GOING TO GOD: YANG ANDYIN MEET THE PRACTICAL,WHATEVER-WORKSPERSONALITY OF VIETNAMNorth and South <strong>Vietnam</strong> no longer exist.Since 1975, there has been but one <strong>Vietnam</strong>.Yet dichotomies remain: urban and rural,traditional and modern, communist andcapitalist.Steven Hopkins, citing Neil Jamiesonand the <strong>Vietnam</strong>ese scholar Thien Do, triedto put the tensions in <strong>Vietnam</strong>ese societyand religion in a cultural context during hisfirst lecture to members of the Alumni CollegeAbroad. “Everywhere in <strong>Vietnam</strong>, thereare patterned oscillations around points ofbalance,” he said. “These are the yang andyin of <strong>Vietnam</strong>—the neo-Confucian systemof forces that are, taken at once, the unity,the whole.”According to Hopkins, core yang valuescan be identified more strongly in northernand central <strong>Vietnam</strong>: ly (conformity to the“natural order,” the Confucian tao); hieu(moral debt to ancestors); and nghia (a combinationof duty and righteousness, theHindu dharma). In the southern part of thecountry, there is more yin: dieu (reasonabilityand relativity, counterbalancing ly); tinh(feelings of love, vulnerability, and spontaneity);and nhan (compassion andcharity, the human face of nghia). Altogether,there are three strands ofancient <strong>Vietnam</strong>ese religion—Taoist,Confucian, and Buddhist—comprisingwhat is known as the Tam Giao.Religious expression, which is toleratedby the government as long as iteschews politics, is ubiquitous, even inthe North. It seems nonexclusive. Buddhistsdominate, but they borrowfreely from other traditions and practices,as does everyone else: A littleyang, a little yin, and you get a homegrownspirituality that fits <strong>Vietnam</strong>’spractical, whatever-works personality.For example, the indigenous Cao Daimovement sprang up in the 1920s as a partpolitical,part-spiritual syncretic combinationof anticolonialism, Taoist self-cultivation,Buddhist millennialism, and Confuciansocial order. Throw in some Catholicelements—its “holy see” in Tay Ninh is awhite Romanesque basilica with an astonishingDisney-meets-the-Vatican interior—and you think you have touched much of theterritory of religion in <strong>Vietnam</strong>. Except thatyou haven’t.At one point, Hopkins cited the work of<strong>Vietnam</strong> historian Shawn McHale ’82, whoargues for the past and continuing importanceof Buddhist traditions in the historyof <strong>Vietnam</strong>. There are robust traditions ofboth Zen and Pure Land Buddhism; brightlypainted spirit houses gracing countlesscourtyards, farmyards, and street corners;1,000-year-old pagodas where monks chant,gongs vibrate, and joss sticks perfume theair; and rooftop statues of popular female-Buddha goddesses such as Phat ba (QuanAm) and Thap Ba, who began life in <strong>Vietnam</strong>1,500 years ago as the Hindu goddessParvati, the wife of Shiva. Include those whoworship nature spirits, tutelary spirits, Taoistcourt deities, Hindu deities, or the DarkMaiden of the Ninth Heaven, and you havethe spirit of <strong>Vietnam</strong>: secular and sacred,natural and supernatural—the Tam Giao. TSunlight streams through incensefilledair in the Buddhist temple atThien Mu Pagoda (above), a fewmiles from Hue. Just a few yardsfrom this peaceful scene is the carefullypreserved blue Austin car thatThich Quang Duc, a monk who livedat the pagoda, drove to Saigon inJune 1963 to commit self-immolationin protest of the U.S.-backed government’spersecution of Buddhists.The diversity of religious expres-20 : swarthmore college bulletin
MORE ON THE WEBFollowing 9 days in <strong>Vietnam</strong>, about half of the Swarthmore travellerscontinued to Cambodia, visiting Angkor Wat and Phnom Penh. JeffreyLott’s account of the Cambodia excursion—plus a more extensiveblog with additional photographs from <strong>Vietnam</strong>—can be found on theWeb at www.swarthmore.edu/alumni/vietnam.sion in <strong>Vietnam</strong> finds its zenith at theCao Dai Holy See in Tay Ninh (aboveleft), where a lidless eye gazes from agiant orb on the altar and the holiestsaints include Chinese nationalist SunYat Sen and French author VictorHugo. <strong>Vietnam</strong> “assails the senses,”said Anne Saisselin ’79, whose greatgreat-grandfatherwas a French officialin Hanoi. “It’s a wonderment—sopassionant. You see, hear, taste, andsmell different things.”“Buddhism, Catholicism, Cao Dai,Taoism, ancestor worship—all blendtogether in a society that celebratesTet [the lunar new year] with enthusiasmthat rivals our celebration ofChristmas,” Frances Brokaw ’76 said.“Spirit houses welcome good spiritsand keep ghosts out of peoples’homes (bottom left); a ‘kitchen god’reports on the doings of the family tothe Jade Emperor in heaven; and theirshrines are almost as likely to have tallstatues of Mary, Jesus, the Buddha,St. Joseph, or Quan Am— the femaleBuddha.”In Ho Chi Minh City, devotionalchapels in the French-built Catholiccathedral feature neon-enhanced statuesof saints (top left).At My Son, a United NationsWorld Heritage Site west of Danang,the former center of the Champa civilizationlies in a secluded mountainsetting (center far left). The HinduCham people dominated central <strong>Vietnam</strong>from the 4th to the 12th centuries,when they were conquered bythe Viets, who remain the dominantethnic group. Many artifacts from MySon, which was uncovered by Frencharcheologists in 1898 and twicebombed by American planes duringthe <strong>Vietnam</strong> War, are found at theCham Museum in Danang. A relief ofthe goddess Uma/Parvati (top far left)dates from the 10th century.june 2006 : 21