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cambridge university pressCambridge
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viCONTENTS4.5 What is the ecologica
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viiiCONTENTS13.5 What are the speci
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Boxes5.1 Muscle page 495.2 Protosto
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xivPREFACEfirst two, are more gener
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Illustration acknowledgementsAll th
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Chapter1The process of evolution:na
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WHAT IS THE CELLULAR BASIS OF HERED
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WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF GENETIC VARIA
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WHAT IN GENERAL DOES EVOLUTION PROD
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WHAT IN GENERAL DOES EVOLUTION PROD
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Chapter 2The pattern of evolution:m
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HOW CAN WE USE MORPHOLOGY TO TRACE
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HOW CAN WE USE FOSSILS TO INVESTIGA
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CAN THE FOSSIL RECORD DATE THE EARL
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WHICH MOLECULES ARE USED?19Using pa
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HOW RELIABLE IS MOLECULAR TAXONOMY?
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Chapter 3PoriferaSponges are by far
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WHAT DIFFERENT KINDS OF SPONGE ARE
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HOW DO SPONGES MAKE A LIVING?27dige
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WHAT CHANGES HAVE EVOLVED DURING SP
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HOW HAVE SPONGES BECOME SO SUCCESSF
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WHY DO WE REGARD CNIDARIA AS SIMPLE
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HOW DO CNIDARIA MAKE A LIVING?35Fig
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HOW DO CNIDARIA MAKE A LIVING?37Nem
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HOW DO CNIDARIA MAKE A LIVING?39of
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HOW HAS SO MUCH DIVERSITY BEEN POSS
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WHATISTHEECOLOGICALIMPORTANCEOFCORA
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HOW ARE CNIDARIA RELATED TO EACH OT
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Chapter 5On being a wormAny soft-bo
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MUSCLE49Box 5.1MuscleMuscles contra
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MUSCLE51divided into coelomates, ps
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MUSCLE53Fig. 5.1 (contd.) (c) Thene
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WHAT WORM PHYLA ARE KNOWN?55Fig. 5.
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WHAT WORM PHYLA ARE KNOWN?57Fig. 5.
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WHAT WORM PHYLA ARE KNOWN?59conspic
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PROTOSTOMES AND DEUTEROSTOMES61Clea
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DO CTENOPHORA BELONG AMONG THE WORM
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Chapter 6Platyhelminthes andAcoelom
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WHATARE THE ACOELOMORPHA?67Parasiti
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WHAT IS SPECIALISED ABOUT MODERN PL
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PARASITISM71Box 6.1ParasitismParasi
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HOW ARE PLATYHELMINTHS RELATED TO O
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Chapter 7NemerteaNemertea (also cal
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WHATARE THE PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF NEM
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HOW DO NEMERTINES DIFFER FROM PLATY
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HOW DO NEMERTINES DIFFER FROM PLATY
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HOW DO NEMERTINES DIFFER FROM PLATY
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HOW DO NEMERTINES DEVELOP?85Fig. 7.
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SEA, FRESH WATER AND LAND87Box 7.1S
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SEA, FRESH WATER AND LAND892. Activ
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HOW ARE THESE CHARACTERS RELATED TO
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HOW ARE THESE CHARACTERS RELATED TO
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WHYARE NEMATODES USEFUL FOR DEVELOP
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WHY HAS CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS BEEN
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HOW ARE NEMATODES RELATED TO OTHER
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Chapter 9AnnelidaMost of the 15 000
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EXCRETION103Excretory productsOther
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WHATARE THE ADVANTAGES OF THE COELO
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WHATARE THE ADVANTAGES OF THE COELO
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RESPIRATION109The overall equation
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TRANSPORT SYSTEMS111lobes with a la
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TRANSPORT SYSTEMS113Oxygen dissocia
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HOW DO ANNELIDS REPRODUCE AND FEED?
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HOW ARE ANNELIDS RELATED TO EACH OT
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HOW ARE ANNELIDS RELATED TO OTHER P
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HOW CAN SUCH AN ANIMAL FUNCTION?121
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WHAT IS THE SHELL AND HOW MAY IT BE
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WHAT ARE THE ACULIFERA?125calcareou
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HOW IS THE MOLLUSCAN BODY PLAN MODI
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HOW IS THE MOLLUSCAN BODY PLAN MODI
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HOW MAYGASTROPODS FEED?131Fig.10.6
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CONCLUSION133especially in the sea.
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Chapter11Mollusca: Bivalvia andCeph
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HOW DO BIVALVES FEED?137The activit
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HOW IS THE MOLLUSCAN BODY PLAN MODI
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WHAT CEPHALOPODS ARE KNOWN?141Fig.1
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BUOYANCY143thereismore food.Buoyanc
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HOW HAVE SOME CEPHALOPODS BECOME SO
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NERVES AND BRAINS147knowledge about
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NERVES AND BRAINS149(e) The relatio
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WHAT HAS LIMITED THE EVOLUTION OF C
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Chapter12Arthropoda: generalArthrop
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WHATARE THE KEY FEATURES OF ARTHROP
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WHATARE THE KEY FEATURES OF ARTHROP
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WHATARE THE KEY FEATURES OF ARTHROP
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WHAT MAKES POSSIBLE THE GREATACTIVI
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WHAT MAKES POSSIBLE THE GREATACTIVI
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WHATARE THE CLOSEST RELATIONS OF AR
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WHATARE THE CLOSEST RELATIONS OF AR
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WHAT ARE THE MAIN KINDS OF CRUSTACE
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HOW HAVE CRUSTACEANS COLONISED FRES
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HOW HAVE CRUSTACEANS COLONISED FRES
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HOW HAVE CRUSTACEANS COLONISED FRES
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WHATARE THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF PAR
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WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CRUSTACEAN LARV
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Chapter14Chelicerata and MyriapodaC
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WHY IS LIMULUS OF SPECIAL INTEREST?
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WHATARE ARACHNIDS?18514.4 What are
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HOW DID ARACHNIDS COLONISE THE LAND
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WHATARE MYRIAPODS AND HOW DOTHEY MO
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HOW WELL ARE MYRIAPODS ADAPTED TO L
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WHYARE INSECTS SUCH SUCCESSFUL LAND
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HOW ARE INSECTS ABLE TO FLY?195mid
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HOW ARE INSECTS ABLE TO FLY?197Fig.
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HOW ARE INSECTS ABLE TO FLY?19915.3
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WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT INSECT LI
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WHATARE THE MAIN ORDERS OF INSECTS?
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WHATARE THE MAIN ORDERS OF INSECTS?
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WHATARE THE MAIN ORDERS OF INSECTS?
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HOW COULD SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR HAVE EVO
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WHY HAS STUDY OF THE FRUIT FLY DROS
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Chapter16Animals with lophophoresSe
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WHICH ANIMALS HAVE LOPHOPHORES?215o
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ARE ANIMALS WITH LOPHOPHORES PROTOS
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SHOULD THERE BE A GROUP CALLED ‘L
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HOW ANIMALS FEED221Intake of plant
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WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT ECHINODERMS?22
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HOW DO DIFFERENT ECHINODERMS FEED A
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HOW DO DIFFERENT ECHINODERMS FEED A
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HOW DO DIFFERENT ECHINODERMS FEED A
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HOW DO DIFFERENT ECHINODERMS FEED A
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DO THE LARVAE ILLUMINATE ECHINODERM
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LARVAE235Why have a larva?Early hat
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WHAT ARE THE CHORDATE CHARACTERS?23
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WHICH ARE THE INVERTEBRATE CHORDATE
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WHAT ARE THE HEMICHORDATES?241the v
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WHAT DO ENTEROPNEUSTS AND PTEROBRAN
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DEEP-SEA INVERTEBRATES245the lophop
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Chapter19DevelopmentDevelopment of
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WHAT IS THE PATTERN OF CLEAVAGE IN
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WHAT IS THE PATTERN OF CLEAVAGE IN
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HOW DO INVERTEBRATES GASTRULATE?253
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HOW DO CELLS ACQUIRE POSITIONAL INF
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HOW DO GENES REGULATE DEVELOPMENT?2
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WHATARE HOX GENES AND HOW DO THEY W
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CONCLUSION261conserved, but their e
- Page 564: Chapter 20Invertebrate evolutionary
- Page 568: WHAT DO GENES TELL US ABOUT RELATIO
- Page 572: HOW DO GENES RELATE THE PROTOSTOME
- Page 576: HOW DO GENES RELATE THE PROTOSTOME
- Page 580: WHERE DO THE SMALLER PROTOSTOME PHY
- Page 584: HOW DO GENES RELATE THE DEUTEROSTOM
- Page 588: HOW DO GENES RELATE THE DEUTEROSTOM
- Page 592: WHAT DO MOLECULES TELLUS ABOUT RELA
- Page 596: WHAT DO MOLECULES TELLUS ABOUT RELA
- Page 600: CAN WE NOW DEFINE HOMOLOGY?281eye d
- Page 604: Further readingThe second edition o
- Page 608: FURTHER READING285G. E. Budd & S. J
- Page 612: FURTHER READING287Annelida (Chapter
- Page 618: 290 FURTHER READINGJ. W. Valentine,
- Page 622: 292 FURTHER READINGA. S. Monteiro,
- Page 626: GlossaryWords in italic have their
- Page 630: 296 GLOSSARYBuoyancy Neutral buoyan
- Page 634: 298 GLOSSARYDepolarisation Applied
- Page 638: 300 GLOSSARYGamete The haploid unit
- Page 642: 302 GLOSSARYIntrovert Front end of
- Page 646: 304 GLOSSARYMitosis Division of the
- Page 650: 306 GLOSSARYOssicle Skeletal unit o
- Page 654: 308 GLOSSARYRadial cleavage Cleavag
- Page 658: 310 GLOSSARYTagma Region of an arth
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IndexBold numbers denote figures an
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INDEX315model animal 3, 192, 210-12
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INDEX317in chordates 237, 238, 240h
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INDEX319Tail 236, 237, 240, Fig. 18