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98 Corn stover: what is left on the ground after a harvest is essential to plantnutrients and is a buffer against natural and human perturbations. Itsindiscriminate removal for industrial uses may adversely impact soilfertility and productivity. The paper, “Corn Stover Removal for ExpandedUses Reduces Soil Fertility and Structural Stability,” by Humberto Blanco-Canquia and R. Lal, published in Society of American Soil Science Journal73: 418-426 (2009), documented the four-year impact of the systematicremoval of stover on selected soil, measuring fertility indicators andstructural stability across three contrasting soils in Ohio. Complete stoverremoval reduced the total N pool (nitrogen) by, on average, 820 kg / ha inthe silt loams. It reduced available P (phosphorous) by 40% and affectedthe cation exchange capacity. Exchangeable K+ decreased by 15% on thesilt loams for stover under 75% removal, and by 25% under completeremoval. The most adverse impact of stover removal was on sloping anderosion-prone soils.99 GRAIN, “The climate crisis is a food crisis: Small farmers can cool theplanet,” GRAIN November 2009. Multimedia slide available online at:www.grain.org/o/?id=93100 GWP (Global Warming Potential) for N 2 O is 298 CO 2 -eq for 100 yrhorizon data for 100 year according to IPCC (2007). For more details onupdated warming potentials from IPCC, see:http://ipccwg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/ AR4WG1_Print_Ch02.pdf101 Keith Bradsher and Andrew Martin, “Shortages Threaten Farmers’ KeyTool: Fertilizer,” New York Times, 30th April 2008.102 G. Kongshaug, “Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissionsin Fertilizer Production”, IFA (International Fertilizer IndustryAssociation) Technical Conference, Marrakech, Morocco, 28 SeptemberOctober, 1998.103 Science Daily, “Land Clearing Triggers Hotter Droughts,” AustralianResearch Shows, ScienceDaily, 31 October 2007. Available online at:www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071027180556.htm104 IPCC, IPCC Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001, WGIII Section3.6.4.3, Energy Cropping. Available for download online at:www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/ ?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/105 IPCC, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, WGII, p. 13 .point 11.106 Marshal Wise, et. al., “Implications of Limiting CO 2 Concentrationsfor Land Use and Energy,” Science, AAAS, 29 May 2009, Vol. 324. no.5931, pp. 1183 . 1186. Available online at:www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/324/5931/1183107 Timothy Searchinger, et. al., “Fixing a Critical Climate AccountingError,” Science, Vol 326, 23 October 2009. Available online at:www.princeton.edu/~tsearchi/writings/Fixing%20a%20Critical%20Climate%20Accounting%20ErrorEDITEDtim.pdf108 Princeton University, “Study: Accounting Error undermines climatechange laws,” press release, 22 October 2009.109 Jutta Kill, “Sinks in the Kyoto Protocol. A Dirty Deal for Forests, ForestPeoples and the Climate,” Sinkswatch, July 2001.110 UNFCC approved baseline and monitoring technologies. Postedonline at http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/approved.html111 Jorgen Fenhann. The UNEP Risoe CDM Pipeline updated 01/10/10.Posted online at http://cdmpipeline.org/cdm-projects-type.htm#3112 On 30th September 2010 a CER traded for around 13.70 Euros.Source: “EEX Trading Results For Natural Gas And CO 2 Emission RightsIn September” posted online at: http://www.mondovisione.com/index.cfm?section=news&action=detail&id=93324113 Oscar Reyes, “Carbon market ‘growth’ is mainly fraudulent,” WorldBank report shows Carbon Trade Watch 20- July 2010. Posted online athttp://www.carbontradewatch.org/articles/carbon-market-growthismainly-fraudulent-world-bank-report.html114 Chris Lang, REDD: An Introduction REDD Monitor. Posted online athttp://www.redd-monitor.org/reddan-introduction/115 CTI PFAN Development Pipeline: Project Summary. May-July 2010116 “Carbon mapping breakthrough,” News release, Carnegie Institute,Stanford University, Sept. 6, 2010.117 Rhett A. Butler, “Peru’s rainforest highway triggers surge indeforestation, according to new 3D forest mapping,” mongabay.com, Sept.6, 2010118 About the Green Economy Initiative, in http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/AboutGEI/tabid/1370/Default.aspx119 HSBC Global Research, “A Climate for Recovery: The colour ofstimulus goes green,” 25 February 2009, inhttp://www.globaldashboard.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/HSBC_Green_New_Deal.pdf120 U.S. Department of Energy: Basic Research Needs. Available online athttp://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/SEU_rpt.pdf121 Vaclav Smil, “Global Catastrophes and Trends:The Next Fifty Years,”Boston, MIT Press, 2008, p. 83.122 Saul Griffith, “Climate Change Recalculated,” Shoulder HighProductons, DVD, 2009, 90 minutes.123 Daniel G Nocera, “On the future of global energy,” Daedalus Fall 2006,Vol. 135, No. 4, Pages 112-115. Available online at:www.mitpressjournals.org/toc/daed/135/4124 Christopher B. Field, et. al., “Primary Production of the Biosphere:Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components,” Science, 10 July 1998,Vol. 281, no. 5374, pp. 237-240.125 Bioenergy Feedstock Information Network. Available online at:http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html#resource126 Helmut Haberl, et. al., “Quantifying and mapping the humanappropriation of net primary production in earth’s terrestrial ecosystems,”PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA),104, 12942-12947. Available online at:www.pnas.org/content/104/31/12942.abstract127 Brent Sohngen, et. al., “Forest Management, Conservation, and GlobalTimber Markets,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol 81,No. 1, February 1999.128 Chris Lang, “Banks, Pulp and People: A Primer on UpcomingInternational Pulp Projects,” Urgewald EV, June 2007. Available online at:www.greenpressinitiative.org/ documents/BPP_A_FIN_2.pdf129 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN), “African forests:a view to 2020,” Forestry Outlook Study for Africa, 2003. Available onlineat: www.fao.org/forestry/outlook/fosa/en/The New Biomassters 69
130 Haberl et. al., “Global human appropriation of net primary production(HANPP),” The Encyclopedia of the Earth, 29 April 2010. Haberl notesthat biomass use is associated with considerable upstreamrequirements: The amount of biomass that actually enters socioeconomicprocessing (6.07 Pg C/yr) and is then further processed to derive biomassbasedproducts such as food, feed, fiber or energy is just a bit over onethird (39%) of global HANPP. In fact, figures presented in Krausmann etal., even suggest that, in the global average, the final consumption of oneton of biomass requires the harvest of 3.6 tons of primary biomass and isassociated with a ƒ¢NPPLC of 2.4 tons. Taken together, this implies thatin the global average of all regions and biomassbased products, one ton ofbiomass use results in 6 tons of HANPP, measured as dry matter. Articleavailable online at: www.eoearth.org/article/Global_human_appropriation _of_net_primary_production_(HANPP)131 Worldwatch Institute, “Biofuels for Transport: Global Potential andImplications for Sustainable Energy and Agriculture Energy,” in the 21stCentury, Aug 2007, p. 79. Available online at:www.worldwatch.org/node/5303132 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report (2005),“Ecosystems and Human Well Being: Biodiversity Synthesis.” WorldResources institute. Posted online at:http://www.maweb.org/en/Synthesis.aspx133 WWF, “Living Planet Report 2006,” Zoological Society of London andGlobal Footprint Network, 2006. Available online at:http://assets.panda.org/downloads/living_planet_report.pdf134 IUCN, Red List of Threatened Species, International Union for theConservation of Nature, 2008. List posted online at: www.iucnredlist.org/135 Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, “Ecosystems and Human Well-Being,” World Resources Institute, 2005.136 UN Food and Agriculture Organization, “State of the World’s Forests2007,” Rome 2007. Available online at:www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0773e/a0773e00.HTM137 Global Footprint Network website, At a Glance.www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/ page/at_a_glance/138 Global Footprint Network, Op. cit.139 MSNBC, “Humans will need two Earths: Global footprint left byconsumption is growing, conservationists argue,” website, last accessed 8October 2010. Available online at: www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15398149/140 Vaclav Smil, op. cit.141 Letter to Chairman Henry Waxman and Chairman Edward Markeyfrom Grassroots Groups, 23rd April 2009.142 DC Nepstad, et. al., “Interactions among Amazon land use, forests andclimate: prospects for a near-term forest tipping point,” PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society of London, February 2008.143 TN Chase, et. al., “Teleconnections in the Earth System,” Encyclopediaof Hydrological Sciences, United Kingdom, John Wiley and Sons, 2007,2849-2862.144 Johan Rockstrom, et. al., “A Safe Operating Space for Humanity,”Nature, 461, 472-476, 24 September 2009.145 Almuth Ernsting and Deepak Rughani, “Climate Geoengineering WithCarbon Negative Bioenergy: Climate saviour or climate endgame?”Biofuelwatch website. Available online at:http://www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/docs/cnbe/cnbe.html146 Purdue University, “GM Tree Could be Used for Cellulosic Ethanol,Fast-Growing Trees Could Take Root as Future Energy Source,” pressrelease, 24 August, 2006. Available online at:http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0824-purdue2.html147 Jessica Hancock, et. al., “Plant growth, biomass partitioning and soilcarbon formation in response to altered lignin biosynthesis in Populustremuloides,” New Phytoligist, 2007, 173(4), 732-42.148 Patent Application WO2010034652A1, Transgenic Plants withIncreased Yield, BASF, May 2010.149 Phil McKenna, “Emission control,” New Scientist 25th September 2010150 Debora McKenzie, “Supercrops: fixing the flaws in photosynthesis,”New Scientist, 14 September 2010.151 Ibid.152 ”Hydrogen from Water in a Novel Recombinant CyanobacterialSystem,” J Craig Venter Institute. Posted online at:http://www.jcvi.org/cms/research/projects/hydrogen-fromwater-in-a-novel-recombinantcyanobacterial-system/overview/153 Patent Application, WO07140246A2, METHODS ANDCOMPOSITIONS FOR INCREASING BIOMASS INGENETICALLY MODIFIED PERENNIALS USED FOR BIOFUEL,Board of Governors for Higher Education, State of Rhode Island, June2009.154 Betsy Cohen, “URI professor turns on biofuel ‘switch’,” The Good5 Cigar, University of Rhode Island Student Newspaper, 13 June 2009.See also, “Switchgrass research aims to create ethanol to power vehicles for$1 per gallon,” University of Rhode Island website, December 4, 2006.Available online at: http://www.uri.edu/news/releases/?id=3793155 ETC Group Communiqué, “Gene Giants Stockpile Patents on‘Climate-ready’ Crops in Bid to become ‘Biomassters,’” Issue #106,Aug/Sept 2010.156 Email to Geoengineering list serve from Stuart Strand, September 17,2010. Archived online at: http://www.mail-archive.com/geoengineering@googlegroups.com/msg03809.html157 Rebecca Lindsay, “Global Garden Gets Greener,” NASA EarthObservatory, Feature Article, 5 June 2003. Available online at:http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalGarden/158 University of Washington, “Global Warming Fix? Some Of Earth’sClimate Troubles Should Face Burial At Sea,” Scientists Say, ScienceDaily,29 January 2009. Available online at:http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/ 090128212809.htm159 Miriam Goldstein, “Will dumping cornstalks into the ocean sequestercarbon?” The Oysters Garter, website, posted 11 February 2009. Availableonline at: http://theoystersgarter.com/2009/02/11/will-dumpingcornstalksinto-the-ocean-sequester-carbon/160 Email to Geoengineering list serve from Gregory Benford, 10September 2010. Archived online at: http://www.mail-archive.com/geoengineering@googlegroups.com/msg03777.html161 For background on ocean fertilization, see ETC Group Communiqué,“Geopiracy: The case against Geoengineering,” Issue #103, October2010.162 A. Strong, J. Cullen, and S. W. Chisholm. Ocean Fertilization: Science,Policy, and Commerce, Oceanography: Vol. 22, No. 3, 2009 236-261.163 Almuth Ernsting and Deepak Rughani, op. cit.ETC Group 70 www.etcgroup.org
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“Whoever produces abundant biofue
Page 4 and 5:
OverviewIssueUnder the pretext of a
Page 6 and 7:
ContentsSelling the Switch1. Sugar
Page 8 and 9:
Introduction: Beware BiomassAround
Page 10 and 11:
What is being switched?It’s not j
Page 12 and 13:
Part 1: Here Comes the BioeconomyHu
Page 14 and 15:
Cellulose - The Wonder Sugar“The
Page 16 and 17:
The industry has realized that “g
Page 18 and 19:
Back to the Future? Carbohydrate vs
Page 20 and 21:
Counting the Bioma$$ EconomyTurning
Page 22 and 23:
Whose Biomass?A tale of two bioecon
Page 24 and 25:
A Land Grab for Biomass“The visio
Page 26 and 27: Worryingly, the committee stopped s
Page 28 and 29: Nonetheless, the impression had bee
Page 30 and 31: Transferring Biomass Technologies-
Page 32 and 33: • Moreover, as climate change con
Page 34 and 35: Not Enough Biomass? Let’s boost i
Page 36 and 37: Geoengineering the Planetwith Bioma
Page 38 and 39: The New Biomass Economy: 10 Myths1.
Page 40 and 41: 8. Biomass is good for the global e
Page 42 and 43: Part II - The Tools and PlayersIn a
Page 44 and 45: Synthetic Biology: Unpredictable,un
Page 46 and 47: Synthetic Enzymes for CelluloseSynt
Page 48 and 49: It seems reasonable therefore that
Page 50 and 51: Counting the Costs of BiomassElectr
Page 52 and 53: “Survivors” of Generation F - S
Page 54 and 55: Beyond Alcohol to Hydrocarbons - Bi
Page 56 and 57: • Invasiveness and genetic engine
Page 58 and 59: Bio-based Building BlocksIn particu
Page 60 and 61: Are Bioplastics Toxic?One of the re
Page 62 and 63: Conclusions: Earth Grab!Biomass con
Page 64 and 65: Annex: Table of Next-Generation Bio
Page 66 and 67: Company Location Feedstock(s) /Envi
Page 74 and 75: 29 David King, “The Future of Ind
Page 78 and 79: 164 Peter Read, “Biosphere Carbon
Page 80 and 81: 238 William Lemos, “Brazil ethano
Page 82 and 83: 311 Douglas A. Smock, “Bioplastic
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