The ecology of rafting in the marine environment - Bedim

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Cyanobacteria MARTIN THIEL & LARS GUTOW Table 1 (continued) Number of species from the respective taxa that have been reported or inferred as rafting. Specific references for particular taxa are presented in Tables 2–14 Taxon No. of obligate rafters Most reports on rafting cyanobacteria are from floating macroalgae Sargassum in the Sargasso Sea (Table 2). The heterocyst-bearing blue-green alga Dichothrix fucicola is a common epiphyte on floating Sargassum (Carpenter 1972). The standing crop of Dichothrix fucicola in the North Atlantic varies from about 1.5 mg g–1 Sargassum in the SW Sargasso Sea to about 70 mg g–1 Sargassum on the U.S. shelf off New Jersey and Delaware. These cyanobacteria may contribute substantially to primary production of the floating macroalgae (Carpenter & Cox 1974). Furthermore, as the dominant epiphyte on floating S. natans, Dichothrix fucicola contributes significantly to the overall epiphyte respiration of the Sargassum community (Smith et al. 1973). Smith et al. (1973) refer to an unpublished manuscript by Carpenter when they mention nitrogen fixation as another important physiological function of this blue-green alga in the Sargasso Sea. Calothrix crustacea was also commonly found on Sargassum natans from Bermuda by Ryland (1974). Tar lumps covered with a grayish film were found to consume oxygen, which was attributed to the associated microorganisms (Butler 1975). Carpenter (1972) isolated rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria from the surface of polystyrene spherules. When fixed in formalin the oxygen uptake dropped to essentially zero. Microbial respiration comprises over 50% of the respiration of the total Sargassum community in the Sargasso Sea and the adjacent continental Slope Water (Smith et al. 1973). The physiological significance of microbes in this open-ocean environment was attributed to the extensive surface area provided by the floating Sargassum plants. We consider it likely that cyanobacteria frequently occur on abiotic floating items where they may represent important initial colonisers in the biofilm assemblage. Floating macroalgae may actively suppress colonisation by cyanobacteria and other 286 No. of facultative rafters Insufficient information Sum of rafting species Gastropoda (Mesogastropoda) 2 36 1 39 Gastropoda (Neogastropoda) 0 19 0 19 Gastropoda (Opisthobranchia) 3 29 12 44 Gastropoda (Pulmonata) 0 5 0 5 Bivalvia 0 48 3 51 Cephalopoda 0 8 3 11 Echinodermata Crinoidea 0 1 0 1 Asteroidea 0 12 3 15 Echinoidea 0 7 0 7 Holothuroidea 0 6 0 6 Ophiuroidea 0 9 2 11 Ectoprocta (Bryozoa) 1 84 11 96 Chaetognatha 0 2 0 2 Chordata Tunicata 0 11 0 11 Amphibia 0 3 0 3 Reptilia 0 17 0 17 Mammalia 0 2 0 2 Total 41 959 205 1205
Table 2 RAFTING OF BENTHIC MARINE ORGANISMS Cyanobacteria, Fungi, Algae and Vascular plants reported or inferred as rafting Species Region 287 Rafting inference Floating substratum Reference Cyanobacteria Calothrix crustacea Sargasso Sea R M Ryland 1974 Calothrix parietina Sargasso Sea R M Conover & Sieburth 1964 Calothrix sp. Sargasso Sea R M Hentschel 1922 Dichothrix bornetiana Sargasso Sea R M Conover & Sieburth 1964 Dichothrix fucicola North Atlantic, Sargasso R M Carpenter 1972, Smith et al. Sea 1973, Carpenter & Cox 1974 Dichothrix sp. Sargasso Sea R M Hentschel 1922 Isactis sp. Sargasso Sea R M Hentschel 1922 Lyngbia majuscula Sargasso Sea R M Phillips 1963, Conover & Sieburth 1964 Oscillatoria subuliformis Florida, Gulf of Mexico R O Phillips 1963 Oscillatoria sp. Belize R O Faust & Gulledge 1996 Spirulina subsalsa Sargasso Sea R M Phillips 1963, Conover & Sieburth 1964 Fungi Aniptodera chesapeakensis Arenariomyces trifurcatus Arenariomyces triseptatus Caryosporella rhizophorae Corollospora cinnamomea Corollospora colossa Corollospora lacera Corollospora maritima Corollospora pulchella Corollospora quinqueseptata Crinigera maritima Dictyosporium pelagicum Didymosphaeria enalia Halocyphina villosa Haloguignardia oceanica Halosarpheia abonnis Halosarpheia marina Halosarpheia salina Halosphaeria quadricornuta Halosphaeria salina Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera Humicola alopallonella Lignincola laevis India B W Prasannarai & Sridhar 1997 Malaysia/Singapore, Hawaii & Society Islands B, D W Kohlmeyer 1984, Volkmann- Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer 1993, Sundari et al. 1996 Hawaii & Society Islands D W Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer 1993 India B W Prasannarai & Sridhar 1997 Hawaii & Society Islands D W Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer 1993 Malaysia/Singapore, India B W Sundari et al. 1996, Prasannarai & Sridhar 1997 Hawaii & Society Islands D W Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer 1993 Worldwide B W Kohlmeyer 1984, Sundari et al. 1996 Worldwide B W Kohlmeyer 1984, Sundari et al. 1996 Hawaii & Society Islands D W Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer 1993 India B W Prasannarai & Sridhar 1997 India B W Prasannarai & Sridhar 1997 Worldwide B W Kohlmeyer 1984 Brunei, South China Sea D W Hyde 1989 North Carolina R M Kohlmeyer 1972 Worldwide B W Kohlmeyer 1984 Brunei, South China Sea D W Hyde 1989 Brunei, South China Sea D W Hyde 1989 Worldwide B W Kohlmeyer 1984 Worldwide B W Kohlmeyer 1984 Worldwide B W Kohlmeyer 1984 Worldwide B W Kohlmeyer 1984 Worldwide B W Kohlmeyer 1984
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RAFTING OF BENTHIC MARINE ORGANISMS
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Substratum selectivity Lepadidae RA
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B A Organic Matter Small Predators
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Abundance (number of individuals) 0
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Table 18 Comparison between benthic
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Proportion of Debris Items Colonize
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Fall off (scraped off) Clonal growt
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Species number Proportion Holding o
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The ecology of rafting in the marine environment - Bedim

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