e. O<strong>the</strong>rs – <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g overseas students who obta<strong>in</strong> care while school<strong>in</strong>g, long-termexpatriates, transient military personnel, and diplomats.Cormany (2008) and several authors dist<strong>in</strong>guish six types of medical tourists accord<strong>in</strong>g toservices, as shown <strong>in</strong> Table 2.Table 2. Major Products of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Medical</strong> <strong>Tourism</strong> Industry, Late 2000sMajor surgeriesM<strong>in</strong>or surgeriesCosmetic/plasticsurgeriesDiagnostic servicesAlternative<strong>the</strong>rapytreatments 10Wellbe<strong>in</strong>g/lifestyleremodel<strong>in</strong>gservices• Orthopedic surgeries: hip replacement, hip resurfac<strong>in</strong>g, knee replacement• Sp<strong>in</strong>al procedures: sp<strong>in</strong>al fusion, sp<strong>in</strong>al disc replacement• Limited cardiac procedures: angioplasty, cardiac diagnostic procedures• Gynecological surgeries: partial, total, or radical hysterectomies• Hysterectomy, bilateral salp<strong>in</strong>go oophorectomy• General surgeries: vascular, stomach and bowel, kidney and ur<strong>in</strong>ary, gallbladderremoval, hernia repair, cataract surgery, Lasik surgery, hemorrhoid removal,Endo-laser ve<strong>in</strong> surgery• O<strong>the</strong>r medical procedures: bariatric surgery, fertility treatment, oncology,transplants, stem cell treatments, sex reassignment, addiction treatments• Dental procedures: dental work, cosmetic dentistry, crowns, bond<strong>in</strong>g, veneers,whiten<strong>in</strong>g, bridges, bone grafts, root canals, tooth extractions• Eye, ear, nose and throat treatments• Facial cosmetic surgery: rhytidectomy, eyelid surgery, nose reshap<strong>in</strong>g, brow or<strong>for</strong>ehead lift, ear surgery• Body contour<strong>in</strong>g: liposuction <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g tummy tuck, breast augmentation, breastlift, thigh lift, lower-body• Annual checkups• Ch<strong>in</strong>ese medic<strong>in</strong>e, acupuncture, herbal treatments, ayurvedic treatments• Pancha Karma, tai-chi• Spa <strong>the</strong>rapy, yoga <strong>the</strong>rapy, meditation <strong>the</strong>rapy, holistic <strong>the</strong>rapy, <strong>the</strong>rmal<strong>the</strong>rapy (m<strong>in</strong>eral spr<strong>in</strong>gs, balneo <strong>the</strong>rapy), <strong>the</strong>rmo <strong>the</strong>rapy, thalasso <strong>the</strong>rapy• Algae <strong>the</strong>rapy, aroma <strong>the</strong>rapy, cryo<strong>the</strong>rapy, electro<strong>the</strong>rapy, magneto<strong>the</strong>rapy,mud heal<strong>in</strong>g (fango <strong>the</strong>rapy), occupational <strong>the</strong>rapy (stress management),massage, diet and nutritional programs, detoxification, New Age, spiritualtourismSources: Gahl<strong>in</strong>ger (2008), Marsek and Sharpe (2009), Smith and Puczko (2009)The lack of a commonly accepted def<strong>in</strong>ition of medical tourism and its various term<strong>in</strong>ologies(travel tourism, transient medic<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>in</strong>ternational patients, globalized medic<strong>in</strong>e, and outsourced care)has also <strong>in</strong>fluenced <strong>the</strong> design of survey <strong>in</strong>struments used to assess <strong>the</strong> size of <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry. Youngman(2013) observes that a survey question ask<strong>in</strong>g residents of Western countries whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y wouldconsider go<strong>in</strong>g abroad <strong>for</strong> medical treatment is simplistic if not deceptive as it is highly cont<strong>in</strong>gent andassumes <strong>the</strong> only reason <strong>for</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> medical treatment abroad is to save money, which is rarely <strong>the</strong>case.10 Stem cell <strong>the</strong>rapy is often <strong>in</strong>cluded under alternative <strong>the</strong>rapy.6
B. Demand, Revenues, and Market OpportunityThe unclear measure of global demand <strong>for</strong> medical tourism follows from <strong>the</strong> murk<strong>in</strong>ess of <strong>the</strong>def<strong>in</strong>ition of <strong>the</strong> term, as expla<strong>in</strong>ed above. A second source of murk<strong>in</strong>ess is <strong>the</strong> tim<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> study when<strong>the</strong> demand figures were calculated. Almost all of <strong>the</strong> global or regional medical tourism studies weredone prior to <strong>the</strong> recession that started <strong>in</strong> 2006 and lasted well <strong>in</strong>to 2008 and still cont<strong>in</strong>ues <strong>in</strong> someEuropean countries. Some of <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al studies have been recession-adjusted by <strong>the</strong>ir respectiveanalysts, but <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al studies are still <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Internet and be<strong>in</strong>g quoted.Some estimates of <strong>the</strong> measure of demand <strong>for</strong> medical tourism are as follows.a. Us<strong>in</strong>g a restrictive def<strong>in</strong>ition, McK<strong>in</strong>sey (2011) estimated <strong>the</strong> number of global medical tourists<strong>in</strong> 2008 to be between 60,000 to 85,000. The figure <strong>for</strong> outbound Americans <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same yearwas only 5,000 to 10,000.b. KPMG (2011) estimated global medical tourists to reach 3.0 million by <strong>the</strong> early 2010s.c. Us<strong>in</strong>g a very liberal def<strong>in</strong>ition, Deloitte (n.d.b) estimated 750,000 outbound Americans whosought medical care 11 <strong>in</strong> 2007/08. The base model showed this number to grow to 15.75 million<strong>in</strong> 2017 with an upper bound of 23.20 million and a lower bound of around 10.43 million.Deloitte scaled down <strong>the</strong>se <strong>for</strong>ecasts us<strong>in</strong>g a factor of -20 percent <strong>for</strong> 2007 and -10 percent <strong>for</strong>2008, but rebound<strong>in</strong>g back start<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> 2009 onward.d. Rush (n.d.) estimated U.S. outbound medical tourists <strong>in</strong> 2007 to be between 50,000 to 121,000.e. Us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ternational passenger survey data, Intuition Communication, Ltd. estimated <strong>the</strong> U.K.outbound medical tourists <strong>in</strong> 2009 to be 54,000.f. Us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ternational passenger survey data, Keith Pollard (2012) of Treatment Abroad estimatedthat 60,000 U.K. patients traveled abroad <strong>in</strong> 2010, 41 percent <strong>for</strong> cosmetic surgery, 32 percent<strong>for</strong> dental, 9 percent <strong>for</strong> obesity, and 4.5 percent <strong>for</strong> <strong>in</strong>fertility treatment.g. Josef Woodman <strong>in</strong> his book “Patients Beyond Borders” estimated more than 2 million<strong>in</strong>ternational medical patients a year, of whom about 400,000 are Americans (quoted bywww.whereismydoctor.com).Global estimates of revenues from medical tourism also show large variability. For <strong>the</strong> late2000s/early 2010s, Deloitte (2008) estimated <strong>the</strong> revenues from U.S. outbound medical tourists atUS$2.1 billion (2008) and <strong>for</strong>ecast it to grow to US$27.6 billion <strong>in</strong> 2013. HealthCORE (2011) cited aglobal revenue figure of US$40 billion (2010). The NCPA (2007) cited US$ 60 billion global revenues <strong>in</strong>2006 and projected it to reach US$100 billion <strong>in</strong> 2012. Bloomberg was cited by <strong>the</strong> media as hav<strong>in</strong>gestimated US$5 billion revenues <strong>in</strong> 2012. The Confederation of Asian Industry cited a figure of US$2billion revenues <strong>in</strong> 2012.11 Those who traveled with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> US are called <strong>in</strong>trabound medical tourists. Foreigners travel<strong>in</strong>g from abroad to seek care <strong>in</strong><strong>the</strong> US are called <strong>in</strong>bound medical tourists (Deloitte, n.d.).7
- Page 3: AbstractMedical Tourism in the Phil
- Page 6 and 7: Table of ContentsAbbreviations and
- Page 8 and 9: List of TablesTable 1. WTO’s Mode
- Page 11 and 12: c. Epidemiologically, the disease b
- Page 13 and 14: Revenue and Cost Trends of Selected
- Page 15 and 16: BenchmarksStatus10 Adoption of “h
- Page 17 and 18: S.W.O.T. Analysis of the Philippine
- Page 19 and 20: Chapter I. Background“Once your t
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- Page 27 and 28: dermatology, 6.8 weeks; and cardiol
- Page 29 and 30: trends globally since 1990 15 : (1)
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- Page 36 and 37: f. HealthCORE’s (2011) estimate o
- Page 38 and 39: seek better health care, 15 percent
- Page 40 and 41: Cardinal Santos San Juan City P 197
- Page 42 and 43: sources, bone marrow and peripheral
- Page 44 and 45: found between siblings, but even th
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- Page 48 and 49: control the dangers of poorly regul
- Page 50 and 51: American Eye CenterAsian Eye Instit
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- Page 54 and 55: The benchmarking exercise did not b
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“medical complication” (Medical
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Chapter VII. Conclusions and Next S
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ReferencesABS-CBN News (2013). Medi
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De la Cruz, Stef (2012). Is Stem Ce
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Marsek, P.W. and F. Sharpe (2009).
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Trade Daegu (2013). Daegu Global Me
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what have failed, and the means to
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Annex 3: Comments on the Draft Sena