Perception Aspects in Underground Spaces using ... - TOI - TU Delft

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interplay of different aspects. Perhaps in such way they became inaccessible to the architects andbecome quite spread out and difficult to combine in a design.Carmody and Sterling (1993) consider different aspects of underground spaces that need to beintegrated in a design. The information in this book remains abstract and therefore open fordifferent interpretations. The authors provide significant amount of work including theclassification of underground spaces, the psychological aspects etc. However, what the readermisses is the actual application of all these aspects into one design, together with the postoccupancyevaluation of such design. The weight or the importance of the aspects is also notclear. It is not obvious which aspects are the most important and whether they can becompensated by other aspects. Such knowledge would be of great use for architects, providingboth systematic approaches to design, as well as freedom to explore variation within apredetermined range.According to Cherulnik (1993), there is a lack of detailed documentation on actual applications ofthe theories followed by research results and applied techniques. This is the case, found indifferent areas of architectural design, but perhaps more evident in underground spaces due totheir infancy role in general architectural practice.Vischer (1989) states that one of the difficulties to set environmental standards for a group ofusers lies in the fact that “objectively quantifiable building standards do not take thepsychological dimension of building performance into consideration” (p. 46). This is often aproblem since the qualitative nature is difficult to describe, and is quite vague. This suggests theimportance in adopting more systematic methods, for assessment of spatial quality.At the moment there is a big knowledge gap regarding perception of underground spaces. Thisresearch could be further developed in the domain of environmental psychology, since it looks atindividual's behavior in relation to environmental characteristics of underground space. It couldbe also a part of sociology, since it looks into a group perception of the environment within asocial context. This requires further explanation to identify the most suitable approach.2.8. Environmental psychology and sociologyThere are different approaches to the stated problem. One approach is from the psychologicalviewpoint, including sub-fields such as environmental psychology, social psychology,experimental psychology etc. Common to all these studies is that psychologists are interested inindividual and their behavior under different circumstances with the accent on understandingmental processes. There is also a sociological approach which takes a society and social contextas a starting point and studies social interactions, group behavior etc. There is still an ongoingdilemma between psychology and sociology, since there are no sharp boundaries as to where theindividuality stops and society begins. The main difference between these fields is in the startingpoint. The psychology takes an individual as a starting point while the sociology as a startingpoint takes a wider scope of social networks and social context of which an individual is a part.The human being is less to the sociologist a point of departure than the point of arrival. A humanbeing is a product of a society but at the same time it is through society that we can understand ahuman being (Durkheim, 1909, reprinted 1993; Woolgar, 1989).- 20 -
In order to define the working area of the fist part of the thesis, and to distinguish between thesetwo different approaches, there is a need for more insight and definition of terms. In this respect,environmental psychology and the sociology will be considered as the most relevant approachesto this research. The term environmental psychology has two dimensions:a) its understanding in a context of environmental sciencesb) its understanding in a context of group psychology/sociologya) The word “environment” is used in different contexts. Some examples of the frequently usedterm are environmental pollution, natural versus man-made environment, office or homeenvironment and user-friendly environment. Each time there is a different accent andunderstanding of this word. It seems that the words used in combination with the word“environment” determine the boundary condition for understanding the whole phrase.Understanding environment as a built environment is especially of interest for this research. Thesciences that deal with the consequences of man’s intervention and manipulations of hisenvironment are called Environmental Sciences (Proshansky, 1970). According to Proshansky(1970), the environmental sciences have four identifying characteristics, shown in Table 2.Table 2: Four main characteristics of the environmental sciences (Proshansky, 1970, p. 5)characteristics of the environmental sciencesthey deal with man-oriented and man-defined environmentthey grow out of pressing social problemsthey are multidisciplinary in naturethey include the study of man as an integral part of every problem.Proshansky defines environmental psychology as a “study of human behavior in relation to theman-oriented and defined environment” (Proshansky, 1970, p. 5). A phrase “in relation to” islater replaced with the word “interrelationship”, which accentuates the interdependency of manand his built environment. One such example is a definition given by Bell (1976, p. 6) saying thatenvironmental psychology is “the study of the interrelationship between behavior and the builtand natural environment”. Having in mind that man influences an environment as much as anenvironment influences man, then the use of words such as interrelationship, interdependencyand interaction better expresses such processes.b) The term psychology can be more easily defined since it is well-established science. Apsychologist researches effects of different factors on an individual's behavior. At the same time,they study the mental processes that initiate certain behaviors. Therefore, what is the place ofenvironmental psychology in the field of psychology, and what is a main difference betweenpsychology and environmental psychology?Some authors to deal with this differentiation have been Wagenberg (1990) and Steffen (1982).Wagenberg explains its historical background saying that at the beginning of psychologicalresearch in the 19 th century, environment was not considered. At that time, psychologicalresearch was mainly carried out in laboratories. It was only during the first half of the 20 thcentury, when behavioral research, such as behaviorism, showed that human behavior can bestrongly influenced by the events in the environment. This gradually created the need to carry out- 21 -
Page 5: ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 11.1
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1Introduction1.1. Backgroun
Page 11 and 12: In the Netherlands, most publicly u
Page 13 and 14: spaces. There are also other aspect
Page 15 and 16: The information to be processed is
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 2From spatial planing to pe
Page 19 and 20: In short, utilizing underground spa
Page 21 and 22: Up until now it has been shown that
Page 23 and 24: the information but also the desire
Page 25 and 26: Another important conclusion is rel
Page 27: develop a generic method to model t
Page 31 and 32: spatialenvironmenthuman beingmental
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 3Identification of the mode
Page 35 and 36: case of emergency. Interestingly, t
Page 37 and 38: judgement and experience of space.
Page 39 and 40: Figure 4: View over the platform. U
Page 41 and 42: •= Layout including both spatial
Page 43 and 44: comfort seems to fulfill a biologic
Page 45 and 46: Spatial CharacteristicsSpatial char
Page 47 and 48: material/coloroverviewconstructione
Page 49 and 50: Another aspect is the transparency
Page 51 and 52: there are three key issues that are
Page 53 and 54: •= the questions were closed, whi
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 4Theoretical background on
Page 57 and 58: some way or other has "memory". Add
Page 59 and 60: XoWEIGHTSArtificial NeuronX1X2 Wj2.
Page 61 and 62: Xthe inputspace(domain)inputsoutput
Page 63 and 64: the text. This implies that general
Page 65 and 66: numerical values. A variable is cal
Page 67 and 68: artificial neural networks versus f
Page 69 and 70: Figure 11: The inverse quadratic fu
Page 71 and 72: part of the data as receptive field
Page 73 and 74: The main feature of expert systems
Page 75 and 76: • Use logical (deductive) reasoni
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER 5Experimental research: Cas
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 2: The old and new situation
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Figure 8, 9: Entrance to platform (
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Beurs/Churchillplein station is sit
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Figure 22, 23: The main entrance to
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Table 2: Aspects related to comfort
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5.3.3. ResponseFrom 27 May until 30
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7060605050404030302020Percentage100
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5.4.5. Way of orientingIn Figures 4
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Table 7: Perception of comfort in t
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CHAPTER 6Experimental research by k
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of input information i.e., the case
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Figure 3: Training results for rang
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Experiment 2aThe first 28 parameter
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formed by this knowledge model. In
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Table 4: Hierarchical order of sens
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Table 8: Hierarchical order of sens
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information structured as a knowled
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elationship it is understood to be
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10.80.60.40.201 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
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wilhelmina11.624.164.3wilhelmina36.
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wilhelmina6.720.373rijswijkblaak22.
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This study considered both metro an
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Some specific conclusions can be ma
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wilhelminarijswijkblaakbeurs9.62.59
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CHAPTER 7Conclusions and recommenda
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Furthermore, this research is also
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Additional efforts to improve knowl
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integrated computational intelligen
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Appendix A: Questionnaire for Blaak
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DEEL 3:HET VINDEN VAN DE WEGVraag 1
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DEEL 8:VERLICHTINGVraag 26: In hoev
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Appendix B : Learning based data an
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For further explanation regarding s
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ReferencesAlsop Architects (2001).
Page 147 and 148:
COB (2000). Jaarverslag 1999. Centr
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Leonard J.A., Kramer M.A., and Unga
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Van Wegen, H. B. R. and Van der Voo
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SummaryThe intensification, combina
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aspects, which is derivation of dep
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SamenvattingBelevingsaspecten van O
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krachtige combinatie te zijn voor h
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AcknowledgmentsAfter formal discuss
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About the authorSanja Durmisevic wa
Page 165 and 166:
BibliographyJournal publicationsDur
Page 167:
Ciftcioglu Ö., Durmisevic S. and S
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