esearch outside laboratories. This was the dawn of environmental psychology, <strong>in</strong> which the ma<strong>in</strong>accent was on <strong>in</strong>teractions of human be<strong>in</strong>gs with their surround<strong>in</strong>gs.Steffen (1982) dist<strong>in</strong>guishes the difference between psychology and environmental psychology.He def<strong>in</strong>es psychology as a science that systematically studies observable behavior and <strong>in</strong>visiblemental processes of an <strong>in</strong>dividual. Therefore a psychologist focuses on the behaviordeterm<strong>in</strong>ants, or <strong>in</strong> other words, on all possible factors that determ<strong>in</strong>es the perception of theenvironment. Environmental psychology, or as he also calls it, the psychology of architecture andurban plann<strong>in</strong>g, deals with behavior and mental processes of human be<strong>in</strong>gs that are related totheir spatial environment. The accent is on the built environment, which is seen as a determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>gfactor of the behavior. He def<strong>in</strong>es the whole field of environmental psychology as a study of<strong>in</strong>terrelations between psychological and spatial variables, expla<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g different study areas aswell (Steffen, 1982, p. 9):1. Interior Psychology where the accent is on f<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g and design. For example, the effect ofcolor, light, temperature and material on comfort and pleasantness.2. Architectural Psychology where the accent is on use of build<strong>in</strong>gs, their perception, design,layout and functionality.3. Urban Psychology with the accent is on behavior on streets, <strong>in</strong> shopp<strong>in</strong>g centers or <strong>in</strong>residential areas4. Landscape Psychology, which deals with use and perception of greenery <strong>in</strong> public spaces. Forexample, parks, forests or grass-fields between apartment build<strong>in</strong>gs.Human be<strong>in</strong>gs behave and react to the environment <strong>in</strong> a certa<strong>in</strong> way. Stimulation from theenvironment and mental processes that take place concurrently, mostly sub-consciously,determ<strong>in</strong>e our behavior. Study of these processes is the doma<strong>in</strong> of Experimental Psychology.Experimental Psychology is a discipl<strong>in</strong>e that studies general human functions such as learn<strong>in</strong>g,observation, th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g and memory. Four ma<strong>in</strong> psychological functions are perception, cognition,emotion and motivation, which are the driv<strong>in</strong>g forces beh<strong>in</strong>d behavior. The def<strong>in</strong>ition of thesefunctions is given <strong>in</strong> the table below (Table 3), as an orientation for the reader.Table 3: def<strong>in</strong>itions of four ma<strong>in</strong> psychological functions (Steffen, 1982)four ma<strong>in</strong> areas of experimental psychologyperception is an observation process that <strong>in</strong>cludes a receipt of the <strong>in</strong>formation through senses.In such way, certa<strong>in</strong> characteristics of the surround<strong>in</strong>g are noticed, such as color or noise.cognition <strong>in</strong>cludes all learned functions such as to know, understand, th<strong>in</strong>k, judge, consider,fantasize, remember and forgetemotion considers the feel<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> relation to the observed objects or situations or <strong>in</strong> otherwords the <strong>in</strong>ner state of affectionmotivation refers to a total of all factors that direct the behavior such as needs, aspirations,desires, <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ations and motivesFigure 3 expla<strong>in</strong>s the <strong>in</strong>terrelationships of spatial environment, human be<strong>in</strong>g and behavior,show<strong>in</strong>g at the same time the position of the psychological functions and their mutualdependency. On one hand, this figure <strong>in</strong>dicates the complexity of a behavior <strong>in</strong> general and thedifficulty for assess<strong>in</strong>g the behavior, s<strong>in</strong>ce the number of unknown variables is high.- 22 -
spatialenvironmenthuman be<strong>in</strong>gmental processesperceptioncognitionemotionmotivationbehaviorFigure 3: Interaction human be<strong>in</strong>g/environment/psychological functions (Steffen, 1982, p. 35)Yet what is still miss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Figure 3 is the society/social context and group perception of thespatial environment. In respect to the research problem, there is a drawback of such an approachs<strong>in</strong>ce social context is not considered and the accent is on understand<strong>in</strong>g mental processes ratherthan obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a global <strong>in</strong>sight <strong>in</strong>to users perception of underground spaces. For this research, thegoal was to ga<strong>in</strong> more knowledge on group perception of underground stations with<strong>in</strong> a specifiedspatial environment as a part of a given social context. For those reasons, a decision was madenot to study the <strong>in</strong>dividual perception of the built environment and related mental processes, butrather to consider a wider scope and study the perception of a group <strong>in</strong> relation to the builtenvironment <strong>in</strong> a given social context. In that respect, this research belongs to sociological, ratherthan psychological study.An <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g view on human <strong>in</strong>formation process<strong>in</strong>g is provided by Arndt (2001), whodescribes a human be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a most abstract way, as a control loop that adjusts the behavior <strong>in</strong>accordance to the stimuli from the environment (Figure 4).sensoric perceptionhuman be<strong>in</strong>g'perceiver'action/reactionenvironmentFigure 4: Human be<strong>in</strong>g as a control loop, where his role is as a perceiverExtrapolat<strong>in</strong>g Figure 4 to this research and tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account the components from Figure 3,with exclusion of mental processes, a follow<strong>in</strong>g scheme can be made (Figure 5), expla<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g theposition of this research. This figure shows clearly that an <strong>in</strong>terest will be taken <strong>in</strong>to group- 23 -
- Page 5: ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 11.1
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Figure 8, 9: Entrance to platform (
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Beurs/Churchillplein station is sit
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Figure 22, 23: The main entrance to
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Table 2: Aspects related to comfort
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5.3.3. ResponseFrom 27 May until 30
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7060605050404030302020Percentage100
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5.4.5. Way of orientingIn Figures 4
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Table 7: Perception of comfort in t
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CHAPTER 6Experimental research by k
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of input information i.e., the case
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Figure 3: Training results for rang
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Experiment 2aThe first 28 parameter
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formed by this knowledge model. In
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Table 4: Hierarchical order of sens
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Table 8: Hierarchical order of sens
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information structured as a knowled
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elationship it is understood to be
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10.80.60.40.201 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
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wilhelmina11.624.164.3wilhelmina36.
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wilhelmina6.720.373rijswijkblaak22.
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This study considered both metro an
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Some specific conclusions can be ma
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wilhelminarijswijkblaakbeurs9.62.59
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CHAPTER 7Conclusions and recommenda
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Furthermore, this research is also
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Additional efforts to improve knowl
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integrated computational intelligen
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Appendix A: Questionnaire for Blaak
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DEEL 3:HET VINDEN VAN DE WEGVraag 1
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DEEL 8:VERLICHTINGVraag 26: In hoev
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Appendix B : Learning based data an
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For further explanation regarding s
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ReferencesAlsop Architects (2001).
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COB (2000). Jaarverslag 1999. Centr
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Leonard J.A., Kramer M.A., and Unga
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Van Wegen, H. B. R. and Van der Voo
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SummaryThe intensification, combina
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aspects, which is derivation of dep
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SamenvattingBelevingsaspecten van O
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krachtige combinatie te zijn voor h
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AcknowledgmentsAfter formal discuss
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About the authorSanja Durmisevic wa
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BibliographyJournal publicationsDur
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Ciftcioglu Ö., Durmisevic S. and S