CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY ...

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UNIT 1- CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY1.7 LIFE-SPAN CHANGESA. Aging is the process of becoming mature or old.B. Aging occurs from the microscopic to whole-body level.1. Programmed cell death begins in the fetus, although is not apparent untillater decades. Examples of aging include the following:a. 3 rd decade: gray hairs, faint facial lines, minor joint stiffnessb. 4 th decade: maternal age significant in chromosomal disorders ofoffspring, hair and facial changes continuec. 5 th decade: hair color fades, facial wrinkles appear, hypertension,hypercholesteremia, heart disease, and Type II diabetes may appeard. 6 th decade: waning immunity may require immunizations againstinfluenza, pneumonia, and other infectious diseasese. 7 th decade: continuation of above and….2. Changes at tissue level explain familiar signs of aging.a. decreased production of collagen and elastin – stiffening of skinb. diminished levels of subcutaneous fat –wrinklingc. fat to water proportions change in tissues – altered drugmetabolism in elderly3. Changes at cell level occurs.a. impaired cell division – reduced wound healingb. inappropriate cell division – cancersc. repair of damaged DNA declines – cancersd. reduced energy extraction from nutrientse. reduced breakdown of worn cell partsf. damaging oxygen free radical increase - lipofuscin and ceroidpigments accumulationg. accumulation of a protein called amyloid may occur in the brainand lead to Alzheimer’s disease in some individualsg. generalized metabolic slowdown- diminished tolerance to cold,weight gain, and fatigue4. Due to the above changes at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels,consequently the effects of aging occur at the organ and organ systemlevel, as well.1-10
UNIT 1- CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY1.8 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGYA. Definition = a language used to describe the relative position of body parts;needed for communication.B. Anatomical Position = standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides, andpalms forward. See Fig 1.20a, page 29.C. Relative Position: See Fig 1.20, page 29.1. Superior = above; Inferior = below2. Anterior = front; Posterior = back3. Ventral = front; Dorsal = back4. Medial = center; Lateral = side5. Ipsilateral = same side; Contralateral = opposite side6. Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk7. Superficial/peripheral = surface; Deep = internalD. Body Sections (cuts, planes)See Fig 1.21, page 30 and Fig 1.22, page 31.1. Sagittal cut: divides body/organ into right and left portions.a. midsagittal (median) = equal right and left portions.Also see Human Cadaver Plates Eight -Twelve, pages 46-49.2. Transverse Cut (or horizontal): divides body/organ into superior andinferior portions..Also see Human Cadaver Plates Thirteen – Twenty, pages 50-53.3. Coronal Cut (or frontal): divides body/organ into anterior and posteriorportions.Also see Human Cadaver Plates Twenty-One through Twenty-Five, pages54-57.E. Sections/Cuts of Cylindrical Structures (i.e. blood vessels, nerves, etc.)See Fig 1.23, page 31.1. Cross-section: cut at 90 degrees to longitudinal axis of structure2. Oblique section: cut at angle across an object3. Longitudinal section: cut along longitudinal axis of structure1-11
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY ...

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