The ecology of rafting in the marine environment - Bedim

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MARTIN THIEL & LARS GUTOW Table 9 (continued) Arthropoda Malacostraca reported or inferred as rafting Species Region 324 Rafting inference Floating substratum Reference Idotea montereyensis California R M Franke 2001, Aliani & Molcard 2003, Gutow 2003a, b, Gutow & Franke 2003, Sano et al. 2003, Franke & Gutow 2004 Hobday 2000a Idotea neglecta Irish Sea, North Sea, Iceland, Galway Bay, Ireland R M Tully & Ó Céidigh 1986a, Davenport & Rees 1993, Ingólfsson 1995, Franke et al. 1999, Gutow & Franke 2003 Idotea ochotensis Japan R M Sano et al. 2003 Idotea pelagica North Sea, Iceland, Galway Bay, Ireland R M Tully & Ó Céidigh 1986a, Ingólfsson 1995, Franke et al. 1999, Gutow & Franke 2003 Idotea resecata California R M Hobday 2000a Idotea whymperi NW-Atlantic, Sargasso R M Adams 1960, Coston-Clements Sea et al. 1991 Idotea sp. Sargasso Sea R P Carpenter & Smith 1972 Idotea sp. US West Coast R M Shaffer et al. 1995 Jaera sp. Iceland R M Ingólfsson 1995, 1998 Janira sp. Red Sea R M Markkaveeva 1965 Limnoria borealis Island D W Svavarsson 1982 Limnoria carptora Heard Island (Kerguelen) R M Edgar & Burton 2000 Limnoria chilensis Chile R M Thiel et al., unpublished data Paracerceis cordata California R M Hobday 2000a Paradynamene benjamensis Sargasso Sea R M Butler et al. 1983, Coston- Clements et al. 1991 Philoscia sp. Puerto Rico R O Heatwole & Levins 1972 Phycolimnoria algarum California R M Bushing 1994 Phycolimnoria nonsegnis Tasmania R M Edgar 1987 Phycolimnoria sp. Tasmania R M Edgar 1987 Probopyrinella latreuticola NW-Atlantic, Sargasso R M Adams 1960*, Fine 1970*, Sea Coston-Clements et al. 1991* Sphaeroma terebrans Australia, Florida B, C W Miller 1968, Si et al. 2000, Brooks 2004 Stenetrium sp. Tasmania R M Edgar 1987 Synidotea harfordi California R M Hobday 2000a Tanaidacea Anatanais normani Sargasso Sea, Bermuda R M Greve 1974, Butler et al. 1983, Coston-Clements et al. 1991 Leptochelia dubia Sargasso Sea, NW coats of USA R M Fine 1970, Highsmith 1985 Leptochelia ignota Tasmania R M Edgar 1987 Paratanais sp. Tasmania R M Edgar 1987
RAFTING OF BENTHIC MARINE ORGANISMS Table 9 (continued) Arthropoda Malacostraca reported or inferred as rafting Species Region (Davenport & Rees 1993, M. Thiel, personal observation). Also juvenile portunid crabs may occur in high abundances on floating macroalgae (Tanigawa 2001). Adults from the genus Plagusia can frequently be found on floating items (Schubart et al. 2001). The species P. depressa and P. squamosa from the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific, respectively, are very similar in morphology and only recent molecular studies revealed that they are two distinct species (Schubart et al. 2001). The authors concluded that despite the high dispersal capabilities of these species, exchange between the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic oceans around the southern tips of the major continents has not occurred. Some decapods are obligate rafters. Species from the genus Planes colonise a variety of floating objects ranging from floating Sargassum (Hitchcock 1941, Sano et al. 2003) over tree trunks and buoys (Chace 1966, Jara & Jaramillo 1979) to sea turtles (Dellinger et al. 1997). Davenport (1992) reported high abundances of Planes minutus on Sargassum rafts. Population densities of Planes minutus are linked to the quantity of floating substrata because this crab has never been collected from waters free of floating items. The fact that crabs on wood and other flotsam are usually small and non-reproductive suggests that these items represent secondary habitats and that turtles are the preferred habitat of these crabs. Another obligate rafter is Pachygrapsus marinus. This species is found on flotsam in the Pacific (Chace 1951). It has been found among a dense growth of stalked barnacles (Lepas sp.) on a large glass fishing float (Dell 1964). Van der Baan et al. (1972) explained the occurrence of Macropodia sp. and Hyas araneus in the neuston off the Dutch coast with an association of the animals with floating seaweed accumulating at the hull of a lightship. On the Great Barrier Reef crabs of the species Thalamita stimpsoni have been found rafting on buoyant corals (DeVantier 1992). Genetic distance between Hawaiian and Panamanian populations of the brachyuran crab Trapezia ferruginea did not differ significantly from zero (Huber 1985) indicating either that the eastern population had recently immigrated from the central Pacific, or that there exists gene flow between the two regions. Long-distance dispersal between the two locations was considered impossible because the duration of larval development of this species is too short. Even though the author does not mention the possibility of population connection by rafting, this mechanism is not unlikely because Trapezia ferruginea is a common symbiont of corals from the genus Pocillopora, which have repeatedly been observed rafting (Jokiel 1984). Caridean and peneid shrimp are also frequently found on floating macroalgae (Hirosaki 1964, Kingsford & Choat 1985, Hobday 2000a). Some species from the Sargassum community spend their entire life cycle on floating algae (Butler et al. 1983, Hacker & Madin 1991). Most species are grazers that feed on their floating substratum. While marine decapods are frequently found on floating items, Marcus (1926) and Wittmann (1934) precluded large-scale dispersal of freshwater crabs over entire oceans for physiological reasons. 325 Rafting inference Floating substratum Reference Tanais dulongii Azores C M Morton & Britton 2000 Tanais stanfordi Galapagos D n.i. Peck 1994 Notes: B = stranded floating item on beach; C = circumstantial; D = distributional inference; G = genetic inference; M = macroalgae; n.i. = no information; O = other; P = plastics; R = rafting; S = seeds; T = tar lumps; W = wood. * References refer to this species under a different name.
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RAFTING OF BENTHIC MARINE ORGANISMS
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Abundance (number of individuals) 0
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