The ecology of rafting in the marine environment - Bedim

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MARTIN THIEL & LARS GUTOW Table 8 (continued) Arthropoda Branchiopoda and Maxillopoda reported or inferred as rafting Species Region Lepas anatifera Northwest Atlantic, West Wind Drift, St. Helena, Sargasso Sea, Falkland Current, Sagamy Bay, Japan, British Channel, Red Sea, Ireland, Azores, off San Benedicto, North Pacific, Argentina, Florida, New Zealand Lepas anserifera Northwest Atlantic, Sargasso Sea, Great Barrier Reef, Brazil Current, Sagami Bay, Japan, North Pacific Lepas australis Scotia Arc, Falkland Current, Sargasso Sea Rafting inference 314 Floating substratum Reference B, R M, O, P, V, W Hodgson 1896, Hentschel 1922, Nilsson-Cantell 1930, Richards 1958, Adams 1960, Hirosaki 1964, Markkaveeva 1965, Coombs & Landis 1966, Fine 1970, Arnaud 1973, Arnaud et al. 1976, Sinitsyn & Reznichenko 1981, Butler et al. 1983, Coston- Clements et al. 1991 R M, O Hentschel 1922, Timmermann 1932, Adams 1960, Hirosaki 1964, Fine 1970, Sinitsyn & Reznichenko 1981, Butler et al. 1983, Coston-Clements et al. 1991, DeVantier 1992, Il'in 1992, Sano et al. 2003 R M, O Hentschel 1922, Nilsson-Cantell 1930, Coston-Clements et al. 1991, Il'in 1992, Helmuth et al. 1994 Lepas beringians R O Il'in 1992 Lepas fascicularis Sargasso Sea, Japan, North Pacific, North Sea R M, O Thörner & Ankel 1966, Fine 1970, Sinitsyn & Reznichenko 1981, Butler et al. 1983, Coston- Clements et al. 1991, Sano et al. 2003 Lepas hilli Sargasso Sea, Azores R M, O, P, W Butler et al. 1983, Coston- Clements et al. 1991, Il'in 1992, Morton & Britton 2000 Lepas pectinata Northwest Atlantic, Mediterranean, Sargasso Sea, Sagami Bay, Japan, Rhodes to Azores, Ireland, North Pacific, Northwest Pacific, Florida B, R M, O, P, T, W Hentschel 1922, Timmermann 1932, Adams 1960, Hirosaki 1964, Fine 1970, Horn et al. 1970, Butler 1975, Sinitsyn & Reznichenko 1981, Butler et al. 1983, Coston-Clements et al. 1991, Il'in 1992, Minchin 1996, Winston et al. 1997, Morton & Britton 2000, Tsikhon-Lukanina et al. 2001a, Aliani & Molcard 2003 Lepas testudinata R O Il'in 1992 Lepas spp. California R M Hobday 2000a Megabalanus californicus California R M Hobday 2000a Xenobalanus gobicipitis Azores R M, P, W Morton & Britton 2000 Notes: B = stranded floating item on beach; D = distributional inference; M = macroalgae; n.i. = no information; O = other; P = plastics; R = rafting; T = tar lumps; V = volcanic pumice; W = wood.
RAFTING OF BENTHIC MARINE ORGANISMS reproductive habitat (Ingólfsson & Ólafsson 1997). Females of the large pelagic species Parathalestris croni deposit their offspring (non-swimming nauplii) in floating macroalgae that serve as a nest for this species (Ingólfsson & Ólafsson 1997). This nest function of algal clumps could not be observed for Harpacticus chelifer, which was found by Ólafsson et al. (2001) to be by far the most abundant harpactocoid species on floating algae near Iceland, occurring in virtually all floating fronds collected during the summer months. Rafting on macroalgae may also serve as an efficient dispersal mechanism between distant locations (Yeatman 1962, Ólafsson et al. 2001). Since harpacticoid copepods are able to cling very tightly to algae (Monk 1941 cited in Yeatman 1962) they seem to be well equipped for rafting on macroalgae. The same behaviour has been described for nauplii of Tisbe furcata by Johnson & Olson (1948). This species produces benthic larvae that use their prehensile hooks and second antennae to cling tightly to detritus particles. This indicates that generations of harpacticoid copepod species might be able to cover large distances by rafting because even juvenile stages do not get lost during the journey. Harpacticoid copepods represented more than 90% of the total fauna collected from sediment patches floating in the surface water of the Pauatahanui Inlet (Wellington, New Zealand) while cyclopoids made up only a very small portion (~0.1%) (Hicks 1988). A total of 21 harpacticoid species were found with more than 95% belonging to the epibenthic species Parastenhelia megarostrum, which occurred in all samples. Even though all developmental stages were found on sediment rafts, the overwhelming majority consisted of juveniles (nauplii and copepodites) among which the larval stages dominated. However, on adjacent benthic (non-floating) substrata, proportions of larvae were much lower indicating that larger or older individuals are less likely to raft probably due to their burrowing habit in contrast to the nauplii, which crawl on the sediment surface and cling to sand particles. A survivorship of more than 75% after a period of 18 h following sampling and handling in the laboratory suggested that nauplii were not negatively affected by sediment rafting. Arthropoda (Crustacea, Cirripedia) Barnacles are some of the most typical rafting organisms (Table 8). Stalked barnacles are found on macroalgae (Helmuth et al. 1994, Adams 1960, Nilsson-Cantell 1930), wood (Hodgson 1896, Nilsson-Cantell 1930), floating corals (Kornicker & Squires 1962, DeVantier 1992), empty Nautilus shells (Chirat 2000), volcanic pumice (Richards 1958, Jokiel 1984, 1989), tar balls (Horn et al. 1970, Wong et al. 1974, Minchin 1996), glass fishing floats (Dell 1964) and plastic items (Arnaud 1973, Aliani & Molcard 2003). Three species of the genus Lepas (L. anserifera, L. pectinata and L. anatifera) and one species of the genus Conchoderma (C. virgatum) are listed as members of the Sargassum community (Hentschel 1922, Adams 1960, Butler et al. 1983). Lepadid barnacles can form dense assemblages on floating substrata (Figure 3). Nilsson-Cantell (1930) provided images of (balanomorph as well as lepadomorph) barnacles growing on the skin and on baleen plates of whales. These barnacles inevitably become rafters during postmortem floating of their hosts. Lepas anatifera was the most abundant rafter found on floating kelp near St. Helena (Arnaud et al. 1976). Near Bermuda, Butler (1975) counted 150 individuals of L. pectinata (2–8 mm in length) from only four tar balls. From the size and the growth rates of the barnacles, he estimated the tar balls to be at least 2 months old. Lepadids possess pelagic larvae that colonise any floating item during the early stages of succession (Tsikhon-Lukanina et al. 2001b). Concentrations of lepadid larvae in general appear to be relatively low but exposed items nevertheless are colonised rapidly and in high densities (Il’in et al. 1977). Most Lepadidae are obligate rafters and their populations are entirely pelagic. For L. fascicularis rafting is an obligate but only transient developmental stage (Thörner & Ankel 1966). Floating objects (mainly macroalgae but also terrestrial objects such as wood and seeds of vascular plants) serve only for a short time period after attachment 315
Page 1 and 2: 1 Oceanography and Marine Biology:
Page 3 and 4: RAFTING OF BENTHIC MARINE ORGANISMS
Page 9 and 10: Table 2 RAFTING OF BENTHIC MARINE O
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Page 23 and 24: Cnidaria (Anthozoa) RAFTING OF BENT
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Substratum selectivity Lepadidae RA
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RAFTING OF BENTHIC MARINE ORGANISMS
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B A Organic Matter Small Predators
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Abundance (number of individuals) 0
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Table 18 Comparison between benthic
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Proportion of Debris Items Colonize
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Fall off (scraped off) Clonal growt
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Species number Proportion Holding o
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The ecology of rafting in the marine environment - Bedim

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