The ecology of rafting in the marine environment - Bedim

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MARTIN THIEL & LARS GUTOW Table 7 Arthropoda Chelicerata and Insecta reported or inferred as rafting Species Region Rafting inference 308 Floating substratum Reference Acari Atropacarus andrei Pacific Islands D W Niedbala 1998 Atropacarus glaucus Pacific Islands D W Niedbala 1998 Atropacarus rangiroaensis Pacific Islands D W Niedbala 1998 Atropacarus singularis Pacific Islands D W Niedbala 1998 Atropacarus stilifer Pacific Islands D W Niedbala 1998 Austrotritia lebronneci Pacific Islands D W Niedbala 1998 Camisia anomia Spitzbergen C W Coulson et al. 2002 Indotritia krakatauensis Pacific Islands D W Niedbala 1998 Plonaphacarus kugohi Pacific Islands D W Niedbala 1998 Araneae Desis marina Southern oceans C W Lawrence 1971 cited in Pugh 2004 Pseudoscorpionida Garypus californicus Sea of Cortéz B M, W Lee 1979 Goryphus maldivensis Krakatau Islands B W Thornton 1997 Pycnogonida Achelia assimilis Central Chile D M González & Edding 1990b Anoplodactylus petiolatus Sargasso Sea, Gulf R M Fage 1949, Fine 1970, Butler et Stream al. 1983, Stoner & Greening 1984, Coston-Clements et al. 1991 Endeis spinosa Northwest Atlantic, R M Adams 1960, Fine 1970, Butler et Sargasso Sea al. 1983, Coston-Clements et al. 1991 Phoxichilus spinosus Sargasso Sea, North Atlantic R M Timmermann 1932*, Fage 1949 Pycnogonum stearnsi California R M Bushing 1994 Tanystylum brevipes St. Helena R M Arnaud et al. 1976 Tanystylum orbiculare Northwest Atlantic, R M Adams 1960, Fine 1970, Butler et Sargasso Sea al. 1983, Coston-Clements et al. 1991 Insecta, Collembola Anurida maritima Iceland R M Ingólfsson 1995 Folsomia quadrioculata Spitzbergen C W Coulson et al. 2002 Hypogastrura tullbergi Spitzbergen C W Coulson et al. 2002 Onychiurus arcticus Spitzbergen C W Coulson et al. 2002 Onychiurus groenlandicus Spitzbergen C W Coulson et al. 2002 Tetracanthella arctica Spitzbergen C W Coulson et al. 2002 Insecta, Diptera Atrichopogon sp. Puerto Rico R O Heatwole & Levins 1972 Cricotopus varipes Iceland R M Ingólfsson & Kristjánsson 2002* Dasyhelea sp. Puerto Rico R O Heatwole & Levins 1972 Dohrniphora sp. Puerto Rico R O Heatwole & Levins 1972 Forcipomya raleighi Puerto Rico R O Heatwole & Levins 1972
RAFTING OF BENTHIC MARINE ORGANISMS Table 7 (continued) Arthropoda Chelicerata and Insecta reported or inferred as rafting Species Region Rafting inference extremely high tides probably carrying some insects with them to the open sea (Ingólfsson 1995). Yerbury (1919) considered the possibility that empids of the species Chersodromia hirta, which are commonly found under wet seaweed on British sandy shores, “make rafts of the seaweed and sail away to the sea” at high water. Dipteran insects were collected in low numbers from floating algal patches near the Washington State coast (Shaffer et al. 1995). Larvae of the dipteran Coelopa frigida (Ingólfsson 1995) and Halocladius variabilis (Ingólfsson 1998) were common or even massively abundant on algal rafts in Icelandic waters. However, the survival of eggs and larvae of beach-dwelling insects remains questionable when exposed to marine conditions. Coulson et al. (2002) found relatively high survival rates for several coastal species of springtails and suggested that these species are well-adapted for cross-oceanic dispersal. Resistance to contact with saltwater may be important for survival during rafting. In surface plankton tows Cheng & Birch (1977) collected considerable numbers of insects in the Eastern Pacific and in the English Channel. They suggested that some of the animals might have rafted to the sea from freshwater sources. However, from the scarcity of floating objects during the sampling periods they concluded that the majority was probably airborne. Locke & Corey (1986) adopted this argument in order to explain the origin of a diverse insect fauna collected in the Bay of Fundy (Canada) using a neuston net. But even though the amount of flotsam of terrestrial origin might have been quite low in the surface water, floating macroalgae were abundant during that cruise (Locke & Corey 1989), potentially serving 309 Floating substratum Reference Halocladius variabilis Iceland R M Ingólfsson 1995, 1998, 2000, Ingólfsson & Kristjánsson 2002 Puliciphora sp. Puerto Rico R O Heatwole & Levins 1972 Insecta, Hymenoptera Brachymyrmex obscurior San Juan R O Heatwole & Levins 1972 Crematogaster steinheili Puerto Rico R O Heatwole & Levins 1972 Glyptotermes caudomanitus Krakatau Islands B W Abe 1984 Nasutitermes matangensis Krakatau Islands B W Abe 1984 Paratrechina longicornis San Juan R O Heatwole & Levins 1972 Pheidole peregrina Sao Sebastian, Brazil B W Wheeler 1916 Prorhinotermes sp. Krakatau Islands B W Abe 1984 Insecta, Coleoptera Cercyon littoralis Iceland R M Ingólfsson 1995 Chalepides barbatus Puerto Rico R O Heatwole & Levins 1972 Coleopa frigida Iceland R M Ingólfsson 1995 Macrancylus linearis Puerto Rico R O Heatwole & Levins 1972 Omalium sp. Iceland R M Ingólfsson 1995 Sphenophorus sp. Puerto Rico R O Heatwole & Levins 1972 Notes: B = stranded floating item on beach; C = circumstantial; D = distributional inference; M = macroalgae; O = other; R = rafting; W = wood. Please, note that insects from the genus Halobates are not considered in this list (see Andersen & Cheng 2004 for most recent review on this group). * References refer to this species under a different name.
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Substratum selectivity Lepadidae RA
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B A Organic Matter Small Predators
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Abundance (number of individuals) 0
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Table 18 Comparison between benthic
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Proportion of Debris Items Colonize
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Fall off (scraped off) Clonal growt
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Species number Proportion Holding o
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The ecology of rafting in the marine environment - Bedim

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