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114 ANNELIDASeawater transport syst
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116 ANNELIDAFig. 9.5 A polychaetetr
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118 ANNELIDAa collection of small a
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Chapter10Mollusca: generaland Gastr
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122 MOLLUSCA: GENERAL AND GASTROPOD
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136 MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA AND CEPHALOP
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154 ARTHROPODA: GENERAL12.1 What de
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156 ARTHROPODA: GENERALcuticle belo
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158 ARTHROPODA: GENERALunder hormon
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160 ARTHROPODA: GENERALdifferences:
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162 ARTHROPODA: GENERALBehind the b
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164 ARTHROPODA: GENERALFig.12.7 (co
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166 ARTHROPODA: GENERALFig.12.8 Non
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Chapter13CrustaceaCrustacea include
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170 CRUSTACEAa few millimetres in l
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172 CRUSTACEApenetrate estuaries (e
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174 CRUSTACEAFig.13.4 The diversity
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176 CRUSTACEAFig.13.6 The diversity
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178 CRUSTACEAare recognisable crust
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180 CRUSTACEA13.7 How are Crustacea
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182 CHELICERATA AND MYRIAPODA14.2 W
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184 CHELICERATA AND MYRIAPODAFig.14
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186 CHELICERATA AND MYRIAPODAsepara
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188 CHELICERATA AND MYRIAPODA14.5.3
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190 CHELICERATA AND MYRIAPODAdorsov
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Chapter15InsectaMost animals are in
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194 INSECTAFig.15.1 Insect tracheal
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196 INSECTAWhile the essential requ
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198 INSECTAmeet the airstream over
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200 INSECTAFig.15.3 Insect flight m
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202 INSECTA15.5 What are the main o
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204 INSECTAcaptures a female and fl
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206 INSECTAThere are other smaller
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208 INSECTAlike nets of gauze and a
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210 INSECTAreproductive potential?
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212 INSECTA15.7.4 Modern geneticsAc
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214 ANIMALS WITH LOPHOPHORESFig.16.
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216 ANIMALS WITH LOPHOPHORESand a g
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218 ANIMALS WITH LOPHOPHORES16.3.2
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220 ANIMALS WITH LOPHOPHORESBox 16.
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Chapter17EchinodermataEchinoderms i
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224 ECHINODERMATAcan be serviced by
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226 ECHINODERMATAFig.17.2 The struc
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228 ECHINODERMATAring but in the ra
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230 ECHINODERMATAFig.17.6Diagram co
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232 ECHINODERMATATypically holothur
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234 ECHINODERMATAbe accompanied by
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Chapter18Invertebrate Chordata andH
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238 INVERTEBRATE CHORDATA AND HEMIC
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248 DEVELOPMENTpolarity and the int
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250 DEVELOPMENTThe first steps of c
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252 DEVELOPMENTFig.19.3 Nematode (A
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254 DEVELOPMENTmethod called ‘epi
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256 DEVELOPMENTconcentrations is ca
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258 DEVELOPMENTFig.19.6 Regeneratio
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260 DEVELOPMENT3. Hox genes are alw
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262 DEVELOPMENTthe current focus is
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264 INVERTEBRATE EVOLUTIONARY HISTO
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284 FURTHER READINGR. McNeil Alexan
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286 FURTHER READINGSymposium (2003)
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288 FURTHER READINGC. P. Ellington,
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290 FURTHER READINGJ. W. Valentine,
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292 FURTHER READINGA. S. Monteiro,
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GlossaryWords in italic have their
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296 GLOSSARYBuoyancy Neutral buoyan
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298 GLOSSARYDepolarisation Applied
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300 GLOSSARYGamete The haploid unit
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302 GLOSSARYIntrovert Front end of
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304 GLOSSARYMitosis Division of the
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306 GLOSSARYOssicle Skeletal unit o
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308 GLOSSARYRadial cleavage Cleavag
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310 GLOSSARYTagma Region of an arth
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IndexBold numbers denote figures an
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INDEX315model animal 3, 192, 210-12
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INDEX317in chordates 237, 238, 240h
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INDEX319Tail 236, 237, 240, Fig. 18
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