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cthe question `What if we swapped the 1st and 2ndverses with each other ?' is no longer a majorheadache, and takes as little time as using akeyboard or cursor to change the order in whichthe respective labels are played. Another exampleend of songGoto start of 1st verseGoto middle 8C11stag of 1st versemiddle 8Rewind _stop.get up to speed and playForward ...stop...get up to speed and playFIG 1: Tape (fixed head -movetape for access)which could take advantage of random access iswhen the chorus of a song is always the same. Itis only necessary to record one chorus, label it,and then sequence the label as many times as thechorus is required.Although the head of a hard disk drive maytake virtually no time to move from one place toanother, there are cases where the small amountof time taken can be critical, and can introduceundesirable delays. To avoid this problem, theaudio can first be loaded into a buffer memory orRAM before being output. If the system knowsthe addresses it will be required to play inadvance, the head can find the required audio andpreload the buffer RAM, from which it is playedin a continuous stream. There will be nointermittent delays because the head will be backfilling the RAM continuously. The only delaywould be right at the beginning of the PLAYcommand when the head is first filling the RAM.Fig 5 shows an analogy between buffer RAMbeing filled from disk and a barrel being filled bya bucket.Non -destructiveeditingIf you are familiar with word -processors, tapelessaudio editors can be used in the same way. Acomputer is ignorant of whether it is being aword -processor or an audio editor -it is simplydealing with numbers which could equally be textor audio or even video. The thing which makesthe computer appear to be either a word -processoror an audio editor is the software written for it.This determines how your data is displayed,which editing functions you are provided with andhow easy it is to use them. A word -processor, forexample, can delete a word in a paragraph andreshuffle the rest of the words so that the gapinghole left disappears. An audio editor can do thesame with sound. As with copying, erasing andpasting do not actually involve physically alteringthe original recorded audio.Consider the example illustrated in Fig 6. Labelwhere the 2nd verse begins and ends. Now tellthe system to play the whole song except the 2ndverse. To you it appears that the 2nd verse hasbeen erased, but what in fact happens is thatwhen the system reaches the address of the 2ndverse it knows it must immediately skip to theaddress after the end of the 2nd verse. So if youchange your mind and want the 2nd verse backin, don't worry, it's still there; just remove thecommand which tells the system to skip over it.Compare this with tape editing where wronglyerasing the 2nd verse can be catastrophic orplaying the 1st verse at the end of the songrequires recording it onto another tape machineor sampler and spinning it in at the end. Also, ifthe position of the `spun -in' 1st verse was slightlyFIG 2: A record player (moving head -hit and miss random access)start of 1st versemiddle 8nd of recordingend of song addressmbdle 8 addressStan of ist verse addressGo to start of 1st versemove head and playyou didn't have time to blinkGo to start of 1st verseCo to middle 8move head and play- mere already?...and playGo to middle 8FIG 3: Hard disk (moving head -controlled random access,instantaneous)Appearanceoriginal end of songnew end of songlet verse Het st chorus l2nd verse l2nd chorus] 1st verseMove head...and play...no that's not it.Move head...and playIn reality (none of the original audio has been altered)I1st verse 1 1st chorus? 2nd verse 1 2nd chorusst verseFIG 446 Studio Sound, June 1989
."drrrrrrra` rrrrrrr: errrwrrVIyP"'leaveri, ,ta rrrInternational Audio andVideo Fair Berlin 1989Aug. 25. - Sept. 3The world fair for consumer andcommunication electronicsNo.1 throughout the world: the International Audio and Video Fair Berlin1989 is a unique combination: a world market place for consumerelectronics, a venue for placing orders and launching new items, and agreat display for the public.This world event offers everything for the viewer and the listener, and forcommunications too. It displays the entire range of advanced technologiesand is internationally recognised as the leading centre for contacts andinformation among experts from every sector of consumer electronics.Live from the fair: public sector and commercial radio and television networks,and the German Federal Post Office.A regular feature: the trade Visitors' Centre, and for the first time, a Meetingof European Dealers on August 31,1989.Organiser:iir 1111Messe -Veranstaltungsgesellschaft Unterhaltungs- und Kommunikationselektronik (MVU) mbHExecutive company:141 AMK BerlinAMK Berlin Ausstellungs- Messe -Kongress -GmbHPostfach 191740 Messedamm 22 D -1000 Berlin 19Tel. (30) 3038 -0 Telex 1 82 908 am kb d . Teletex 308 711= amkb d FAX (30) 30 38-23 25 OOur representative: German Chamber of industry and Commerce, 12/13 Suffolk Street, St. James's, London SW1Y 4HG, Tel.: 01- 9307251,Telex: 919442 german g4 7
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June 1989STUDIOAND BROADCAST ENGINE
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Page 42 and 43: SolidStateLogicCompany NewsExpansio
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