department of zoology i]ntversity of tiie punjab - Higher Education ...

FEED RESTRICTION AND LEVELS OF 

ALUMINITJM STJLFATE AND ZINC OXIDE IN 

INDUCING MOLTING AND TEE SUBSEQTJENT 

PERFORMANCE IN JAPANESE QUAIL 

A TMSIS SUBMIITED TO 

TI{E I,NTVtrRSITY OF THE PUNJAB 

IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQ1JIREMENTS 

FOR TIIE DEGREE OF 

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY 

RY 

SITAU(AT ALI 

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY 

I]NTVERSITY OF TIIE PUNJAB 

LAHORE, PAKISTAN 

z)06

I DEDICATE 

THIS 

HUMBLE EFFORT AND STUDY 

TO 

MY BELOVED PARENTS

CONTENTS 

TITT-E FAGE 

CIRIIPICATE 

ACKNOWI-EDCEMENTS 

LIST OF TLLUSTRAIIONS 

LIST OT IAELES 

LIST OF AASREYIATIONS 

ANS1TACT 

INTRODUCTION 

UTERATI'IE REVIEW 

MAIEIIAI.S AND MEI.I|ODS 

PL! orwo*.rd Mdlodotory 

PrcMo rioS Phe 

P6t'Mqlrirg I't4 

H Co$uDprioo 

Eeg weighr 

I 

l0 

74 

76 

76 

n 

79 

79 

79 

79 

79 

79 

79 

80

trxs(rl,Ts 

FcGd CoNuttrplio! 

ECe Weight 

DISCUSSION 

REFERENCFS 

EI 

81 

90 

lm 

106 

lt4 

l19 

164

CERTITICATE 

Iis i! lo qrjfy tt l tlE |grln m* .L.oib.d ir thds deis is dE digind 

lqt of th. elld .rd [u b€r c.med an 'bda 6y dir€d spqviir I n E 

F$rly gm ltdgh l}c ddrrl!|ltJodqi.l r!?oltcd i! tt tui{..'tF |nd 

cdiry ddr cmb6c I turth qri' d!! th ffraid ir.bd€d in this rbc{3 t rc rct 

ba u*d in prfl or tul ii I D.!l!.ripr drady $bEined or in rn pro.€t of 

sbbision ir p.rthv@mplae fuflln r ofth. .qud of&y orhd d€@ tom my 

oth€r incnution. I .lso csli& thd [r. thGlb h|! bcen prcpa€d unds ny sFdiion 

a@rding to th. pr*ib.d fo@t rld I cdor!. h3 evrlrtion for the awd of Ph.D. 

dGgE rkough r[. omdtrl prcc.dlF oalhc Uniqtty. 

Pn() D' ADDI'L T,IAJEED CEEEMA 

r,'ofd$r (R!rd.), 

Detdttr@1 ofzooiog', 

Udvality ofd. r!4j!b. 

bhoG.

ACKNOIT'LEDGEMENTS 

Fhr of all I pay ny rblnL to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, lvho @bl€d @ io 

@Dpler. 6is tedic work and g.v. tlE pot nti.l od ability to Dale td.nal 

@ntributiG to @ alF{dy a{,sti!g oed of tnotLd8F. He blesd m titl $sd 

hallh, nlcrcd te&lEB ald suffici. oppor$lity ro conplete this stldy, 

I d greatly ind€bt d to Dr. Abdul Mtj€cd Chc@, Ptof€$or (Red), 

Dcp€ri!@rt ofzoology, Univ.sity of tlF Punj.b, LrlDr, for nis vital iNmcdoB md 

uetul inreletual sugg.stions in plm of work ad whose pMious advies havc always 

ben a be.d of light for m, I wdld .lso likc lo acklo*ledge him for prcvidilg me 

faciliti* @d.d in my resch eo.k, His shutul !ud!t@ ed ispiritg anlude tutL 

it very 6y ro uulqt ke tbis work rnd lo {rit this trr.sqipi 

I pish to qpss my siEct gntjlr& !o trry drgnificd Dr. MuhaMt Salen 

Claery, Prof.$! (BetO, Dc?niG of Alidl Hsbudrr, Univditv of 

vden@y ald Alidl Scicffi, Ldoc. I @ Evq forget bn etpeft atte.rion, 

afrccri@te $p.disid .!d invaluabL lnowLdgc &.r h. dEiboLd to ov ltfuh 

soit in r oultiord. of wry. 

I @ itr&br.d 1o .ll of lb. Cb.k |.a, D.fffD.nr of zdlogv, dfirg 6e strdy 

r.|W, for poviding .s ial t!$4h hcilitics, 

I wond [b to rh.nL Dt. Alhfrq Aned, Assisrrt Profesq, univ6itv of 

Veleriury and Aoiod Sci.!c!s, tllorc, fq nis 8!id4. His hclp wd incdculade 

I u.xtrE@ly rh.t16rl !o Dr, Saklattt Ali, PSO ud Dr' Sh.! Jah! Baig, 

rSO, rcslR rabonlo.ics Complcx, khoG for rlEir kind coopedjotr in @$lletion 

'Ibalks de {l!o dqe to MuhMd Javed, khoE, for prcvidins thc help in 

@tr'posing rhis ImuscriPt, 

I m greatly ind.bt d lo Rizqan Ali, Rizwa Quil Fm Ldoe ibr 

prcvidilg basic requn€tunb !o con

Rlr'tM ZalEd, Jlwid tun|nn, Sycd wrqu ul Ha$$ and Ali Hssrn Chaudby. 

I would rdnit lhlt !!ey .tc dnolg rh! pcciou! r6sa thn I h|vc caflEd in ny lifc. 

wa!d$ rhrnkr b all Dy ftiads for ih.ir tclp md @Dp€ny. 

I .id, p.nicuLlly, gnctul to Ey ei& Mrs. Rcblnl Kal@, who sh.cd rhc 

brunr of my obs.ssioa. H.r rcdous coop.n{on b @ly !ppci4.d- Sp.ci.l thrnrs 

lo my dlughcr, KbzirD!, wlo suff.r.d. lot duriDg i!i! pdiod. 

Mr! h'3 th. pow 10 spat .!d mitc 1o .xpnss hb fc.lin$ blt tF rrt iohc 

GlatioE6tip. w!!E rcrb .lsyr fiU ELdr I fc.l no rry to co .y ny gratinre io rny 

mlhd, 6lhd by rilEt! rd broi!.G for th.ir nonl ruppon, ehich 8at! Ie 

cd|fe@ &d 66gc ro coopEr. t!i! diffc r t $I. Ir b dr to lrir prayc6 tlx I 

h.v. coEpLLd Dy 'Ear.h wo*. 

SHAUXAT AI-I

Figu€ Title 

2. 

L 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

I Feed int lc, Mc!!tSE, codpdison or mn-mllt€d (@ntrol) and 

noulted Japdes€ quail layils h€ns of20 e.cks with difr€ror 

trcarmcnts @nprising premoult, moult, prclay and post mult 

Feed int*c, MdtSE, conpdisn of non-houll€d Gontrol) and 

nollted .laparl€s€ quril lryilg hen! of 20 w€ek wilh difi€rc 

trsunenrs omprising pFrnoulr, moul1. prc-lay and post hourt 

Egs produdio!, M@ + sE, @nparilor of non-Foultcd (@d.ol) 

aid mult d Japlcr. quil lsying b.s of m wekr with difrcrar 

&amcm @mprising pr!-nouh, nouh. prc-lay ed p6r h@lr 

Egg produ.lio!, M@tSE, qry.rieor of no!'eoult€d {@trol) 

ad @ultcd I.9.@ quail layirg h.B of20 weks wirb difturcar 

EaIMr. @np.ising pcEolrlr, dodr, pclay ald pcn muli 

Fcd cffici.rcy, M€an1SE, @Dped$n of non-muli.d (@tuol) 

and mult d t.p.!csc quail laying hcns of 20 wak! wirh difl4nt 

re.trq€lts comprisin8 pr.-tuulr, mult, pr.-lay ard p6t tmt 

Feed erfici€Ey, MeantsE. @mpetotr of non-mouh.d (@otrol) 

a1ld noultcd Japaocse quil laying hens of 20 weks qith ditrerent 

tratrnc s compiising pr-noulr, noult, pre-lay and post noun 

88 

89 

98 

99 

104 

l0J

5. 

1. 

8. 

Body pcight gai loss, Mean+SE. compdism olnon-multed 

(cortlol) and mouxcd Japm€6. quail kyiry hcB of 20 ects with 

diiferent rercreDt @mprisiry prc-noulr, moult, prehy md posr 

Body *cighlSai loss, Mqn+SE, compa.ison of non-lMxed 

(connol) and nouftcd Japd.s. quail laying hca of 20 sats vith 

difere.t rcllrrcn$ @mprkirt pr.-Eoulr, ooull. pre-by and p6t 

F.ed ilrltc (M6tsE) and pdc.nt body wcighr lo$ (Man+SE) 

ofJapd6c quil laying hcns ir fst wek foM noutcd by fe€d 

restdcrio! O0 ), 0. 15% Ar. 0.3O Al,0.l5 zntln0.N% Zo 

Fc.d int L (McalaSD ald pcrant body wciSlt los 

(M.@+SE) of Ja?e. quil l.yins t $ ia s€oid *r.t rore 

n@lt d by rccd r6Eicriotr (70t),0.15i A1,0.30i Al,0-15% 

za td O.3O% Zn 

Ege w.i8bt g.irlls, Man+SE. @Dprti$r of D!-@ulcd 

(@.ml) ard lDulcd J.p.!.3c quil layiat h@ of20 scrs {itb 

diffddr tr..nElls @hpririnS prFnelt, moult, prelay ard po6t 

Egg w.igbr taidloG, M@ iSE, cohporiioa of mn-'nlted 

(o rol) .!d @lrcd Jap6* qu.il laying n6 of 20 €rs with 

diffc.dr ua!rcnts @mprkiry pGmoult, noult. prFl.y dd posi 

Monality (M.an+SE) ofJ4.tuscquajl layjns hcs in rwo wc.ks 

oi rorcc moult.d by f..d r.striction(70%),0.15% Al,0.30% Al. 

0.15% Zn dtd0.3O Zn 

Moillity (96) of moultcd dd non-rnoulLd Jap.ncsc q@il hens, 

conrol, convcntiooal moult,0.15 J6 alumif,um |noult.0.30% 

aluminum noulr,0.lt% zinc noult, 0.30% zinc noul 

110 

lll 

l12 

113 

lt7 

l18 

123 

tz4

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

1. 

8. 

9. 

t0. 

n. 

12. 

T.ble Tirle 

LIST OF TABLES 

Cohposnior ot layd .ation uscd i. €iperimelt 

Fe.d @sMPrio! g/q@il h.dday &d %age egg 

prcdrcdo./quil hcn d:y lrd hcn hous€d for quit h6 i! 

difl4trr mlrirg E&r[od! duriq Oc pr.sull, @uli, pG 

by ard post doulr peliod 

Fc.d €oBuDprior G/group of birdtwck) h irduert nou&rl 

and non-noulted (coruoU ropan.s. quail laying leu 

Fced coEmprioa in differ€ mouttinS trelatnsrs in Japatrsc 

Fad @BM$i@ (g/!cdwr) in irduc.

13. Fcgl cffici.rry/groo! ot bint/e..t h idluccd mulr.d .rd 

.on-mulr.d (co 10l),T.16. quit lryo8 hes tol 

14. Fcql cftci.ncy iE diftrcnr nodrirg rre.lDcd! i! ,.Fr€. 

qudl hying nca tO3 

15. Body wci8lr G) rd rmrlrliq (5) ofr!p&d. qu.it hyilS 

hcB i! difftr.ll Dorlrilt d!od! duilt da tcmdr, 

mult, pFlry .rd polr mux Fiod rn 

16. Eft.r of f.cd BEhrio!, didtty rtuili@ Dd zie o! 

{argc weuy bodl sigbr @s!rd d.d of e..r,,t ! 

dubt pr.-drdlr, tDul! pr+by rd po6r roo![ iE jrFGc 

quil layilg b.B loE 

l?. Bod, sitlt il diftrclr m'ititrg t anD.oa in Jqcs. quil 

||yilg bd! lO9 

lE. Et8 ecighr (r).rd tuEbd ofctt3rrFG. quil trying tc! 

in diftrcn rD![i!g d!od! duiog r& pr+!mdr, mulr. 

pclly @d po6r mlt Friod I 15 

19. Eg rciglt i! .liftr.d Ddrilg ln M! iE hp.c. qurit 

hyilg h.6 !t6 

20. Monrliry i! diftr.d noulrilg rrcnncoa in JIdB. quil 

t.yiag t.B tW 

2l, Eficcr of fcd raeicrio!. di.r.ry duidm .!d rinc o! 

w.rldy mn liry/gro{p of bird!/Gt duilg pcnxlul,iig, 

noqlt. FGl.y rd F|i nool in ,.prn6. qulil lrriEt h.tr! l2l 

22. Morblity t.tc/8roup ofbirdrwet i! ilduc.d molr.d.ld 

M-troultel (@drol) I4.c. quil bri!8 hcc r22 

23, E onoEica of r.potr6c quit hyilt td of pGnDult, prc-t.y. 

oolk dd po6r rbulr t62 

24. E@.omics of ,.p.!6. quil l.yitrg t B of posr trwh 163

AlR 

Biol 

Br3nr 

Bdl 

BW 

awR 

CAL 

CON, CONT 

CP 

D 

D,d 

Dis 

DM 

Ed 

EW 

Exp 

FC 

LIST OF ABBREVHTIONS 

Biolory 

Britidl 

Dicr!.y 

D|y 

Dig.st 

Etg *ligln

FR 

Crlg 

HDP 

EE 

E 

t)t 

K{al KB-l 

Ke 

LE 

Ltd 

M 

ME 

lE^tLCt 

N.{ 

NM 

NRC 

ON-OFF 

S!i 

scwL 

SII 

sFz 

sFz 

Fcd vithdn*d 

l|it[G!, 

Kilo ddi. Fldlo€tu 

KiloCD 

Linlcd 

Mod..!a ,irc ld .rlciu 

NdiolEl Rq!} Co@ 

PhFiob8]| 

Sinslc cdb *,ti!. l.shon

Suppl 

Zn 

ZnO 

Zie

ABSTRACT 

The effed of using conlcirional fced resEicrion (7opl. of ad libitm 

cotuunpt'on) ed difierent di.rary lev.ls oi aluminiM (0.15% md o3Crr'o) d 

sluini@ sulfab od noc (0.15% ed 0.10%) I zinc oxid. rerc @mp@d to 

det€miN th€ influ€nc. of forced nouliing on the prcderiv. p€rfomde ofJapm€s. 

quil loying he6. A bsal layer did ws f.d alonc or slpptemmt d wirh alminiu 

sulfale od zinc oxide lor 14 d.ys ro quail laying hens. A cesetion of e8g Foduclion 

wa.fetively pNduccd by thc fccd r$kicrio. ed di.lary levets ofAl ed Zn on 5d 

day of induclion of houhing. Duing 1wo waks of moulting pqiod p.rcen&ge body 

wight ros @ obtai&d in convc ioElty fad Bhicriotr (t.89ro), o.15yr N 

\%30y4, 0.30% At (24.Ur4, 0.r5% Zn lrAr/o) alt o3e/o h (10.45%) 

Fced osmprion of quil h.ru of @tud greop difr€&d sisif@rly 

(P{.05) with h.N giv.n two difi.Enr di.t ry l.vcls ofAl ed h in 2d,t of DF 

mool! I'llft E al$ ! signili6l difim. bdv@ @nrot lsrDor rnd other 

nourling r@un s in 2 kckt of nodr &d 2 @kr of pelar. I! li *t of posr 

ooult fad in|lle of @nrcl h.c cod.d signifidt (p

Ttft q6 small shon rem d.pEssion in ces prcductioi ofquil hens in the 

ruuI dd pE-lay pqiodt. Although th. .gg poduction M gEaid for lhc @nLol 

h.6 duing oour! 6t period bul nor in the pcr modl @mFr.d enh 0E 

codv.ntion ly nodr.d dd inclaion of supplm.rtal aluiuiM Al rnd Za 

howrycr, it m cocislendy IoB th.rcai.r. Post noult €gg pbductio. wa ?2.74v4 

12.04%, 11.59r/', 1r.3lo/o, 11.24o/. rnd 64.90% in 0.15o b,030% Zn, fe.n 

Esrriction,0.30plo al,0.15% Al dd co rolFspecliv.ly. Aner houlrinS p.@nt hen- 

day c8g pbtluction Fotd ?8,85% in 0.15'lc Zt\ followed by 0.3Cr'l. Zn fed hds 

(75.42%) dd th.E B !o dclinc ovd ihe b*qMt 14 wts of po6t moult. In tm 

Gk of houlr od tB! @*s of pGlly cgg prcdEdon of non-hodtd @nEot !tr 

B.al.d signifi@t (P

mdhods in 2d *k of noulr, l" wk ol prclay, I'd ad 4d wk of post lG.lrnenl 

Iftspdtivc of the noultins in pGt mouh n.tlods, all dielary srcups losr rcid! bur 

ar diffcc.t €t€ duilg nouh irductior lr is concluded that hens $ar losr 2?,49% 

dy wcight (Zn 1.5 me/kc) showed compdabl. Esuh wilh other douldng ddhods 

Ees wight pdor lo noult indsrion m nor diffeenr dorg quail hc6 and 

.tid not vsry mong vrioN nouliing m.Oo(l' Howd, eCe3 lad by quil hd of 

f.cd Gtriction ard 0,30E Al trqrlnals sF hdvid thd othd t.lln.nrs. Egg 

sidr 6 sienifi@dy alfel€d (P

slppl.ftnLtid prc8tlN tn 2d vr of mulling llon lity diff..d 3ig.ifistlt 

(P4.05) b.t@n 0t quil h@ ofz! (O3 ).!d h.n! of qt4 ctict d lo fccd, 

0,15% Al .rd 0.l5vo ZrL bn *is M+ignifiem w di.lrty lcrcl of0,30% Al. h 14 

wlcks of po6t r6t ntonrlity &vsl.d mD-ri8nifimdy difrccng alMs rll 

llqtn.nt3 whd $bjerd to ntdsri.d D.lysis. Hoqlq, mnrlity vts hiSha for 

@!ol conp&td b inodti4 greuD€ i.dEld ro ndit by difftttlt lehDhws 

Mo'rlting lrannaa my hllp st vilrl nt6 @Bp!rc !o lFmult'DS tatunt in 

pod nodt pdiod. h h @rclud.d rh.t lin!,liry B m..fr*cd br tt dict rl 

ft.riEnr! &d onvanion l f..d rlsicri4 

Th. r6ult3 d.mnstitr. tltn thc tubscqhl po.l moult Frfom.nc! of 

J.p.n .. guil btiry h.d in dr s(FiGni' wrt ttretd by fed t dti.rid &d 

dift{al dictary l@cl5 of .luiniu 3dtuc tnd zia dftL. Fc.d Bticlid 0094 of 

!d libinB @MFion), a e .ltaEtiw doolting .!d @@Di6[y .tuiv. 

@ttntion l r.cluiqE oftB adv&t s.r os othcr mddlg t chniqu€. Iddu.don of 

multins h.d grlatq cfrd3 on Frfot'|),r |ld i|l..fu Bult!. Th. 6ulr3 $gg6t 

6'l f..d rgtictior.d di.r.ry lcr.k of d$iiiM.ad zie tuy offd e 6nmic 

ldvrnbgc ovd r stinlDB rd libitlin f.cdiog Egiocn in podttt idElry, 

rviii

INTRODUCTION 

J.r""e quil (ColMix coruix j.poni€) n y hclp to .llaiar. hulscr in 

&v€loring @uuics .Id iB prcdwrio! is nrEr'ins Fpidy. Ovd lhc ltd rhty ys, 

thc J.pare quil h.5 bcn ho.du.!d i! U.3uts@ iEnr s o dremdE.vi& 

sPei6 h lh. ptorBing poulEy indunry .Dd ro h.lp rllaid. ch.onic For.i! 

&6ciacy. ,.FtK quih .F @ivi!8 .d!i

2 

indued io lh. di.t! for childr!4 p€g!.| nothcB, 8qi.lti6 .nd @Nd.sins p.liqti, 

csstially for all si.! .d @mEic sroups in 5o.i.ty (Oop.bluishm, 2003). 

Quil .sgs b.c.e of th.ir dch conanis of vitmna, mincEb dd thc qulily of 

th. pbGitr iogclhq with th. drG of ir5lipi& cont nt @ dodrEnd.d a tudicinal 

lshlets br Esiorins lE oprio..l na.bolis for lh. body @Us" liq $d kidey 

ilIEss, .lmi.. dia!.6, ul@R, dhaE, tubcaulosi3 (rlong *ith chdotl.dty), 

.durl inpot @.nd stlss. 'n!y c.bo 3!id to !.lp !8.@dlion oflh. body.nr 

sugdy or.nd giving bitor i!.ddirid to.ll t[e h.dh b.rcfts th.d @ tuy othd 

mri of Ei!8 quil cggi iu coctiq A! thc di.t ry.*t|qB.d Fl.r! of co!|5i]l|m, 

.o {ill th. divcBfty ofth.L dict i! cru ofp.ocir. Quilhan will b. edcomd .s t 

di&EDt Dal vnich is t6d6 lrd h$ .n |Nld tu@u of g|h.. TIF @tuhn quil i5 

r pilot diMl fd c.n io DF orqFin@6 Tb. quil n m.fficion @!ql.l of fed 

to rood: . poud wisht of ftG

l 

conmeeial flocls. Migralory bitds, such 6 thc Euopee quil, pEsol & enul cycle 

with the fouoMns phesi noull, fattning, migrotioh ed Eproduclio. (Lumincau and 

CuyonM h, 2000)- NdtuEl noultilg inprcv.s sub€equ.nl eeg toduclion Dd .gg sh.ll 

qudity (B.dy, 2003). Mouhne is a nomal physiologi€al phenon€non ehftin thc birdr 

shc

4 

noultins rdhniqres, op1i6m body wei8hr (2510e/0) los is.o6id€Ed lo be tu D.ir 

goal ed this is hiehly corelated wnh egg poducfon Frfolmce ona lhe Doull 

(S',||t'Mtr ad Bell, l9?4: tul.. et ol.. 1982, l9E3). 

The ind@ion of moulting in @mdid layiry hens t6 be. srdi.d {ith 

in&est ! My to *rad rh€ ecommic porlwtivcly of laFr lc*s (R!sil€r, 1986). 

Divw l{hliqc hav. been shoh to b. .fidivc int sivcly in th. indwtion of 

molhing, iftludins fed, Mter Eslliction or liSht cstriction (wds dr oa, 200t), or &.d, 

waler d.privalior (Szubo er at, 2005i Wcbsir, 2003) or a onbinadon of lhese, de u$ 

of drugs (Vakeling, 1977). h is genclally a.@ptcd lhal forced moull6ult5 in e 

inctle in th€ Et€ oI Foduclion qGdi.g pdEadn€ Ete. Shell qlality b also 

impoled by foEed moulrilg (Rotuld .rd BftL, l9E2; Cfuis16 e, al., 1985). Fed 

EsEiction, eithq qwdraivc or qldiicrivc (or both) is a @hFnenl of dosl c@'dy 

t@lfunded tuoulting nel[od. McD.Dicl rnd Astc (2000) inrstigar.d thc iDFtlrn@ 

of foMd noultirg 6 shon-l€d Fodrctio. n&!8.mdt toll for .Ce pod@lion. 

Objslion 6ied abou tlE us of corvdtional noulring bethods on dinal 

Mlf* etusds hd piohpted es.4h into altemadv. m.thod (bioch€nical m€thods) 

including chmicrl dd hodone a€aherts (Re,, ar, 1998; Lsdes er at, 2005) 

Minml indued moultins prceduFi such as th€ ts of hiel level of eilhr alminih 

iD the fom of eluble sah or di.b.y zin . have slso b€en ued s@ftlly. Ald@ud! 

hinetEl irdued moulting poc.dG Fodw. sinild 6ults to th. @!v6iioF1 fad 

Blriction l4hniqud in pct mouhine clg prcdftdon, but with lowr nod,lfty nls- A 

na n€ihod of alminm (A1) r.arn *a inred@d in rhe late 1980s dd a be n.c 

rrEatn€nl in the 1990s. Posr moultirg cgg Foduction 

wa rierificedy imr.ed ed $e

5 

cftciscy of fced otilizjrion dsEs.d by itc fad Estriction and hish diekry 2irc 

Eaftflts (B.ry and Bnj.. 1987i Ptk et al., 20o/). A hig! zinc diet (Zn 1000 ng/kg 

for leo days ih& Zn 5000 ng/tg for 4 dlyt wE givcn ar' lrtlD ro l8 Waftn SSL 

hd, 7l w*ks old, to indu@ morhbg (vdbcy.n .r al. 1990). 

Howcv(. & albtutiv. nollr inducine lcchrique involving the feding ot 

injdtion ot non-nutritiv€ substaoc.s such B homoos (Adams dd Schafh€r, 1955). 

Homone induced noulting causcs rh. suppr$io! of ovdid &iivity by conlinuous 

injelion ofhr?othglanic sonadol&pin Fl.sing homon (G!-Rtl) asonist (Dickem 

and Bal'r 1989: Tilbbok ./ at, 1992). Hidd csg prducrion had bco Eponed in rh€ 

ldy€6 by prc8egterc@ inj6tio6 .s @ht€r.d to moult indudion by H ard mre. 

Gdiction (HNtr, 1960). 

In dE begiming of dr pFvioc @tury the !*hnique of induc.d bo ring nA 

ban l@e.Eed 6 ! 8sd roll for th. inptov.n nl of poductivity, subs.q@r 

F.fo!!@a ald prcftlbility of old Lyins n@ki (Rolon €r al., 193). Irduc.d noulinc 

has ale led inEodu..d by suppl.tmtiry lo{ lacl of di.t ry zinc i! @nbination rith 

a low c5lcim di€r (B@dins a al., 1992)- Mey fc.d Btriclion m.lhodr hare ale ben 

succestully ued iKoelkcbect s, at, 1992i Hu$.in, 1996), Fad aricdon exp€rimenls 

in poulirl, especially chickens hav. bcen rcviry.d (Lee er ar, l9?l; Hester md Stevens, 

1990). Dififfit oethods of fecd r.slliction hdve aho bcen de*rib€d on d.ily basis 

(Le, 1987), Stip-a-day feedins (wilson.t a/, l98l). chcmical Estrictio. (PinchMv 

&d .t€sen, 1989), u@nuollcd .nvnonm.nhl vdiarion (Lillc dd Ddto., 1966) dd 

diilffias uong genorypes (Pym dd Dilton, 1974, Robbi6 €r al, 1986; Karebafsr 

dl, 1989; E@king, 1990)-

o 

Chickens @ force moulred or forcc rcsied al lh€ end of liien fiul hying ycar 30 

lhat th.y hay b. ed for a econd ye& of€8g poduction. nE purpoe ofrhe pr@.durc 

is !o €ue the bird to ede poducrio!, allowinS ! Fnod of Br dd Ejuv.narion, .n r 

ehich th. hen is qFded ro pbdq ce$ in 8Er.r quality dd q@lity (Cox, 1964; 

Iroiils dr oi., 2005). Mouttbg is a. impon&n ..orcmic trl@gmat ro for rh. t!y.r 

'nddry a a M of tuimizing rh. .trcriv. lgying tife of a flck {S@., ar, 20Ot). 

Io fowls, th€ oosr sucts{i! nahods of jnducine mouldng m rho* rhal prcducc 

compldc essadon of esg laying, rcpDducdvc idvotudon for *veal .t ys .!d hi& lev.ls 

of diclary zinc hle pov€d to be O. nosl coNiste m.lbod availsble, S.v.el 

allcmative n€thods for mouli induciion, $ch .I f.eding with high Zn (HZi), o! 

mod.nt Zr wilh low Ca (MZdLCa) dicis havc ben prcpos.d (BEl€, t9l; Bd,r at, 

2@3). 

Thc @Nenriolal fc€d Bdicrion od fcd d.pdvarion mebods e on ! u!.d in 

d! poult y b..ae lh* e simplc, pturicabk md c@nonic.l rechliqes thd ce b. 

@d in @mbi@rion with lidt dd wlrcr rcaujctjon (H€mbrcc e, at, t98O; Aodr.s.r 

a,, 1987i Kubera ,r al, 2005; W@dwsd €r at, 2OO5). Hieh dietary letel of zie {a 

suc4ssfinly ukd for for€ed moultins (Shipp.e ,r ar, l9?9). TlE mosl .fmrive 

tc.hr'qu. cr.ated leal s[ss, poduccd npid noulr ed brueh the flmk into ptuduction 

quicuy (Nonh ed Bell, 1990). Swaen &d Bllt (197t) indicar€d thar ftoult p@lic. 

€ d4csary ro &hieve thc oprihM 6t p.nod b lluini- p6l nodt prod@tion. 

Fedilg zi4 a1 I b 2to of rhc 6tion has betr shom ro bc ctretivc ir dr. 

indation of doultinS (srd.No a Jek$n, l9B4; BeEy od Bar., 1985i 

Cumingnm od Mccomict, 1985). Divce t*hniqu€s have be. shom |o h.

7 

eff.div. in the indulion of moultirg includinS fceding Dtually occuding plet or pldr 

by-pmducts su€h a erape pohac (Mckc.n, 1984) o' gw m€al (Zi|mmm md 

AndG$, 1987). Forced moulting a 5 p@tic.l lllegeoenr rechniqu€ M fi^l 

ob6d€d by tue ( 1905). 

Srbs.qMily mdy epotu &ali.g wilh pFclicll .rF.rs of foE d modnne h.vc 

b.er pwnt€d (Bqg &d Be.*,1947i lln .t al, 1964; Nol6, r 6i Zalcr, l9?5). 

TlEe repon5 indid€ vdyinS d€gcs of fccd Buiction 6 induce a noult. Boil.r 

br..dd ho ddidstes d. reutircly f.ed-duict d begimi.g al a €dly a8. (Cosla, 

1981) to citdvml Rp@dudiv. problens brouslt lbout by th€ incred appetiG sd 

ob.sity s@iat€d wirh sroMh seladon (Si.sd and Dldinstor, 1985). S.v.F moulring 

di.ti rcsulted ir gMler body wcigh los, *cndcd @srion of eeg laying &d.lso b.sl 

su!6cq@nt layirg Frfol]Ma (Smirh .r al. 1957i Nol6. 1964 Huyslreblen .r,1., 

l9?7; Fontain , 1979; Bate &d Tlqtoa 1979; la ., al, 1980r B.kd., al, t98l; 

Dc.ur?qe d, al, 1984). The Naiion l R.s.dh Co@cil ( 1984) sugg6t' 50 ppm ziE for 

laying hc6 ed 6J ppm for bcding b.ns. Moult pEcrice w6 r€esary ro &hicv. thc 

oplinm rc$ Frjod to Mimizc post moult poduction (Swd$o ed B€ll. l9?l). 

Moulting is a fesible stntegy for osirt ining .89 ploduclion in a8ed, low-producing 

com.rc'ar ray6 (odfti sr 41, 2002), 

The Unned Slales (U.S.) poullry indlstry confin@s lo inpl€n€nl i.dw.d 

mollting lo *t€d €gg FodEdon ii @'mdid l.ying ncks (!€ll. 2001). Achicving 

e opdnEl noult '€quns di.rary tuipul.tion 10 @r a @nplet€ EgEsion of rh. 

Gpodlclive orcos ed c*etion of.8e Foduclion. Tnis is folloved by Ejlv.narioi 

ed inilialioh of d addirioml .98 laying cyd.. To Blaii thc e@logical bcicfits of

8 

induccd moult wiu requir ddclopB!.nt, l6ting .rd inplmararion of aliern liv. 

didary stptolchd fial minimi4s thce probl.m ed irc@e dt e8a Podudion .td 

egg qu.lity b.nelits s@ial€d wiih th. additioMl .gg lavir€ cvcl.s (Pdl ,r at, 2004) 

Inducc nouhinS hd b€en dfleloFd as a n]@Sement techique lo hngthcn lhe 

Foduciiv. lif. or a laying hen (EtchB, 1996). cl)lmdy thft b no cvidence thar 

suSgcsts moullins shodd be avoid.d for lh€ sslc of impmv€d food s.f.tv (Bouldin' 

2004). 

Moutriog spoEivffi @dd b. ! wnrl f€arm d the slccrion of h.N tbar 

wiu als prcdee tuore emci.dly dui4 lh. econd /d of laving (HcrcmN' 1988) 

An altcnalive but sinple dd .qully cfiecti!. n thod of inducing a Paue it .98 

pod(tion k thc feding of whol€-gdin bdl.y ot & dd rrriru b6k with rc rc$ridion 

of nld iniikc o. day losrh (Abu- sc!!u dd K@mj€e*", l9E5). Ih. Hins of 

rnoh oal! vs dso found !o ind@ ! p.(9 in .eg Prd@tion 

(Kmjc.w! er aa, 1986) bur lh. subs.q@nt l.yin8 Psfolilfrc 

coDped with thal of a 6nEol grcup of hqs. 

in rMil. r.ghom h6 

or th.e hcF @ not 

In P*isen, Japd€s quils w.rc inponed fiBt time in th€ decade of wentid of 

lsl c.ntuy. Aftcdard. thei F.duction h8 b..n nade exhivelv alho$ in all lh. bi8 

cili.s of Pltislan. P@nly this cnt Ari* ha b.ane a Emnable e@ of in@mc for 

loq .minr FopL- IE Fodwdon of quib mt only bndge dE 8.p of pot in blt al$ 

.m foEiSr .xch&ge by exponing b d.ndding narkell. Qusil Foduction ha now 

ben tully conhercializai.

9 

Tn rcse4h work on induc.d houhing in Jape* quil in P&ist , ha not y€r 

tgived anddon- TlFe is ! dic ndd ol such hv6ligatioN h the lool comcrcial 

bE dins cotrditiom. nr6foc, s@h study povidca quil ptod@ or fmcF the 

infomtion to md€ lhis aterpns pbnlibk. 

Tbe pr.Fnt work ha ben pld€d ro investi9le the efecl of fc.d Mr.iction ed 

s!€cific diciiry Lv€ls of alminiu sulf.t 6d zinc ond€ for thc indudon of modting 

in J+e* quil dd on subs.qed Frfo|t@@ of r!. bidr. 

'ftG objccrives of rhe nudy bclu&: 

L To aDploy moultine by mcds of fcd Btriction dd difledt dhtaty hrcls of 

.luitriu &d zinc in diet 

2- To find our th. onpoElivc ctr cdvms of th. sngg€sLd hodting p@dG in 

thc f.n lc quail hm. 

L To invdliSnt the effect of .nifici.lly induced ooulting dd addnioml 

infomtions on rhe subequ.nr poimtial Frfol]luce 

of rhe quaih. 

4. To *dine mor€ cloply thc suppl.hor.tion of duiniu &d anc iD di.i 6 a 

'|:.6 

of irduine a foced $t 

5. To drl@t .89 poduclion and q!.lity followi.g lhe Eth in pbduclion.

IIED CONSUMPTION 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

lndued noulting n6 bns b€en c8sd.d 6 a hml€ss dd eco.omicallv liabl. 

op.6tion h €omdial layeB and bE.dd fl@ks. Moultins is ! nomal phtsiolosical 

pl*rcoN! *ndin dE birdr 4l.r into. Phe of phtsiolosical P!e. Duilg this 

phe, lh* i5 d ttprcci.bL rEdu.tion in body wciehl, Edr.d dc.tle in fe€d i ar. 

&d cvotually ce$adon of egg production. l.du.d noulinS b s anincial ploccas 

wh@h the bid! e m!d. to c€e laying by nes of vaio6 metho& urdq csidn 

circ18ra6- F.ed !.sEiciio! eitha q@dativc or qu'lirnivc (or both) is a @npomt 

of hon ctudlly @oBm.nded moulting mcthod Higi alMinim and 2inc dr.l3 h!v. d 

tulcd etr€d o. fed .oosmplion by h.ns. 

Fed Esli.don dd low dictaty s.tt bethodt Edu.ld f.€d oNMPtiotr in 

Bob*hiL qEil raying h.6 (witen ., at, l9?8). c.ntor ed lohNn (19E4) i^csri8.ttcd 

rh.t dE addiiion of anc d zirc oxide lo thc di.t al 15000 ppm c.ued Ed@tion in fcd 

intrlc. F@d int !c in Singl€ Conb Whiic L€dom hetu w dcpEsed with zirc ai a 

l.vct of 3O0o b l5ooo ppm 0jndeNsd. l9El; McCotrct dd cuinch,i! l9E4) 

Voi&evich (1966) cFncd tlut the dudion of a foGd nouhing codd b. deccaed 

without havinS s adv.lse effecl on $e cflici.ncy of fe.d ulilianion. A ton_signifi.dt 

cffcct of lne feed Btriclion pDgr.m. on f€ed co6uDFion in wlil. L.ghom 

(Bab.@k) lay6 ws obsded by Sahot4 4d Bhani (2001) Ceia., ar @002) iol.d 

$r1q@ils tu fot diflc Fnod with drjz neal at 7 dlys p6t nodt bd.o effdt on 

l0

|l 

I. a €xpdindt, Nss (2002) ued ASA vhite dd Bown-layins h.ns (n=90 

hers F! bFed), which weE subjeded !o t*o dierary neatmcnis, Dl

l2 

which had conpleted lh.ir l0 nonlbs of lay dd ,ft subjrcl€d to oomal ation, zi.c 

oxid€ u€atnent for 6 doys, withddw.l ol watq for l0 days $d wnhdtaual of qaler for 2 

.Lys od fced for l O days. The dinftnccs b.tw.en grcups serc not signillcml Hudilz 

., at ( l99E) irdEed diff€Mt mcthod! of moulting in difrmr srais of larying hcs sd 

obeN.d thar pon moult fed intatc B hiSh* th4 that of the lmot .d bids 

'nc f.€d uoliz,lion of ders gjvd l0 or 20p, lm.llef ElioB fren 4 ro 20 wks 

of .a. w6 inol]med positiv.ly conpdcd eith feding on a ad libitud bsit 

(Mazdoski dd Kokos4*ri, 1998). F..d innlc wG nor afrrctcd bv l,t.doulting 

methods ued. The se of low energy di.t ofLt d 4d /irtrz md a hiSlt zinc di.l ior 

inducing noulting rcsulled in a sinil& pofotuce dd ohajned bv tn. conv.ntiooal 

rcthod 

'r 

Hylift layins h@s (Reos.r ar, 1999}zim€m@ dd AndGws (1990) 

nokd that th@ m m signjfi@t ditr Fic. for fed Pd hen Fr dlv in Hi*x Singl. 

Conb vhic trghom h€N of 78 @ks old f.d on lidled Hirg or dieb Thc lorcr 

fcd coFuption of Hisx hero the Wecn hens Esult d in their having rh. b.tt r fe.d 

.fiici.ncy, subject€d to.onv.ntional m.tho& of moulting dd hrsh zin dicl (vcft.v.n 

sd D.or!eF. l99l). Ogun ed Arsoy (1991) repod.d.lhat thG was no difi.cnc. 

sonS lcfinent ercups of layi.8 fowls fed on whole gdin bdlev for ? davs or zinc diel 

conbining 10.000 or 20.000 ppn anc forTb l0or 14 da's 

R.duc.d fe€d incake dE io rhc addition ofo 3% Al to th€ diet M found in both 

J.p4e quil he6 (Hsein dr ar. l98E) ed SCVL hcN (Husin er,r' 1989) Tl'.v 

.te invca(Fr.d thal rhe cfr*t ol Al on 8to*{n @ priffiilv, but not comPl.klv duc lo 

d.pBs.d fed intake. Be€ue hiSn bvcls ofdictaty Al have b*n show |o rcduc. fed 

inlalc sd 10 lowr the alailobihy of di.lary P, it 6 suge.sled 1har A1 could b€ s.d 6

ll 

& agot to induce noultitg. Duilg ih. post douhing Friod .o si8litcMl difrqcn@s 

bclw.fl leallnots wft fodd witn rcSard to fe.d int rc. Ttc.rldition ofo.l% Al in lhe 

fom of eluble dMini@ sdhrc ro ! l.yr di.r @niaidine 0.35% available P d@asd 

fc.d intakc ofsc\r,L hcN. 0lccomicr &d Cwirdum, 1987)- D.pFi*d ft.d inl t. 

s al$ rcponed by Lipslir .rd Hwnz (l9El), Mil6.nd Rosi 0985), lnd Hlsin 

., da (1989) for laying hm- 11h.d b.d dceomrltcd by Toc.ni d 4r @003) rhnr thc 

incBity of 6:r.idioo h.d no cfiec1 on fc.d irr.L in boild o,hl@) .hick. 

Annad ard Ronald (2003) oblsin d data on noulted Detalb Delu he.s fton 86 

lo 94 wks of age dd dcnoBtialed th.l f:.ding h€lhods had ro significet efiets on 

r..d @nsMpdon. BEle (1993) @rclud.d th.r fFdins ofa hld zDc di.1 is ih. ooly 

alt rn tirc to rh. @nrentiond n rhod, Hid zinc di.t 0*6 ils .6cimcy to the iihib'tid 

of f.ed i ar€ (Mccomick dd CMinghM, 198?). Addition of either 0j% Al s 

dhiriM $lfate or L5% Zn a 2irc o{d. 10 dr. b6s.l lay.r diet 3ielifiqdy d.pesd 

fed irrale of Jalae quil h.B (21$tof.g.). F..d int t ofth. Zn-f.rt bG6 B 

signifi@dy ls thd thlt ofthc Al f.d h.tu, vhich in nrL w6 sienifi@dy l€s lhe 

rhlt of mrtrol ho (Alatud .r ,r, l9EE). w..kly feed intake BB si8rifi@dy 

decreed by iedins ofbolhAled Zn duiog W*k l. Zin ako edlced f€ed inralc 

durine \t€ek 2. Tl8efore, .o diileEnc.s mong rEotme.ts were ob*(.d. In &oihe! 

Eial of feeding 0.3% Al or l 5% Zo !o Japmc* quil he6 lroduced csulls sihil& ro 

$os in the lrial l Daily fe.d i alc *a significmtly rcduced for hc6 in Zn dd Al 

@l,n nls compared with inhlc of h.6 i. rh. con@l trslrnent duing Days I $hu8n 

4. On Day l, daily feed int tc ofd!. Zn uetrnor lroup E si8nifi@i lows $a t r 

ofth. h.E i! th. Al ftarndI 8roup.

t4 

DilT.rc di.bry laeh of Al (0, 0.05, 0.10 or 0.157t wE 8iv.n to Japscs 

quil hcB for 28 days. The addnion ofAlst 0.l5voro dE balal layd di.r signinmdy 

d.pGs*d f.cd inkLe ody dudng th. l" wr. This ed!.tion @ appeximatcly 16% 

.ohpd.d qiih that of the co.t ol (usupplcment d) rcalnent Results dcmoNir.tcd rhal 

itdi.!.ry Al is peent in high 6ough uout!, n @uE induce pa$s in csg prcduction 

ihrcud its.fist on fccd inl.ke, P h.lcbolis or both (Al'ncd er ar, lgEE). Duins th. 

houlting F.iod fad inbt ofd.ily linil,.d s 3ignin@dy 16 rh^fatlG ad libnw 

(67 g) dd rhe non'tuoulred .ondll h6 (98 g). Fc.d inklc m rcl sir,|if@rl' 

di|I.aot bciwn moulr m€rhods in th. prlay thtuugh f wk post moult dd non- 

moultcd conhol hens continued to.oDm. signifcedy norc f4d tta\ ad ltbtrfr ttd 

d.ily timi!.d h.u. Duiog th. 86 throwh 25s wt p61 Eodt period, f!.d int k ws not 

hi8h.r for the @nvationrl 6ouli.d hctu th.n fo. olhd boultilg m.thod. md 

@nvcnlio l moulld h.6 @smcd 3igdncdly morc lhe th. non-noult d @nrrol 

hd (Rolon.t dt. 1993). 

Bcsl ed Ldrsh (1980) Gpon d rhat the d2ily i ake ofz. dccr.a.d in rh. 

eioups of 8 While Lee}on Hybnd (LS!) llying hens giv€n lhe hjehesl lelcl of diaary 

Zn for the yougesl paiods. R.slrict.d fed inr.tc of oimsls mdy nor tully stb8 rh.it 

bdic phyriological dd b€haviodl n .

t5 

po$ible ar lowr does. Ninety es€d Sb8l. CoFb white lrghofr h.ns, 5E rek of sg. 

w@ rmdonly dsign.d io dif€Enl noultinS t.chtiqB (ShiPp4.r al 1979) ll wd 

ob*ped lhal LO./o zinc, c either thc &ciar. or oxide, rcsult€d i. a taPid d.c6e in Led 

inr.ke (wirhin 6 daF). Gib@ er zr. (19E2) EFn d lh.t high zilc dicts Mt dlv aliecr 

D&iel &d Balmve (1980) foud e idtalc of 12 596itd/dav for heN fed 18.?g_ 

zindlg di.ts. P.lafox dd Eo-A (1980) indic.l.d thlt heN fed 20,000 ppm zh osmed 

tb. di.t duila lh. first 2 days of thc sMy bul hddly ate lhe fccd fbh 3 to 5 dlts of tn. 

.xpsindi CEg.. ed Scon (l9SO) obs.

hidlq ths .xpc.im€ntal grcup at ltl8 wqeks old (P{.001). But hcN ofcxpcrim.nlal 

gtoup hld significedy highd tu i sr. tha @naol gNup at 19-25 @ks old 

(P4.05). Th. f.€d inral€ 6 rdu.d signjfi@dy duing crictcd f..dhg ar 

Esdcting r&ins greup (c€rci ?, al., 2003). Varying lwels of 2inc (Z!) coasbdn8 or 40, 

60 dd l60mgAs dier fsulled in e iNiSniilcst Eduction in f€ed @Dunptioi (Fc) it 

boileB (Cufadd ed Bahtiyar.r, 2004). A 3iudy w6 cdi.d oln to s tlF .fl*t of 

fe.ditrs f.v.lr (@naor, 15% &d XW. t,IN a.t tibitud) 6 Mte lrd f.d.i. birds ed 

ih.i. su@Mr sro*rh Frfolfue 

(Shai.tnrd{i ald Toabizi, 2004). th.y oh.flcd 

th.1 bids vith th. hic}la csirictio. lcvcl h.d lowr (P4.01) f.€d inbke. 

L.dvinka dd Medak ( 1988) rpon.d fa.d consumption pe. .8g 190 ( l" cyd. of 

62 d.yt .!d 2648 e'" cycle oI ?2 dayr, .nd rst ed noulting Fno& 

of 96 .hrs) h 

had ba rporr.d rhar Edwrion of 20 ro 3e,a f..d int ke h.d linlc cfr.cr on egg 

sDd*don for r shod pdiod (4 els). duise which tin€ thc hs mobiliad body 

cnsSy rced.s (Deger .r at, l98E). Fcd int kc for al lr,rlr chick.Ds inclt&d to 

abour 2209 byl40 dsys old dd rhq d€cr4cd to aboul 1508 by dly 250i it dentully 

tlece6.d to about l29g by day 350, rh.rc ir erch.s a pl*eau (Klhnbaf .? tl, 1989). 

FD6 I 10 60 days old 16 goups of male hybrid chicken in bottery @8.5 wcF giv.n 

mned fdd wih nnc 50, 80, 120 or 160 h8/Kg. Rdomended optinm mour of zinc 

in le.& dc 80 (60 |o 120) ftg {Ki Srevr.? al. 1986). 

Lukarcv a ar (1988) induced moult in Hhq hec BinS suppln.nt tior off€ed 

with zinc oxid. (2.5 ke/ I 00 Ke fced). They cpon d dd f€ed consunplion was only 20elo 

of $a1 b.for. tr.ahent ed it inc@d ro nomal *ithin a wat fDh drc .nd of

l7 

uealment. He$ dd Btiiton (1988) siat€d th6t f€ed @sumPlion gcn.rallv did not difer 

signiicmtlt b.forc nd afier nouhilg, It hld b.4 Epofied thol zinc 4 acelate or oxde 

givmto lalis h.s for l0 e€eks alconqtntios €quiv.l€ toadd.lZn|,2'3'46d 

5elKsdietsis iliqtlyrcduc€dftcdini.L(Gibsn.,d/.. 1986) 

A pasa in layin8 w6 induced in h.ns dd a declir€ in food @Nuptjor *a 

obsd.d (willim er "r. 1985). Kilic sd Koi (1983) couecred dst! on 6500 Gold.n 

com€t layins h.6 (?6 s€ks old) Sivd 

a layq fcd donc or with zinc oxide 25sl Kg- 

F€€d intakc w d.e@d which bowd w imprcved with liF. Tlly concluded tba 

indudion ol tuutdn8 by zinc sulpl.mcn ws bener rhd conv.ntiond ncrhods. It h6 

bm.lenostdt d by Sla er al. (19E6) in m qFin€nt il6t f4d intake 86 not 

inpovcd by lddad Z. l.vels (s th. {bomtc) 0, 10, 20, or 40mg / Kg in SCWL h€tu 

(24 to 68 @ki old). 9459 Eis whii. fowlt hous€d 4 birds Fl c!s. in 5 bdr ar 

zhk of ae!, @a subj.cred .t 66 st of .gc b . fot d-noult preglmn , @npnsi.g 

Educed f€ed, wat.r sd phorop.riod (Lo8lio, 1985). In lhc li6t l.yitg cycl., which 

laied 47 wk, fccd @Nm€d per kg €8gs pn d!.cd av€ng€d 2.49 vs 25lkeinthe 

Ja.l@! .t al (1986) @llctcd d.|' in tm qperimcds or HiFx hins hc6 with 

ditr€€dt di.lny l.v.h of zjnc. In thc lr qFrimst he6 wr. f.d wirh zinc oxide to 

provide additional Zn lp ro 20elket in lh. so.d expdin.nt, th. diets €o aired 

addilional Zn up ro 6sAs. In bolh exp.rimenls the fed inGlc wa sigoincmtly 

inc6ed, Al thc .nd of 8-no.tlt laying p.riod, a laying pl$ a iDduc€d in 2225 

\r,hitc L.ehoc bt vnh drawl ol wltcr dd fad for 2-l &ys, foUowd by drictld

l8 

fe.dine for 4 @t (M.hta ?r ar, 1986). ln rhe ?t nonrbs foUoMng dE paue lird 

conmed per e8g wa 216.2e vs. 261. L Ovcr thc rotal 16 nonth p.riod, ir lhe 2 gmup3 

f.ed coNmed per .gg w6 199.I hd 222. I g. 

St v.eo (1985) oblaincd dat on 216 htu (108 Hisx BreM &d 108 Warn 

Snldld be€ds) vhich *G givcn 4 bBic dicts with 0,20,1() dd 60y! casn a @lt 

baic diel M tunh.r suHivi&d dd suppldertd wirh ZnO to 8iE 

Zn 0, 100 md 

200ng/kg. None of thc prodkrion trait D@qed m sig licetly afiected by eirhd 

ad.led cosva ot Zn blt thw wa . q!.draic espoN in f@d irdc lo sdded c.sv4 

EGC PRODUCTION 

Minenl induced moulting prccedws such s the ue of hi8h lcv.ls of.it'tcr 

alminim in th. lom ofa $luble sdt or dietlry zitrc podM 3idild @drs io tlE 

onrcntioml &cd GEictim l€.hniqE in p6t doulring eCe podNdod. Ar rhe .nd ofrh. 

layjng cyclc, .gg Prldrcti@ and qudiry dd.e oEi.Lably which Fquir $nc 

peedws to induc. a moulr in rhe flocks in d anenpt lo idprcve D.rfolfuce Ana 

lh. moullin8 D.riod both egg prodktion 6d quliry inpove significerly conped ro 

the peftoult !.riod. Tl|. inportdt ldvml.gc oachmic.l snd fad Bticrion nellod it 

Epid oG€t of!€e id cgg podurion. 

Re$ricted quil (?0%) of th€ el.cr.d line laid fewr doubtc yolk €8ss lne ad 

t rtlr @rEol (Sabin. er al, 1995). Io Bobwhitc quil laying hcs, ih. c.ssdion of egg 

FodEnor wa ob*p.d (wil$n 4 at, l97E) by fad Bridio. .nd low di€rary satl 

m.thods. High lcv.l of didary zirc in lh. f..d had neearivc cffet on egg produclioo old

t9 

egg shall b@tins $raeJt in Japsce qudl (Huts.in a al 1988) Zinc 6 zinc oxid' to 

the diet ar I5OOO ppn @@d estion of.g8 Prcdwtiotr !n r fiv. davs in Jrlaffi 

quil (cdro! ed tohnen, 1984). High l.vd ofdi.ttty alMinim in th. fon ofsoluble 

salts h.s shoM rcsativ€ effccr on .gs soduction dnd cal.im (Ca) ud phosphorcB 

(P) netabolisn id bird. (Milcs .nd Rosi.. 1985) nt€v fudlu eponed thar egs 

poduction deefed s di.laty aluminiud (Al'i) inccBed (0.2 ro o 6% in the fom of 

alMinim eelat ) in dids contlining 0.5% phosPhorou bul not in tnose contalning 

Rale of lay sharply dccic.s.d and lh. quil hd e 26 wers old (w@.latd er 

ai., 1973). Cesliotr of lay in quil hcu o.c6 d 127 wceks t€Pt uffler conltolled 

@Nd ligh (la hos F day). It ha bcd obsd.d th.l th@ is 100/. ploduton in 

fi6r t@ oflifc, nrnn r thlE ha b..n d€!t!4 in Fodction Eud alout 50v" and ?5% 

in s@.d yd erd third y6, GFclivcly. a.lding of z.id .r fi. nt of 20,000 ppF 6 

zim onde !o $. di.r f.d for nol nw th& 8 dlys.id.gg pmduc,rid @used cstion 

of€ss poductio! (Scon .nd ct8.r, t976) anq J dlvs in Si'8le codb vhit tEghoh 

(SCw!) htr &d a sieniflcet i!.l!& in Po3t Foult crg producrion Lipstin ed 

Hwitz (1981) obeded th. irccaring dicLry dMiniM 4 ElM_plecipitar€d alee 

signifidtly adued eg8 produclion dd cgg mds, Moulting dieis caused c.ssatio. of 

css laying ed best subseq@nt laying pefomece (H.Gmms 'r dl 1988) 

Ziel,rar eOOI) ated 6at f.cding l.v.h of 70% sd 40% of od libit"n alfecr.d 

rhe &hicv.m€ of f€n le Japdce quil 5.xul mruity slch 1nar. ar rhe end of tn€ 

€xp€nmen! mosl ofthe adlirtlt fcd f@l.s sd non of th. fenales lhal @ived 40r'lq 

ofrh. aditbirlz fecdile l.vcl w.rc llying c!!r' Posl doult.gg nubq (5.57+0.52) wd

20 

si8nificedy hid€! in bids, which were subjsred 10 the induc.d moulr (Msht.q a at, 

2001). P€r€k er ar e00l) inveslieared thll pGlaying moulrirg ha !o adv.r. efier on 

Akm er al (2001) investisated that post moult h€tr &y poduction (%) vei.d 

signifihdy b€iwen noult d and non-moulrcd bidr. A non€ignificdr ef€t ofthc fc.d 

Eslriction E ok 4d in whi. rjhom (Babc6k) lay.u with H Blricrion 

proSMe (s€Iota &d Bhani. 2001). Capkb rnd Sdica (2001) srared thar cfi.crs or 

Fsling penods oo .ss yield dd tLtc@ircd lhe appopriatc age foi es{ng perjod i. 

quils. A 6tiog Friod E lpplied ro 4h Eqrn nt greup, .xepr rhe @naol goup, 

6irg r rario $ppl@.ntd with l% zi.c for 5 daF to stop quils fion rayirS, Tlcy 

fo6.l thal r6lirg Friodi aff€cted rhe egg yi.lds positively, NedDri (2001) rFon.d thar 

fot. houlting of hybrid larr6, by conbidtrg fe

2l 

!o inc oih.ts Ecivins naiz nqt. Larq qMil perfomcc hld no cII.d oo €gg 

podErion f.d for difeMr pqiodr ejth mir m.at or laying dict rt 7 days pon houll. 

lt. .gg prcdu.don RG ir chicka did iot diff* signifiquy bonS ,lt goups an€r I 8 

days of €-fc.dirg. Rali.l @ovcry of .8g pbduction alter foee moutting would b. 

ehievcd by imprcvem€nt of nurirional conditio$ on erly $aee of post houtlins. md 

ad libiruk f..ding delhod b mosl .ff@tiv. !o iDprcve cgg p.oduqiDn .n r fore 

noqltinS (Shmoto .Id y.maahi 2002). 

ASA whire &d ASA BFm l.yilg hetu f€d hti rDo di.b.y rEarhe s of 

alMiniM 3ulfat Dl (O.l%o) &d corvcntioDl f€.d ftstriclion D2j h.B f.d Dt piodued 

Dor.Sgs durioS rhe l0 ttays folowio8 houlting conpeo !o n€tu td D2. Tlrcre Bft 

rc si8l|ifi@r differcncs betred heds i, .vcrage daity egg prcoucrron, lr is suggql€rt 

lhrl tlrc ASA \vhir. bcd is noE arpDpnac for mouqs prcennn , thd ASA 

BrcM. ln coacl6io4 e atMiniM collljni.g di.r is a bend ncrhod for foe nouliing 

rnd conrc ioul f..d Eslri.rjon (Nass{, 2002), No fed rcnovat w,rt ad /iDr@ ees 

to 95% com o. 95% qtr.ll niddliaes doutr di.rj thar @ndn€d supplm.nbl Dinerats 

8at vitahin6 Fsulred in lotalcesetion ot.gg pldrction wirhin.S tt rs in Whic Leghon 

hero (Biggs.ral,2003). Th. egg p@ducrjon of Wtire legrom lay.B wirh d /iDito 

&ce$ ro 95% com or 95% $,[ear middlitrg noutr di€ls ilppr.norcd wnh nineEls and 

viamiB hld dr@sd to 3% b, day 28. Hcs fcrt the whet middling dicr Eruftd ro 

podetion 3liglrly fder rhd hcns of othcr relhenrr, posr ooutt c88 prcducdoo ed 

egg ha$ (rEk 5 ro 44) wqe 8€nerdlty highei for th€ wheat mddrings, 

100 whirc kshom ha! 67 kcts otd ddod or 

iodine J?to (SFD, z_bc T5OO (SFZ) or iodirc 2soorznr 

sart bur supplcn.nted wirh 

500 dg 4q (SFIZ) ad a

22 

srndard dier wirh $h ed supplen .rd with ioditu l?5o+zinc 7j00 mcAs (rZ) w6 

B.d ro in&e moultitr& &d ompaEd wirh a onEol diei t r did tui ird@ nouhing. 

Thc houlr showed a si$ifi@t dcclin€ in c88 pnduction in all SrouF duirg rhe t 7 days 

of noultins, the cfles beeilc morc pronouced in SFZ h.ns (polEaj dr ar, 1994). 

They turlh* rcr.d ih.l duing the Dct molh pdiod, h.a housd .eg poducrion ws 

sigdf!@dy biahd in rlt rhe boutr€d grclp3 @npded wirh the conbob blr no 

ditr€rcncd monS rh. ooulLd greups, 95 pull.rs wc tcd on di.!s coniridng zinc oxid. 

&d skbiliur to prcvide ZnO. o, 1000, 2ooo or 3000 bc^c. zn> 2O0o ns Educ.d c88 

prodEtion. Zn 1000 ng had e ctrer on taying pdfomde. ,A.nd fcding d. b6al 

di.t for 12 d!F, layinS Ffomtucc errEd io mtuEt (xu a at, 1994} Nomouttcd 

h.N had signifiqdy lowr (p

21 

(Kct En ard Pd&tyq 2002)- AllilE dicE \N4 fcd to d!ck5 fot 24 wks. Ir w shoM 

r\^ fedin9 ^ 1VA and a5% on /rrrrm siljiti@tty (p < O.O5) Educ.d .ge p,odlcrion. 

Irc Eprcdudirc p.rfomdce of qujrs (CorMii .otmn japoni€) wa .laruled 

fouowing f*d stricrioD ( roo, 85 a&d 1v/c of ad ljbitun) LEtvaD 2 ro 5 w@ks of ase. 

Egg podldion ws ulaffet€d by fe€d Btriction {Ha@ e, dl, 2003). 6 Ml* ad 24 

fmdca p.lin d@klinss w@ tudonty.Ioet d ro @h of 12 p@ ro r.s1th. cff*ts of 

fc.d r6triciion duitrg @in8 on Epoductirc Frfol:@e. Ar trE Gnd of l.ing (60 

}Ers) . for.d molll *s inroduc.d and irs .trcr on a 6m!d a0 wk5 prcduclion 

ioEstig.rld. Trdnois 'w 4d t rno thrcughout, ud 75 or 5@/r ot at libit@i r,*e 

liod 3 to 20 w.cl$ (oliv€r, 1995). D$Ig rh. taying (20-26 @kr) atrd posr forced 

noull pdiod (60-100 r€.k) d@k bG.dd p.ll.ls wre fely sivo to atr d@ks. h @ 

conclud.d thlt n.in .dv$ragc of f..d csiiclion E higtH egg prcdudon, hjghd Fat 

ald thiEl prcdmdon. 

No signilc&r ditr rcMs bclw..n hd in the 5 smurs tcd ad thituk vtlt 15% 

pote'n lay.r d4h IioD 72 lo l12 wks ofs8. ws obsesed (Ravindd ed N&atdi. 

l99l ) which wft subjeded 4 dii.rcrl fo@ houldng rreainenrl. Buhr 6d Cuminghd 

{1994) @Gd oo diflffie in egg p.odwtion of hens, *hich wec induc.d modring by 

diffcGnt n thods. Ege pro

24 

Xda 4 a/. (19E8) obseped lhrl .8gs tgid by the rin€ L?2 (BUT) od li,. L?8 

(Nicholat tu €y h.ns w.G &atlzed ov.r 2 conecutiv€ cycles. The ls! cycle (fton 32 

to 52 wt ofagc) ws terminated by e induc.d moul! rh€ 2"d cy.tc wa! induced al6j wk 

ed B ledimt d .i 72 set. E8g prcducrion arcoged 85.5 sd 52,4 for ote 2 q?€s of 

ndcy hft in 0E l" cyctc, &d 11.9.!d I t.6 Gpeivety in rhe 2d,The.gg ped@don 

intccity oflh. 8UT hans w6 I G I ?!/o higt.r in the I' ard 4,9yo hiSlg in tn€ 2d $d in 

ihe Nichol6 hens, Bacon ard Long (1996) foud eeg prcdudion of rqkey he6 sbpped 

by 5 days atcr hitiatio ofditr@t h.thod! of fo@ noultiag. Eg8,rc

'ldcinl 

25 

fcd intat . h @ be co@lu&d rhar lhe .ffer'vms of Zn to indue lhe 

esrion of la) ir due {Joh@n dd B6tc, l9t2,6rion ffl;. ten d.ys wjr}Dur dlon 

(T2); tlrc. days withour Erio! followd by fo.dine with brekd maia .Id $rdm 

8lains for nin days G3)j mrion qithout lincstonc or salt fo.12 days (T4)r lation wirh a 

hiSb hv.l of 2inc for rs€lve days (TtI dd 6 Brion with hign lwel oa iodirc to! 12 d.rs 

(T6). Mdrc .nd .oybed mal 9@ us.{i 6 the bael dier THrncnr did not difi.r 

iadnicdly (P>0.05) wirh ceard !o pFduction. 

Molhin8 had bed rcporr.d ro 502 day old Lohhaa Hy-linc W-77, y.fa dd 

Y&kon stlic of layine h€tr (qpqin nr I ) dd or difreMr as.s dui4e rk tiBl ycs of 

ploduction in lh. hnnd strain (Expdificor 2). rn both €xperiDorr, induc.d moutt 

culicd i! d inclle in post moult cgg poducriotr rzr€ and a dinilutioi of1h. dalinc 

of prcdetion wi6 age (Husir .? ar, t998). H@ting (2004) cpon d rhr 6ing 

uasndG did nor ellet Fstrroul! It h6 b.6 d.moElarcd in 600 Sirgl. Comb wljtc 

L€shon h4 liom a .om.rci.l sltaii ([kKrtb), 80 w.ets of ag. slE B.d ro 

d.Lnift th. etrect of difremt ioducing houtting poSt"lme oo poducrion. Th.n hec 

wd. radonly divided inio 4lFarn€ goups (3 .xp€rin€ntat &d I 6nFol) of l5O 

hm dh (Add dd Mdhaly, 190). Thc bird. in the fiEr treorJndr grcup (zr grcup) 

lNft f.d a layer Ftion @lainins 20,000 ppm of h for 5 .lays. Indw.d moultins 

significddt {P< 0.05) indased eg8 prdudion fon 64 ro 7?,83%. 

M.ao$li od Kokoszynski ( l99E) compaEd f€eding on ad tirtw blsir, drck 

giv.n l0 or 20el. snaller ration fron 4 ro 20 wccks ofage i.crcsed tayirs dt jst s in 

d. cac of ad lirr,, feedins, 3oqlo small.r ratioN had a negative eflsct on epoducriv. 

Frfoms@ ofducb. !n dolnd trial rn y found thar toolo re$ricred diels aor ducks f,on

26 

7 !o 20 veets ofage had a positive influ.n@ on €89 prDdrction. LowerinS di.ts by 20 or 

3096 FnEcd crrcdlctive pqfomocc conp.Ed with Min8 ad Lrtm b6is- 

Zgrpr@io .t al. (197) an lyscd thd f@.d noultirs des not h.v. dy b.n ficial 

€fre.rs o. rh. prod@rion ofJapdese quail. 

Tnc s. ofzinc oxide (zno) for inducdon orooulting w6.valut d on d fam of 

10,000 SSL. hybdd hec in Budva Yusoslavi., in Apnl l9r. ZnO wa add.d io rhe diet 

at 15 ksl6001$ of dicr !r tbe end of lcchmlogical laying F.iod ai ?3 @ks of lge 

(Fililovi. dd Stcvcncvic, 199). Molhing *6 conpleied *irnin 8 to l0 days md n s 

ferbeu app.d 28 days rft6 noulting. L.yin8 p.riod w6 extend€d by l0 nonrhs affer 

i uctiotr of noulting, st sticn iinc egg prodkdon *6 53%. It is con ludcd thlt ZnO 

ar 25000 pptr/I000 kg of fed h6 .o toxic cflsr. 

'nE poductiv. Frtolllfu of conm@i.l layinc hG subjdr.d ro ditr@r 

mdods of moulting 6 sludid o! % Hy-lift layidg h6 of 85 @t5 of .ge. ft€ 

lr.atndb EE Tl, conv€nrioml b.rhod offccd qifidaMl dunng $. fiBt 12 dats T2, 

hish zinc dicq T3, low ene.gy diet fed in Uhncd daily ponions (45 g/hen/day)i T4,low 

.ndgy dict f.d dd /irrr@ (Rmos €r al 1999). The pr.ducrion dara affer th. boutl 

Friod *cc !@riLd duine five 28nay pcrio

iniuenced by e.viroMmial temp@turc, sinc. ttiey weE obeped i. 

not in the ai er study. hng,lerD r$i moultins D.rfoMe B 

27 

all*t d by 6ing dias rarsiry ir porein contc Aom l0to 16% *ith or wirhour.ddcd 

zimcllj1m ed Anfts (1990) ob6d€d rh.t th6 w6 rc si8rifi@r 

torlnai dif@ncc or min efar i .srion 16 ob*flcd for cga pmduction iD His 

Sin8l. CoDb Wbitc L€8Ion h4 irduc.d to noull by limitcd f€edilgs, R$uhs 

dcnonstrale thar th. dicr fed duing limiicd feding oi thc period of ih. tiDir.d tine 

li.dirs u$d lo ind@ noul lN@ tur or lo!g-i.m ibpori.re- Reulrs aLo dcnodr.r. 

lhar moult ind@d by lihit d feding is .I &ceptable .lLmriv. ro mrinmu frninS. 

A8.d laying fowh, which w.re indued ro noult by fsriry ro l@e 30% of their 

ongind body weight or by adminirEalion of ! dier @nraininS 2cZ zim 4 zinc oxide, 

dEwd Epllducavc inrcluion ed Nrion of €gg prcducri@. Bo& nouling 

lpmd$ implov€d .gg shell qurlity by rhe dm€ ofoviposirion of lhe l0o.gg afr.i lhe 

Etud lo e8g ploduction following noulring (B€ry fld Br.rk , l99l ). 

h h!.1 ben Eponed iD a study in $t'ich 600 Hi*x .nd 600 W@o hcs gft 

subjd€d to forced moulrinS by si!ryation (8 dly fdring + 20 &ys ofesr.ictcd fc.ding 

on whedl ba) or a hish zinc dier {20,000 ppn 2inc oxidc + 20 dsys of wh.at bre). 

Mouhin8 M i.ducdanr8,10,12 or 14 rE y€idt layilg pqiods in rlE fiEr llying 

y.r. Orcups forc.d mouhed ar rh€ tiBl thF. dm6 wrc .8ain $bFcrd ro fod.d 

moulting after 6 lsying periods in $e *ond laying yeai (Verhcye. ed D.cuypeR, 

l99l) Egg ptudcrion ws 3lieldy nisnd for tne high zinc oerhod,6?eially in rh€ 

Hi$i h6. Ar gsrcr !a6 W.6 h.N hld lowd nce clg pDducrion tha Hi$x

2E 

hcB, b.€e of bet6 pe6isLnc, &d higls p.rr poduction. Poducdon daEas.d 

wnh inct ain8 a8.. Moultins had b.d apon d ro Ilik ed Tsiya dsk, which EE kn 

inl&|, or foee noult d by feding lhen on dicl conlginins zirc oxi.t l5 g&g for 5 d.ys 

or 30 s/kg for 3 days. Ans noulliog atlduck w€G sivm rhe se @m€rial dier. 

FoE.d nouhirS incF&.d egg pbducrion. ZnO l5 g&g di.i @ rh. besr h.lhod of 

ind@ing houltine Gerioko snd colisldo. t9E9). 

ll had b€.n dmonsmd rhar E?loducdvc nlrdon s itu@€d 

'. 

old fowls 

atd indudion of a noult by €nicrilg food co.3@prion (Shrtp e, al, 1992). Moult d 

fowls h.d a glqter d€ ofcgg prcduction rhe moulred controt fowb, l.d!.!ion of 

ovd'& rcg63ion in old fowls by food Esrriction alone al$ incEs.d Gpoduclive 

fimtion .n{ rcnovsi of food n!tricrio!. Sclariv€ fedins b€havio. wd studi.d in 

@mdid hy..s! giren. zirc dc6ci@r 5t .ra (Zo 25 ns&s) or. @!nol di.l wjlll Zj 

50 hg&8 liom habhbg @rit 4 cl6 otd. or h.d fie choie of bortr dier, (Eiod D. 

looMc. of dly €xpsience on etFrivc Zn int t 'Et sled i! pefccnc.16r. duin8 

'.{ir8 G.riod 2) dd al poirr of lay (Fdod l). chicks shosed a pEt Rnc. for the 

nomal di.t in period L In youg l.ye6 $ce was no diecry prfercnc., Egardhs of 

zinc supply in pdiod (St€imct ,r dr, l99l ). Hctu in pqiod j had no dict ry F.fcrcnce, 

bul whd Fak of lay B E&he4 $Ldiv.ly in rc!..d. 

Tilb@k ed Joh@n (1990) ob*.d rhr noltrjng induccd by nur.icnr 

Gtricrion (by whol. oal f€edi.g) in l.ying towts show€d lowe. .ge p@dudion rh& 

orhcr tEalm.fls ofOn RE agorist, $'hir. L.don heN w€r€ induccd !o noult by f.ed 

ad watf r.slriction or by phobperiod m&jpulalion &d vee fed a di$ conhi.ing 13,

29 

ls o' l?% prcrein {Bhani and Shdu, l9E9). Birds Neiving rhe 15 &d 17% polein 

h.d hid y ese prcd@tion. 

Data had b@n coll€cted in t5000Ghoild brcedins 99 in tek, which wse 

forcc noulred ar difliGnr ags @dng fion 54 ro 86 wkr (Hda dd yalcin, 1992). 

A siSnificet qudlatic r.laliodhip qEs foud bdB@o noulring age &d de nutd of 

@k rcquir.d to t@h 5%, l0Slo and pc.f cg8 produrion. Th. root dMbd of cSgs in 

th. 2d cycle, the slop€ of dccr€ding .gg prcd@tion w4 sienificdtly lin sly cofrl.l.d 

wiLh noultilg a8e. Hcns nodt d berGn 54 ed 67 wk of ag. had rhe high.st 2id 

cycl. cgg prcd@tion. Coclanr wighi modrorjrg lheuSrron poducrio! flblcs 

oplidm mipnlatioi of wighr ditr Gntiat dd h@ atlow nor .mci..t dogy 

utiuation for cto\r'fi ed .gg prcdu.riotr (L..son, 1992). Albuqu€'qw (1988) slat d rhor 

di.t ry zinc with 2clo 4 zinc oxid€ h t 28 *h of Babcet and Hi*x Brem h.6, oSed 

singly (66 wk old) sho,.d sigDindrly !$sq@ prodwrion 6oe $a wirh the 

Eidr snups,.eh of20 taying fosts, *@ f4sr€d e rhat rhcy losr 3oel. of rh.ir 

bo

l0 

ofmoulling dd to 1.7% in 2E w!.k ofmoultirg (Burke .d Attia, 1994) The abitiry of 

a n@t to podrc. cggs al a high 6l. {ftdrg the s@nd cyctc @ b. fi.iburcd !o rhh Esl 

Fnod of moultitrs (No.il ed Bcll, 1990). No siglifi@r difm@r bcrEd trearn@b 

were foud with r€gdd to .8e pod!€ion dring the posr nodri.S pdiod, 

Bale! a al (19E2, l98l) !€dfied rh€* resuhs by EponinS rhat hqinm egg 

poducnon wa obhin d qbfl thc b.dy wignt @ rcdlced by 25-30% duinS Uc 

indued modr BElc., at (.i9?9) Eponcd rhd htu d.ivi.g a bdd.ed !'orcr drion 

dudns thc mouhing penod had betrc. e8g ptuducrjon and noultiae. Eg8 perfom&e 

ws inprcved i. th€ feed i€srriccd h€E @6p.rcd witb f.

ll 

A rolol of lwo hu&ed dd sixlan caged laying hens (Vd.n.tSA BROWl\l). ar 

83 w..ks ofa8., EE signcd io 4 cxFrindral gouF of 8 Fplicar.s inctudirg con0ol 

dd forced noulrins waappli.dby ueof20,000ppmofzi.c (zn). Prcdwtiv€ rans of 

drc fl@L w inv.stigatd. H.E i, $c Zd r@mdt Eehetl 50% of ha - dly .gC 

prducrion od th. founh wak .no r\e inniation of moulring. Avd.g. hm -

32 

A str'dy on 180 quils (a9., 52 days) I @nd!.!rd (S€tir rd Klcutq 2003) io 

d€t€miN whethdr nnc suppt.n nladon codd alleviate ihc debimert t ?f.cts of bi8h 

mbicnr t npcarc (l4oc) o. .gs prcdrcrion. They suss.srcd rhai supplcndrarion 

vnh 60 m8 zinc Ag di.r prere.E quils by r.ducing rhe n.garir cff.cls of hd srE$ 

An exp.rimnt tra conducted ro delemin€ th€ efLcl of fedinS o.lhod (coNtanr vs. 

vaiabl.) on thc p€rfod'E ofnoulicd Dc*rtb Delra h.tu lion 86 0o 94 wk of.g. 

(Almd dd Roi.l4 2003). Trc vdi$t. fadins netbod, had no ,icnifi@l .flccl on 

esg poducdoo. Yosefi ., at (2001) i! o .xpednenr studi.d rhat dudnS noulr indElion, 

csa byDg E acr.4 P!* .r ar (2004) codrcred & .xperind b d.r.minc ri. 

lbility ofe ati.h.liv. stt fdh or t% Zj ro ildre noulr in 56 *kld h.s .d 

demomrBted ihar feedins a feed giade ofzn ptupionare (l% Zn).supplenenrcd diet cm 

E.!in po3roouh cee qlrtiiy dd poduciior @np@bt. ro h€ru mo,rtrcd by &cd 

*ilhdr.*tt. Trc co@cEial snliB, iy-line w'36 and D.katb xL, w@ srudied in e 

.xp{im.nt (And.6on er ar, 2004) for p@ducrion plmeteB duing the fiBl cg8 

Foduction cycl€, rlE @ulr pqio

ll 

houltiog. Hwia.r ar (t995) @ltcr.d fic dala @ bjds! which B* f.d for 

hamk@cc onl) va4ing tbm O.J5 d. Ir sa conctuded $ar mamd mpm\chenr 

.Pp

34 

Egg prcdctiotr cw.r ofrhe daily linir.d and @ drion l htr did not dilld drirg rlE 

post moult period. EgC prcducrion durinS;e 4 wk moult w6 signilicetly Sieater foi 

mFnoul|d @ re| h.B, hllo$rd by zr' lb,rlr hes sd lowr fo. thc oihcr th€ he.3 

moulting melhods. Egg prcduction of d.ily limiLd moulted h.ro @ lowr thd for 

mn-boulled @ re| h.s. DuinS rh. Sd ilftugh 26$ *k posr moult all moulr€

15 

clleds of Ged cEiclion rhq rh€ ldgd lut.y s[aiu (\vtileh..d, t9E9; Hokins, 

1992a), O.e pceert dicuiy ziac,6.irld rhc ac.tar. or oxid. Esutr.d jn a 6pjd 

cslion of.g8 prodErion (wirhin 6 days) aD.t wirh srbclq@n nc of lay (ShipF. .r 

ol. 1979). Hid zinc fedins Gsutc in a moc Epid c€srion of .gs layi.8 s wll $ a 

sieiificet incrae io pon 6t.gs prcducdon (Cr.ger md Scot! 1977) wh.n conps.d 

widr 0E coN.lrionat mulr ptu.d@. Chrnes ., at (l9Ea) suggqt d rhar fediry . 

hiSh zinc di.! 6 a n d5 of iduci,g a Bl ofr6 rc atlvebge ovd @Nmrionat nodr 

Suppl4 .r 4( (1958) in a 24-wk Irial, found rhal for tayeB tujrtai,.d on rhe 

fl@. .Id fed ! p@ric.l arioq suppt@oring lhc ano, kIn 48 pln 2jN did nor 

inc@. cg3 pDd@don_ Ki..!olz ., ar ( t96t ) foud tbll l.yins hcs fed e ielar.d $y 

- bacd dierconbining tO ppm zin had low€r tha nomal.gg poductioh. Srudi6 w.e 

@ndEtd dq fou tay6 y4 6ing Siqlc CoEb Wtic Lre:hm htu. 24 ro 6E wks 

of gae to obsepe r'E effaIs of 2irc supphMbion lcvets a the carbodc (0, I O, 20. or 

40 ppm). Eeg prcduction we nor inproved by zinc supptmertd,on (Jm6 .r al, 1986). 

TIF er{ts of th. nldirion ofzn s ZnO ro dier b nd@ moul ws .vat@tcd 

(G@d'un €r,t. 1986). No sisiti@t dift@s rc obswdr a@Ie hcE t€rt dicrs 

[o which ZnO @ added al t0,OO0, jOOo or 25OO ppm for 7, 14 or 2l d.y! in l.@ of 

.89 prodlcrion dudnc lhc 22 wc.k qr.rimenral Friod. Rob.rr dd FMcis (1979) 

indi€Ed rh2r 20,000 ppm Zn addcd ro r[. dicl ws €llcriE ro indw DouI &d 

g.nsally save rciulrs @hp.6btq if nor sjgnifiqtty ben.r u& lnoe obrain d wnn 

convenhonal moutrins ncrhod. Mccomit od Cwienan (t 984a), in a 28-@k srudy, 

coftparcd Dotrlting pccdc .nFloying t0.000 {d 2O,0OO ppn nnc ond. feit jn rh.

t6 

Ityin8 6tion with a loily fc.d @ovat !egtim.. Tb. Bulls suggBlcd no 

,dvelagc in indrcing noutr by e ofhigh diehry zinc. A longitudi!.1 srudy of ! I oct 

of Single Cohb Whit L.ghon pull.tj ws iniriar.d at 19 wks of ae. (EFodrcrion) 

edo itrwd rllroud a FodElioa rar, a forcert houlr lrd for 4 month ofFn mod! 

pbdwrion, P€Eor hen .'!y poduction petcd at 90pl6 sd th6 d€.tiD.

31 

CON ll hd bccn epon.d 6rl rcsrontion ed cjuvdarion orrhe r.poducriv. sy3r.n 

by lo.cc mouhinS embl. $. h.n @ prodq moE.Sgs wid bcer rlFlk (Wilen ?r al, 

1969), The nore sdft moulling di€ts r.sulted in e exlend.d cdetion of.gg layine 

ed.&o result in dE b€st of subc€qw l.yins Frfotmc. (Hn Ds er dt. 1988). 

RN .r.t C@pbell (1986) in ! studr obeo.d tuinu .gg ouFur (86id/d.y) by 3- 

week lood r€slriction in laying h.s. cery (1979) fowd ro inprv.nent ov.! conlrol 

valB for .gg prcductiorl vn n broild hEed6 g@ fo@ doutr.d Eilg wcnl 

Anke ed McDei.l (1981) reported d inpov@eDi in posi mouft p€doMc. 

following s foE.d mouh A bbl of t44 h.N and l8 ocks of thc M&daEI to..l sF.in 

(32 *ccks of a8.) ws u*d ro wduab lhc eE6t of dietary zirc suppl€n€nlalion wirh 

medionine or microbial phtlae crEym. on ils pmductiv. &d ieprcductive Fdolrfue. 

Eeg rubd ed .ss proderion (cggAe d!y) s@ imprcvd in hd!, *tich 'ft fcd 

di€tr @ntaining zinc plc delhioiik or ph!1ae ir rh.i. dicG (H!ls.l a/, 2003). Ihe 

prim.ry goal for moulting turkey h.N tn EfoG should be . c.sarion io egg pmducdon 

(&con &d N6tor, 1982; Rob.l, t984). An .xF.ircnr B @i.d our ro study fi. 

etr€ct of suppl.me.tirg loong&g Zn to di.rs on rhe rpmductive p6fol1rr]@ of Dokti- 

4 dd Bad@ h.ns udd hot ctih.lic co.ditions (hbied tcmpemrua tug.d frcn 22- 

l8'C &d hmidiV noo 15-60%). Htu f€d di.t suppt@corcd wirh Zr had 3igifi@lly 

hieher cgg p@ducdon thd those fed wirh conuol di.t (Catit sd Smad. 2004), Leghom 

hybrids Esicrcd duing de greEr ph&, laid heavj.r €gg! rhe droe Ert id.d dring 

lxe sl.rld phs despit hlling sihite body reighB ar cid of 6in8 (KMlkcl sr aj., 

l9l ). 'Dis effet wG nor innrc@d by rh. cnicdon n€rhod.

l8 

Eigl -day pae by eg8 podudion }6 obc.ded *hcn whot+BEin bsley ws 

ted !o hd {Abu-S4q &d Krojeryq resS). fte t .d,n8 of whot. oa|r h.tEd eg8 

productior in 5.7*0.22 d lod thc dlration ofthe paus @ E.3a0.76 d. The si8in@ny 

hieha 6G of cg8 Flducrion ir hs givd a Esr cutt d in rhe* h.N Fodrcinc lj.5 

.Cgs noE p€r h.n in rhc 196 d cxp€nD.nt t pdjod rhu thos. in rhe @nrol (,on-Estcd) 

8tuup. Tnis inccse ia cgg poducdon is one of the significmr 4ononic b.n€fits of 

indeitrg . pae in agcinS b@ They @rctud.d rhlt rL. taying pdfot]rr,@ of ag.bg 

broq.eeg lay.rs could bc improved by jnducirS . shon pase in cg8 Plldudion al thc 

od oftn€ 6.sr 

'ru of l.y. E8g prcdution ws siSnitc&rly Ed@ed in EsdcGd grcup 

a122-25 ret! old @0.05). nough egg prcduclion wa hiehd in expqimenbt 8rcDp th& in @nibt grcup 

(91.24yc, %.649t peak pronoaiLon) ar 2631 w*s or.t (C@i ., ar, 2003) 

on€ hudrcd .!d t*€ y gnups of hs *.F subj€cred l(| difl@or m.rhodr of 

nouuing (Kochirh €r,t. 1986). rzying,.slancd 42 days anq lhc Egin. had be.n 

'd'ruc

l9 

I.8lm and Mathr (1988) denoturaled non-sigrifidt .tiilence hons 

!€atmmts in r.spet of posr noull ho-d.y egg predrction in ?20 Sh.v( 288A Wl le 

L.dom h@ (65 {ek otd). Dc86 e, dl (1988) obi.itrd dara on soups of to scvl 

givcn d slock diet polidirg DM 101.2,92.4.81.0,70,4,61.6 ed 52_8gday Goups l_6, 

GFctirely) fo. 16 q€.k in 3J-weL F iods (t,l t 6d l t l ), Eeg podrcdon rhained 

Ehtivcly hidr in the fccd Eslticcd greup wh.n @mp€red is grcup I in Friod l: in 

p€riod I l. cgg poduction dcrced b a g@r extcnt. E8g prcducrion w significetly 

lowr in psiod I I rbd h pqiod I in th. f€.d-l*icrcd birds. ln Fdod I .gg ptodrcrior 

dirl not dec@ signific&tly uril ihe hetu w@ eiv.n l6s $d 70_4 e/day, in paiod I l 

thie @cuEd at les the 8l g/day.It bd b.o d.nons:tra&d (B.ugon.r al, I9E8) thar 

Lrlg Fe .ge 6 E2.5% Aon 20 ro 65 @k is tsabbM tayilg h.s (Aom 19 b 

66 wets old) fed difcient diets contatning 15.t./o dd 16.6% poreia. fbb 70 to 92 

@l5 and modtinS layiq Featae. with di.r. A dd B $€l 7l.l ed 67_65 

Frcn 12 !o 20 wFks old, 600 Whitc Leghom pulleG w.rc giv.n diel @ aining 

l7ol. cP ard ME 2680 KCal / Kg .t lo0, 95, 90, ed Eo% or r@ inal. (Najjb ad Al. 

Noor. 1987). F..d Er.ictior did ior alfd (me ofpodrctotr of 661 ce8, @$ of d.ing 

to 20 w€.ks old, and h.n day eg8 prlduction. Forca moulring hss (t€npotuily halting 

egg pDdEdon) @ qcnd rheir p@deriv. tifc. A nix.d $rar.sy ofss4 cjlw@rioi 

ed Gpien.nt ce nise profit sisnifi@ily (Mccl.Ied ?, ar, 1989). 

Moult ws induc.d in Hjs.x hehs Bins supplche.radon of fed wilh,nc oxide 

(2-5 KS/100 K8 fcd). Egg prodErjon ddaFd ro 5f, *irhin im dars ofb.gituing of

40 

tetmd! ed b O or thc 7s d.y. Egg prcducrion llsmed duing rh. s@nd Gr 

(Lukev e? ,l , 1988). E8s prld@tion Se.erslly did nor difier sienificln0y befod md 

ana moulrins (Hes and Bnnor 1988). 2500 nnt ys wE $bj.cred ro d i'duced noulr 

by r.striclion offed dd wt., Egg production F ho hou.d ws 83.0,5O.l ad,r4.2 

for lh. I laying €ycl€s (Suro ,nd P@nyi, 1988). 4 gblps of h!ti& Whic gae (30 19 

&d ? ddFl grcup) w.rc subjd.d ro muttins by difl@i meilDds (Etninoska- 

Wcnda, 1985). Egg prcductio. avmged 51.3, 52.5, 40.2, ed 41.3 in lh. fou Coups in 

rhc l' laying cycle (84 b 130 dars), 1.4, O.?, 3.7, &d 4.9 dwing noutring, @d 25 5, 

2a.2,25.7, sd 29.1 in the 2id cycl. (lol.ll3 days) and noulliie, intc*al b€tw.m 

cycl.s 12.0, 7.0, 8.0, ard I t.0 wt. 

Mccomick., al (1985) suss.n.d rh.r di.6ry enqgy crridion (2t40 s_ 2760 

KCal n€bboliable cncrgy/Kd inposed tor ! T,nonrhs period aner peat produdion hod 

m .drce c,Iei o! predEdvc Fifoll@c. of wnn kshod h.B. SupptcMBrl dE 

(100 vs- 50 mg /Kg) did nol s@ ro i!cl!4 rhe ege poducliotr. Zinc d accrai. or oxid. 

giv.n to laying h.s fo! l0 rels .t coFcnFatioB .qujvator to dd.l€d Zn t. 2. l, 4, dd 

5ng/Kg dict siSritlc&rly Edlc.d.gg production (cibsn ., ai., t9E6). 

R{geFl-ugo €r ai (19E6) obsed.d th€ 2cr./o.re.8y slricrioo in l! cycL aflecd the 

egg Fod@rion by rhc lixlh tun$ i! SCWL heB. 160 wdn hy4 of 70 $t of ale 

w.c $bjed.d ro five difieEnl diekry l.vcrs of zinc oxid. 4d fsrjns foi doutrins 

plrpoe (M.l@i c, 4l, 1986). Z.m ege prodElioo w tuh.d 6, 6, 9, 6 md 5 dars, 

&d l0 % productioh in nexl cycte afrer 56, 56, 16, 22. sd 22 days. Io the 2"i t.yins 

.ycl..ge podrcdon q.s E2.19l. in while L.Slrcm h.6 which wc induc.d ro 6outr by 

diffce n thods of nouldng i!.ludin8 f.ed eEicrion &d nnc oxide 3lpplemmbrion

(sold.vil. dr d/., 1984). Cl€vd €r at (t986) foud hctrj.y .ss ploderion !rctsgc

FEED ETTTCIENCY 

Induced mouldng of @m.rcidl lay6 ha! b.q u*d extensively d a 

'maAm. al r@l ror exr.nding fl@k p.rfomd@. Th. m6t widcly p@dc.d n€dodr 

of nouh hrve b.co. &d conlinuoB to be, f..d reslricrion dd ftin€nl induccd douting. 

h is gocrally acc.F.d th.r focd noutdng eutls in e imGe in r[e hte ofcgg 

prld@tion €xc4ding the prciredEmr r6te. F*d Gslriction tuy rcsulr in food 

c@v4ion .frci.nct i! layilg flcks sd houtrin8 outd bc . @nn f6re in d!. 

sel*tion of hens thar will produce moe .fficiently duing the secodd y€d of laying. 

Fcd.flicidcy w GdEed io SiiSle conb whire Lcghoh chick vh€n siva 

lcvds of 0. I - 0.4to aluiriM e duidM sulfd. (SioE .!d Ncl$a 196q. Ard,i 

a aa (2001) rcpod.d thar f..d .trcidcy (Fr Ks .ss 6s bsis) vdicd si8lincdrly 

betB@ moulrd dd non-ooulr.d bird!. F*d 6nv.6ion emci.scy (fccd/doan ccs) 

@ @i-sisrilicdr in wM. LeclFd (Babc@t) lay€6 d@ ro fEd r6triction 

pbeffi. (sahora 6d Bhlni, 2001). pdet (2OOt) found thll indued moulli.s 

significedy incres.d f€ed corvcGion cftci.ncy comp@tt wirh lh. cortrot srclp. r€.d 

conveBion a ror afeted .tuing thc 20.wk p.riod in layer quils t€d for diffffil 

ptriodr wirh laying dier ai 7 .tays Fs1 mou! (c@ia .r at, 2002). Shdob ad 

Y@rchi (2002) obs.tued ih.r rhe f.cd cfiicj.ncy in chickeG w high& i, rhe all ar' 

,6'1D f.d !rcu9s rh& in $ricrcd f.d sFup. Hds fqd alMid@ sulfar. (o.lyt had 

t 16 fed convcBion rhd thos. hc$ wirh Bfticled f.!d (Nals, 2002). 

Th.e wa no consislenr dif€eocc in While Leshon lsyc6 jn Bsp.cr of ffrd 

cficiacy dorg iurd6r. of diffGnr noultug dieb *id $pplcmtadon of min ols

4J 

ed vit mi6 (Biggs a al. 2001). Keidcr dd P6etyo (2002) srakd ih.r fed 

convcBio. 6rio of duct ied tQplo ad libitun (6.{l) *6 sie ifr$tly (P

44 

Food co.Eaion B iol diffeeol mong r.qthcnr goup5 of laying foels fed on 

whole Smin b&ley oi zinc diel (10,000 oi 20.000 ppm) duing rhc laying pcliod afte! 

trdme (Ogu ad Aley, l9l). The f€.d cfi.imcy off€.d urilianior wa dd€dd 

by th€ f..d Giiicrion md high dietdry Zn r@trnenls in posl mouhi.8 (Bery ed Bralc, 

1987)- In . study of c.ged layiq ns (w@-lSA BoM) F.g@ ., ar e00l) 

tepon.d th€ feed cotrv.Gion latio h lower j. the zn gloup e.06) 6d hish{ in conlol 

snup (2.?9. Irle cv.l@tion ofhe 6ulr with Egqd io fon d moultins epli@rion lo 

layd showEd thar rhe use ofzinc.ppeds to be sup4ior cohpd.d to lhe oth.r n thods 

Toghiei ?r cl (2003) stiM dul th. inrffiity of f@d rcsriction h.d no cfid on 

lced cflicidcy a149 d (F2 0.05) in brcit* (Loh@) chicks. Croups of8 lvhn Lcghom 

Hybird (Lsl) layias h.s wd. 8ivs dicu with Zo 5000, t0000, 15000 or 20000 ng/kg 

fcd tor Fiods of 2, 4 6 or 8 dar3, follo*cd by mmal taying di€ls (B!sl atld 

Lelzsch, 1980). TlEy nold thar €iEciency of feed anvesion ws incE6..l i! lbe 

gDupr givd Z. - dch diGrs for Fiodt graid tr 2 days, Jd6 €,.r (t985) 

conduclcd expqinc.ts ov* Single CoDb White Leghom heN to study th. .tt+t of 

supplmehrion of zinc a dbonalc in thc con ey-be*d did &d fourd tur 

inprovcmcnt in feed conv.6ion. It nad bcd democtmed rh.t lced eincicrcy showed 

no coBist d diffNne monS lann€nr oE a F.iod of 40 @k potl modi i! 

Dekllb Whne h€s {Biggs el ar, 2004). H8s$ er ar (2001) Gponed $ar gtuups fed 

diets conbining zitu plE odlioriF o. ph'lrs inprcld (!

45 

h had bendmoBd .d rhddlc indlcdonof spaE inp,ovedrhe.mcidcy of 

food utiliztior (KmDjawa er ai. l9E9). 1lB hcB giv€n a rcst ar€ norc t6od in rhe 

$b6.q@I layias Fiod; ficy utilized rh.i! food moF cfrciotty rhd the hs ir connot 

sroup. This w6 snribuled lo ih€ njehd dr. of.ee prcduction in th. ,esled h.ns. C@i er 

al. (2m3) i" e .xpditu€ on t44 Hytirc (w-37?) tayiq pulr.r5 {15 wk of ag€) 

reporGd feed conv.don duing production M @r improv€d S.n raly by puller feed 

Eficlion. Food coivcEior cffcicy qs imprcvcd by aty .g. fo

46 

Bougoi .t ,r (1988) @ndErd d .xp€rinent on t600 lsbbM laying hc$ 

(ftom 19 to 66 w€rs oU) whicn w€E |:d dir€renr di.c. From 66 we.ks for I I d.ys 

rh.y weE givci dia hich in 2inc (1250 g/100kg) tho a sr@k diel io 69 wk otd. Fom 

69 Gks halflhc he6 wc siven rh. slock dia (A) wirh l5.l% lrorcin &d ih. oth.r 

half s diet (B) with 16.6% potein lo ?4 w..ks otd rhen I t6, I t4 ed I l2g daily fron 74 

io 78, 78 to 82 qd 82 b I Gks, Gp.lrircly. Th.y rcFncd the dajty fcd i.lat : cgg 

*i8hi/day 6lio k 2.43 duinS ln laying fron 20 to 65 lEk' F..dr c8g *i8t 6lio 

with di€rs A lrd B 6 2.62 .rd 2.58 antr noutlira (from 70 ro 92 wcks) Espeliv.ly. 

Foo 12 ro 20 w€ek old, 600 Wtn. Leghom puUek w* sivcn dier conrliDing 

I ry. crud. pretcin ed b.raboltjbte cug/ 2680 K CayK8 al I OO, 95. 90, dd ECr.,6 of 

n!. i sr€ (N.jib dd Al-N@r, 198?). f..d Bujcrioo did not srsr fcd (Ke): .sss 

(Kd Etio. ft. f.ductio. in index emcicrcy was hichcsr wnm Rsrriction E ihpos.d 

lnd % loGr wtcn o.ly E-eers body wcieh b 6ricr..t h 99 (P!!o {d 

Mohapara 1989). Thc ef.d ws studiqd of 2oplo .ncrg/ restriclion (!E) &d 20% 

ocrg dilutio! imposed .ftr pek podkiion or tb. f6r and s@nd cycle prc

a$d di.t (zinc 28 or 34 mg / Ks by ealrsjs) wirh supprdmtal zioc le!.I, (d 

Ebodtc} 0, 10, 20, or 40 nslr.s. lccd convdiod *6 @i impoved by added 

(srahl .r al. 1986). 

BODY WE.ICHT 

S.vqal suee$tu1 nerhods of inducins noutlins h.v€ be€n u*d to recycl. laying 

h6, U. mjonty of whjch cquiF o oprimm wcighr los of 25-30eld b lchieve 

luinu €98 potlu€lion. fte oosr t quenrty usd melhod fo. induine hoult 

i!@rpodr4 f..d Brricrion io conjuction wilh difcEnr di€r,dy l.rcls of alwinim 

sulfdc &d zinc oxid. iD @mdi.l tay6. Indued Doult.ppeas ro atrsr rh. Mour 

ofbody weighr l6s neesery ro 8iv. ndinh posl moul €gs oulpur, 

Body *.i8hr los of nn*q Menry or twnry fir Frc.nr ws invesli8.tcd by 

feed Gmov.l, daily linited or alte@r. day fedinS of a mouh fe.d (Bun mij 

CMinCbr 194)- They fmLr nad. obeB.do6 dsr d rhc 4d qek Fsl mulii.& 

body w.idt wec 50 dd 579 h@vier fo! hos thai had lost lj% body wight rhe for 

lhc. lGr 25 or 2070 6petiv.ty. widin 4 *eb Friod non 8d b 2d @k posr 

noultitrg, the doull irdsing 6.rhod for F@nage body weiehr lo3s did rct afiFr bo

.4E 

w€eks), dl birds we givfl . commdisl brc.der diet ad trrr,r for lhc remaind.r oftn 

srudy (4E weel6). 'Ihey demonstded lhar body w€ishl differed do.S rrstnol5 duing 

no{ of tbe @ing Friod.'nrc LP bi.& v@ simile in body *i8hr lo th. RIO ar 28 

weks, By 48 w€ek, grcs,rh cws ofall restrn{E bccm. sinile with fi€ R20 e@up 

baving a lo@ body Eighl. F.ed eEicrio! rEdNd tmc ria dring tqils. 

Vei.don i. body w€iglt in lhc Rlo dd R20 hero B incEded dunnS Edir8 bu B 

educ.d agai in rh. beder p.riod. 

GNia €t aa (2001) srudisd d. cffcd offeeding com m€al duing rh. fa.drg &d 

cdng p.riod or lhc Foducdon Frfom@e ed notulity of lay.r quib ard foud a 

egGsion in the wigh of th€ rcpoducrivc lEl utit the 4d day of rhe EstinS Friod, 

rtc birds have achieved rhcn inilial Eight prior flnile bur not lh€ wcidr of 

rcpodrcriv. o.gss, Two dFritMts 9@ pdfodcd on boild chiqks 0o da.@iF rh. 

er€ct of .ithd q@drdiv. fcd Gi.icrioi (eFR) aon 5 to I ld of age o, D.al fc.diq 

(MF) tDh d 5 to 17 on d.Elopmd of acriviry of cnzyb* asseialed wnh porein 

digqrio. (SNbilla .? ,1, 2003). lt ws concluded dEr fe.ding Egic! influn€ed 

grvlji Fte of boilcR TIE BEided fc.ding (8dl, dd 5oelo ot ad libitu) or Ui4y 

w€ighl ed body compositioa bsis in Jap&He quil ar s.xurl Mruiry ws .xMin d by 

Zebnrr .r ,l ( 1984). They Epofl.d rhA f..d cEicrion did mr aflar body wcighr dr thc 

otuer of lay bur ir did delay ae€ at fi6t !ss. sabinc .? zl (1995) Epon€d rh.t fed 

BEiction of th. 6G of 7el. sigrifi@rly .'Iccl.d body wigh of raplK quit tha a.t 

r,b,lh contols, T& wks anq eflriclion cnded, hoe!v.r, body w.i8nt % no longd 

dilIcanr Body wiSh ii B.bwhiF quit l.ying hfls w cduc.d by f..d Buicrion ad 

Iow di.t ry elt mdhods (Wil$n sr da, t 978). Mil€s dd Rosi€ ( I 9E5) foud rh.t hieh

49 

l.vels ofdictlry aluinim in lhe fom of$luble elrs bave shoM !.8arjve.tr d on 

Zinc at E level of 3000 to l50OO ppm &prss.d rh€ body wighr in SinSl€ Comb 

wltile Leghoh (UndeNood, l98l; Mccomick ed cuminc!@, 1984). sros ed 

Nder (1968) obw.d itl.r l€v.ls of O_t-O_4 aluiniM s $lf.r. or chldite salc 

Gd@tl grollh etl bone s in Sirgle Comb Vhile Leghoh (SCWL) chicks. Halm&s 

d, aj. (198E) sbtcd thal ooulting diets nsuti.d in gqt r body {eighr loss, Rad.ty ed 

E*elh (19E8) in d €xF.im€nr EFncd diffcmr n rhod! of fad E$riclion appri..t 

to co@crc8r .gg ryp. pullers frod 7 lo 20 wk5 ol.!: dd ? lo 2 4 veks od ad tibttun 

f..diry (@drols) low pFrcin rnh !m.l tFi4 lo* lysini @Eol did wirh tud dqr; 

7W, ad libittk fe.diÊ liî|.d tin€ f*ding q stip{.day f€eding. Thcy foud th.r 

gtow.ts Evcn ad libnun b.d or dy ot rh. low prctcjn di.rs iioE 7 - 20 wak otd 

gain d noc wigh gair ,.p6d* quit b.r!€a 2 io 64 dly of lgc F.ivcd ?0E .nd 

40% of ad libltun f.edine k\.b rcspecdvely m atr ct d Mlh rhe andmenl of body 

wcieh ':tB lt .fl .g* (zi.l rt a1.. 2@t). A*tu et at. (2OOl) invcnigd.d t6 body 

wighl gain by the birds lhich vft sp.d with cauicr.d f*d (1.71+ o.ll). Nss 

(2002) not€d lhat layins h.ns fed with 0.3%.luminim sulfate lo$ lcss of theii iritial 

body veidl rhe htu with Brided fc.ding. 

No feed Enoval wirh rd tirrlr eess 10 95olo com or 95% wh.at middlinS 

mouh rliets conr,.ind supplmcnr2t miredls dd virarinr cdrcd in body reighl los 

lor n G appoximaGly 15 ard 18%.t.t y 2E BFcnv.ly (Bjsgs erar, 2O0l)_ HNa.r 

ar (200) csLblished th.t body wishtr ai fi6r eeg lr@ lignjffcedy hcavid for fcr!.lc 

lap@e qvms Ld 1V/, dd libiM rtll for bids on odc. ftaEEnts ( lO0 &d 85% ofad

50 

liDitm\ Snith er zr (1994) wo*€d on 10n00 days ofagc. 40-brcjls I9 fiom €dly dd 

lare fei[cdng sf.ins, which s@ subjerd ro at nD o. Fslricrcd fcdio& Bitds zd ti, 

had a 3iSnificerly hicls dry i.alher wi8hr in Elation ro body aeighr rhm rho* oi 

eslricled di.r. Hens noult d by ieed rcsidciion (FR) losr 2l% ofthen inni.l body weighr 

(Buk and Ania 194). By 28 day body *ighI tos E 22 .nd t8y. in rlE f4r.d.nd 

nonfa*d mouung reg'm.B tMaruo md H.jn. 2O0tJ. 

Body @isnt b$ for hc6 fo@ mouhcd by srd ion ss sig.iicdly sMler 

ln4 for alminiM n .rcd hetr aner lO days (Htsin €, ar, 1989), S.iapld er ai 

0997) stltcd rlar 6:t ictld fcdins la.k ofdieis @ ainrg 24,2t, 18 or t5% Folein 

h quil5 a.n sm sti of 3rs ald show norEl gr.wrtr optim@ fcding ih.Mftd 

@mF@r6 for lhe poo. gbrlh ed cv.n €nhdc6 it. Ir hld b.en Eponcd tnat body 

w.ights qchcd valres highcr in ha indued moulling by difie@r o.rlo

5t 

pot in lays n{rh diel ad tilt'l&r for 6rh .rry ld, 4d or 5d day (Zimcllfu dd 

Andws, 190} Body widt w6 cduccd by .bout 30% aft€r 23, 20 dd 17 d.ys 

Esperivelr. TIE whne Ledom hem subj.cred b mourl by ted ed w!1q,esrricdon or 

by photopenod mipularioq body widr h [iSh.! ia birds l@iving di€rs of 15 and 

l?./i totein th& tloe for l3% protein diet (Bhafti ed Shma" 1989). 

Osu ald arey 099t) nored no difieErcd doss rurrdt 8rcu!6 in body 

wcighl of laying fowls duiiS lhe layinS Friod afrd rirc rr.alDenr of whol. C6in b&l.y 

o. ! diet ont ining 10,000 oi 20,000 pprn trc tur ?, l0 or 14 d!ys, Body rcighi *e 

high6 ir Batock dd Hirex Boh h.G f.d 2% dier conraining ZnO for I I days $e 

with th€ othcr m.6ods of noulting (AlbuqErque t988). At 50 wt of.g€, 320 havy, 

n€di@ ald li8ht brcild h.N wE slbj..rcd ro forc.d noulrinc, induc.d by srrrarion 

for l0

52 

F.seG er al (2003) rclcd $al rcidr tG of lsrer, l0 dlyr aner tu besiming 

of foeed noutine applistior k sienincdtly highd (p

53 

inductiotr of pa|s in c83 prodwdon &d subr.qn nr pcrfomee of Japae qujl 

hos. A bel di.t (2.5 Ca dd 0.35olo availabl. P) v6 fed alon€ or supplen€n d {ith 

h or Al for 7 days in lrial I ed for 4 days in ldal 2 (Ahm.d er al, 1988). Ailer ? days 

avdge My weights of rh. Al ftarme.t (138 B) dd Zn rcarlDcnt (llo 8) grcups B@ 

siCniiddy lcs rhe dral ofrhe oftol ftarn nt (182 g) srcup. Body siehrs ofh€N 

in Al ed Zn ucatrn4k w€E signilicdtly loss rhd lho* of h€s in $e conhol 

treahot upto &e .nd ofvek 3. Hetu fcd Al mre significanlty li8llre thd conllol 

h€s at lhe end of wcek 4. In morher rid lney foud lne av.6gc body wigh on D.y 5 

ofhm il borh rhc Al &d Zn lr.altndrs ws signif@tly loE rhd that ofhff h ih. 

In a trial, di.ts contlining graded levcls (0, 0.05, 0. l0 or 0. I 5%) of Al NeE fed lo 

JapeN quil hcns for 28 days (Alm€d 4 ,1, 1988). IXe body wi8ht of hd f.d 

0-15% Ar wa siginddy lowe. thrcuSh out Ih. aial tbn t rof h6 f.d th. @ rot 

54 

of fie prc-lay penod (28 days). body w.i8ht of hcns in all noulted goups had d€qeased 

@mp6red *ilh non-noulted ortrol hs. aody w'ehr Edrctio6 at rhe begidilg of3'd 

wk ofnoull for daily linil€d w.rc 9.9?o, By th. ..d ofth€ 26 vk posl moult Friod, 

body widt aeair did not diffcr srdinically b.tEn moult€d and n@-ooultd @nlrol 

h4(Rolondrar,l93). 

Huein { 1988) obcery.d th.t Al 0. I % f.d ro q@il hds for 28 days rdrced body 

weighr In a srudy, r'€atm€nrs wc a tull-f.d conhol (FF) od a f€ed-Gficted goup 

(FR). Feed duine ltte rcstriclion p€dod (6 to 12 d) lor th. FR boiler birds ww limited 

!o 50% ot volutary fed inral€ of th. FF brcil* birds (Zubdi dd L€Mn, 1994). 

Rcatriaed-efed birds do noI plly . DIG in th. lbiliry of th. birds 1o show inpovcd 

stuwth conFruaiion. Body si8hr @ntinu6 to imtla in @nmrcial tu*cys, hcne 

t[c .l$i.td prcbld of low .gg poductioA mltiple ovdarion dd p@. shcll quility 

@ likely to incr€e (Hocking., aa, 1988), A mg.livc @ftlatior ba b€r ob6.dcd 

b.trer body Eish dd .8s prcdkioi ir tukcys (Netor.t ar. 1980). Noll ., al 

( l99l ) also foud limit€d daily acc.$ io fc.d to b. th. oo$ .f€.tive m€rhod ofr.ducing 

body reidt. RsFiction of feed idalc ton ad /iritur (AL) ro @% of ad libitn 

rcdG€d body weighr (zulldfli.? al, r99r. 

In e experimen the diets of hens werc .dded 0, I 10, 620 or 1,120 deAe 2inc s 

zinc sulfat h.pablydrd. (Z.SO..7H?O) for ? d.ys &d 0, 1400, 2800 or 4200 ppn zioc 

Gp€ctively for the followi.g 14 days (BE dinS sr al, 1992). All he6 that cotumed 

zirc had significandy f.@ day, to lsr ovilosition a @npond *ith @ rol htu ard 

rhit @u&d vitlout signific&r dill.rcnes in body wish for th€ 10*61 zinc gnup 

wno cohpaEd *ith conml grcup higlrr ld.k of zinc did de,s. body w.ieltt. In

55 

eorner cxpenDeni they found thar lhe zn 2800 hms losr doe body w€ighr fia confot 

hetu Palalox ed Elodic ( l98O) Rpon.d body wighr rlducrDro ot I i y/o fo, pu et fed 

2onslg of zinc oxidc for 5 days. rn a srudy of k. BroM hes, 72 wkl of.g.. Tukm€n 

., ar e004) @n4icd .ta6 on difr€Enr methods of indrc€d ftouhing &d bad. 

obGw.tions on weidr Io$ @U@ce during fored noulring. RefeedinS with 6e laya 

diet Estord nonal body weighls. The body weighr oflhc mouhed hcns decEased 

sielif@tly to E4.8%, 74.5 ed E8% of rhc idt'ral body wciShr for za cAL d oN- 

OFT goups rBlErively (Atodd ed M.rhaly, 199) in comwial sriin (Dc&rlb) 

AEIc (1992) indiercd rha rh€ hjsha body w€igh 16, lh€ hish.r po$ noulr 

prqructroo, Augspug€r .r dl (2004) ob*d.d t'Er suprl.mcntal zn had no eFe{t on 

gro*1n pqfomce, In b@u layile hybrjd! ag.d 79 weks, lnc moe svcE noultinS 

dieb aulrcd in gsr.. body Eight lo$ (HcmM €. ar. 1988). r! a surty Oatil dd 

s@d (2004) Eported thar supplm.nring di.!s duing hot clinatic conditions {irh zn 

inpbv.d ihc lDal body w.idr h Dokti4 ed Badls hc6. Ar .xFjm.nr @ 

ondrccd ro srudr rhe .ffcr or Edhod (low lrlin or q@tiry of food) &d pha. (slrnq 

or g@wci) of Btricrion dunng @.in8 on grc$lh in Leghom hybnds. A ieduction in 

bo

56 

Er.rdaiion atnibuable to Estriction, cxccF in lhe birdr $'hich had bcn subj6ted !o de 

moq s\.R B8im.n. ln rhe mrlde! Esim.ns. body weishE rached ;i8hrl) hrehfr 

valE l,tr& lhoe of th. ad /,rr,D - fed conrols. 

Do oh .? da (1989) @nd@led e cxFdne on bFilq chict4 with food 

Esrrictioo progm alons with lisht .onrcl 4d foud lhar 1h€ pllteh of body w€igha 

gain wa sibild lo thc ordd of fed @ uiplior. Moulting had b4n rponed b thc 

17% los in body w.id! duing thc 7{ oat-fccding Friod 

in bmm ' .88laying hens or 

68 wks (Klj@jew a dr, 1989). Th.t als Eported ttal a In'. 16 6 adequic 

for the improvcmcnt of $teqEnt l.ying pcrfommq U.lik amerci.l chickel\ 

tukey heG cBtomdil/ lo* BW ovq fi. coae of a pFdulion Fdod (Brcon ed 

Nesror, l9E2i Rob.l, 1984). fte livc wcight of rcstrict€d fc.d stoup q4 afeci.d 

positiyely with ircGaing offed int le an r Esrricled G.ding (C.rci .r da, 2001). Bul" 

this pGiiiv. crd w mr ad.quaa for im@ins the eeg Poduction. It@foF, fcd 

coNeBion of cstricted fced elolp nay nor b€ ben r 6d zd-L, f.€d Brcup. Ihe livc 

weidt of Eslrict.d feedine eroups was Gduc.d significdtly duinS esnicted feding 

(P

57 

eieht gaiq which cd lcad to h€lth &d f.nility prcblds (Meich, 2002; Heking sd 

whir.h.!d, l99q s&di|oG d zr. 20lX). ln a srudy P6ia.,.a (2004) oberrcd thrt 

broil.! chicks fed lhoe high i@luion dt s of Zn did not show rcduc.d wei8h 8e. in 

compri$n to chicks fed on suppleme al Zn, 

Sbdiarnarlari ed ToEhizi (2@4) @nduct d e qFrih.d ro s tbe efT6r of 

lhF. difemt feeding l.vcls (@nLol, 15% sd 30p,,6 b€low ad liDttuz) oD hrl. ed 

icnah bids. at rwo initial body w.ichs (li8)n dd havy wdsh bndo &d wirh two 

bd.ds on olen $bscqucnt Snnlh 

perfo|l@c.. nE birds wec csricted fion 710 14 d 

of ag. &d alo*d ad lir,ru sltrs udil 49 d of age. Malc boilcF had a 3iilislly 

hidd body weidt. Malc boil6 had .lso a betr.. @DF satory sm*lh dbihy a 

.judg€d by siclliliceily hidd ero{Ih 6le {P

5E 

@iwl dbic.t tedFnl@ ed phobFriods. Moulting occued olet 2{ nonlhs. The 

hm w.t divid.d inlo etuups showing a singlc inhive moull (t bitds), nutripte 

moulting Fdods (12), nuliple, ls inreNive noulrins pdiodr (6) dd ion-noutlins 

bift (5). M6r bird losl wich duirs Doullin& moE in eEe {5 of 5,9 of 12) lhm in 

l€$ inldsiv. (2 of 6) boultine croup! (H@hino dr al, 1981, 

Roiquillo (1988) indGd nouliio! in hens affer a laying Friod oi6',1 months ro 

lchiw. w.idt lo*s of 10, 20 or 30Ed ed foud @ signifi@r difldne bcterq 

lI ar€d. @trqtcd (@trEol) h.E. t dvint 6d M&d.i( (1988) brd. ob&plrioN ir 

a study, in which th. I' laying cyctc h$cd for 62 .tays, fouoqld by r lst pqiod 

(ircluding Doulling) of96 days &d by dd 2'd cyctc of?2 days. Thcy apon d rh.r body 

weighl of h.ns avcrag€d 12699 beloE ed ll5l8affd1h€ l".ycle, and l1658befo€ 

and I l23g !ft.r th. 2"d crrle. In a study of goup6 of l0 Sirglc Conb Whii. L.8nom 

bss giv@ a rtock dict ptuvidirg DM l0l,2. 92.4, 8l-0, 70.4, 6l.6 .nd 52.E9/d!y (rreuF 

l-6 Gp.ctivcly) for 16 vekl in 3,4-*.cli pdiods (1, ll and lll). Body widr 

.Lcrca.d apidly in rh€ feed{€stridcd grcups wher @npaed yilh grcups I in F iod l: 

in pdiod I l, body w.isht @jned corurlrr (D€g.n ?, zr, 1988). 

Gbups of @m€rcial pullds w.E 8iv.n diers ad lt ,trr (AL) fiom 4 ro 50 

@k old (c6Fok ) for di.6 Ar aon 4 b 6 wks otd tber di€ts Esficr.d lo 90, 80 or 

7f/. of AL in|,le fiom 6 to 12, 6 io | 8, or 6 ro 24 wks old fotlo*€d by di..! AL lo 50 

weeks olds. Fo. tr.amen$ 90/12,90/18, 90/24.80 2,80/t8.80124,70t12,70/18^4 

7024, final body qeights wE 1585, 1595, 1549, 1579, 1594, 1550, 1t97, lt82 dd 

l58l C conpd..l wifi 16769 fo. @nEoh (Shma od Sh,rda 1987)-

59 

Kaiaibaf.r a/ (1989) @nducr.d & spsin.nl on dly ed lale feath.rinc 

boil.r brEda fcmds fd ad /tirM (AL), f.ed nsaicr.d daily 10 @nr.otbody *isl 

(ALR) or sltip"onc-dsy (sOD) ed skiFtrvo.day (sTD). They r€pon.d th5l body weisl s 

of AL chickeG inc@d ro 46009 al t30 days old &d rhen @h.d a plaleu. Body 

w.i8nL, off..d cricted gou!6 lm l6s thd half of fiar ofAL chickeG by 160 d.rs 

old. Cotrtmu.d Gl6e frob fc.d EsEiction @bt.d chick6 to r&h. weieni ofdout 

12008 by day 350. 

Bouson.r.l (1988) oboiEl d.l! on 1600 Isab@M tayirg h6 (aod t9 to 66 

wcck old) givo . diet high in zinc (1250/t0oq) toD 66 w..k! for ll d.ys rh.n a 

siock dier !o 69 *€k5 old. Fbm 69 wk half rhe hctu w siv4 rhe stocr dja (A) 

wilh 15.I % prctcin ed rhc olhd half a dict rirh 16.6yo pbt in (B) to 74 @ks otd rhen 

116, ll4, dd ll2g daily fton 74 to ?E, 78 to 82. sd 82 1o 92 wek Esperively. 

W.igl of hcB !r 66 @ks G 2100g. M6 daily inbtc ofrhe high - Zn diel w lEg 

including a w.ight lo$ of 2l %, Anq Douhing. w€ignl of n€$ @ 2250 ed 2O7Og with 

dicts A dd B ll t Ets Bpocrively. A!.xpdincnr M @trd@r.d in wnich zift, d 

4.t!tc or oxidc w3 giv.n o l.ying heN for 1en @k at concdriarions equiv.l.nl lo 

add.

60 

nerab.lizble cn.€y (ME) 100 Kcalr(g wa fed non days t2 ro t5 .nd then a layer 

diel with 17% C! ed ME 2860 KCayKS ws given. Body werght was nol siSniti@tty 

.fle.t d by esricring diet ro 95% ot ad tibitn irare nt eirter iim. of induclion of 

Estricad fc.dins (Lgtu ard Hcben, t9E9). Mourr s6 irdE d in hiex h.6 agcd 79, 

80, 83, or 85 wk (3265, 8000, 804, .rd 4EO femates Fr greup rcspcdv€ly) Eilg 

suppl€mertation of f.ed wirh zjn€ oxide (2.5Ks/l0o fu fed) ed corsq@try rhe body 

weigh derted on ?ri d.y of trcarnenr flom l92O , 2O3O io l7O4 - l8O7 duing thar 

pqiod (Luk4v e, ar, t988). 

cl€vd .r 4t o 986a) Eponed tar M.dim vhir€ ruk y h* whd subjcred b 

noultilg show.d ripili@rly hjghd poducdon with tow€r veighr lo$. rn tu olhd 

qpdiment Cldvcr €r zl (1986b) invcsdgar.d rhar kee wtire tu k.y h.6 subjdr.d to 

moulijng lost body wciglr and @nrilEd.o gah body wight util rhcy we heavid at 

$e begimiig of rhc 2d cycle thd ar dE cnd of ln. ln cyct._ Wiuj&n ., a/. (1985) 

indrcd & pae in l.yins hes ard obedad a los in body wigh, for 4 days ercups of 

6500 Golden Comct laying hes 76 weck old werc givft a lay.r fced slone or qith zinc 

oxide 259/Kg 6ilic ed Kor, 1983). zn daE6ed ljve w€idt $tlich howvd inprcled 

vilh tim.. lnd@tion ot nodting by zjn supplemdt E @Bidd.d ben. $& 

Je 0984) collecied ds1a ro.7 ho hr on post noulred ess Fodlcfion. An{ 

mouilir& hds sbn d lo lay BiEn they gaincd mod thfl lhejr o.iginalkiShr Mouhed 

n tr bo

6l 

qitb zinc oid. ro povi.L rddidorrl Zn up ro 2oglkg itr fi. wond.xpdinqt, dr. dids 

.ontlined ddilioral Zn up ro 6g&g. In borh.xpdi@nls, body wi8h sig t@lly 

incBed (Joctsn.r al, 1986). 3 etuups oflvhite Rek (wR) boil* wee subj6ted ro 

nodenle, wcG s

62 

deresed md post nouhin8 produdion incre.*d (voiikevich, I 966). pete\ et dt. (2001) 

.onclud€d liat pre-lsyine moulti4 *ould b. e clfectiv€ nedod tor inp,ovin! .gg 

weighr. Post nouh €ge weidr (66.78+t.4 t ) ws sipifi@tly bigh6 in bids, which wde 

subj..lcd to indua mouh Gt\shra{ gr 4t, 200 r ). E8s n6 @ied sigtrif@dy bciwd 

moultcd ed non-noult€d bi.ds (Aloh .r dr. 2O0l). Eeg wiSht i, layq quits E nor 

afr.cred duirg rhe 20 @*l period by lails dia d 7 daF Fst noulr (cei4 2002). 

Hdviq .ge Eighl sd b.lld €8g sh.tl dickn s *F obseeed io laying he$ wior 

di.rary lev€l of0.3% ofaluirim sulf.t s conpaEd to tho* which s@ subj.clcd to 

f4d atiictior Th* w no signiticdi diffen@s b.rwen bEd ir av€,age.8g 

wcishl, egg sh€ll thiclnes dd .gg tlau8h Unil (Nass, 2002). 

Biegs a al. (2003) obsw.d no @6isrcor dif.tlt6 in egs wigh of WhiG 

l4lrom lnler fed ot ad tibitth aces to 9jy. @h &d 95% whet ni

61 

w.ighr. H€D of thc Hikx slrain {24 pq srcup) shich h.d compler.d $ei lo honlh of 

hr, EF (l) f.d nomd Etio6 (@nftots), (2) indnc€d to noutr by ncd of zinc oxidc 

kcadn€nl fo! 6 days, (3) induccd to mollr by wirhdmwing Mt€r for I day, following by 

wiihddwal of feed for 6 days or (4) induc.d ro moutr by wirhdhwlofwater fo! 2 days 

&d fed for 12 .by5. fn llre 4 gnups Gp.ctiycly 67.32,64.13,70.2) ttd 62.46% of 

hcns (jme i o lay duinS lh.2d y€d, €ge weighr avcdgert 55.3,67.1.64.6 ed65,0A 

(Soldevila dd Sib€rio, 1987). 

Kriz er rl (1988) slaied egg wcidt ws 80.l-90.6 e id L?8 (Njchols) od 76.2- 

90.0 a ril L12 (BUl turr.y htu ady*d ov6 2 @Ncuri* cycles, which sfr 

tcmimted by d ilduc.d mo'nr Akey cl ar (1997) in a siudy of t64O h4 i! l8 rek 

subjeled b force mouliiog &d e8g weight w6 modlorcd st 2-week inreryals 61im€s 

.luing rhe Doulling p.nod a!!d 12 fi@ duing rhe pd moulring p.riod. Hec shos.d a 

signifiol inclt& in .gg @igbr (l

g 

Eg8 m.ss *it highd for wmn 6r tior Hisr fowts b.qw of highs .gg 

wiehr *tcn rlEy wG lubjer.d ro foE.d mulrins by difiGmr rerho

65 

No signifidt diII€Etrc @E ob*tued (Fes@ ., at, 2003) b.rven 

tq[n. . forcss.idiirlayinchc6of E3 Ek5of agcshich*@for.d moultedby 

diff.r.nt m.ihorls includiog appliarion ofzn (20,OOO ppm). nE €iIccl of uring dicrary 

aluminium (Al) d s noultirs aecfl for laying hens @ invesrisat d (Huss.in sd 

Daghir,2003). sinsl€ Comb vhire t.ghon n€N, 75 weks orase w.c s.d and w.re 

f.d d lrt !r wirh mize et?b@ t.yd dicr coohiniry 0.5% Al s $lfat., Egg Ejghr 

of Al treld hc6 *6 signific&dy high.r rhd the fced GficLd hcB duine dE 

moulring Friod bd 9s @r .ffecrcd by lh. p$t rcultirg uarndts 

ll hld b4n rporled thar vei$le f..din8 derhods had no s'Cnificdt cffcd! on 

€89 rcighr in noulled [tekaib D.lr. h.ns fbn 84 io 96 weks of a8. (Al&ad ad 

Roiald, 2001). Egs wcidr pnor b nouh ind@lion (60 qk of qs€) w6 nor diff@nl 

dong h.c and did @t vary mo.g moulting ocihods. Eeg vcight did nol difld 

sisniU@tly b.nNen non-mouned @rttul lrd houllcd bs !r Ih. f, l6n dd ar l!. 26d 

wk Fit douli. Thed m ! rie f@r imlte in .ge wighr with progBion of !8. 

ror.u h.G (Rolon er at. l99l). In scn .!1, f4d-rcsrricr€d tuk.ys cxhibn Educ.d body 

wejght and delay€d sexual maruity, wb.e4 €89 weighls re nol aflict.d (H.stq ed 

Slv.nr, 1990). 315 Leehom h€s, 15 mo hl old w Ld diers containing Zn s ZnO 

10,000. 5000 or 2500 ppm fd 7, 14 or 2l d!ys. No sigDifi@t difr€lw. B obs.rd 

donS tsrlr.nls Egading eeg wight duing the 22-wk .xFim.ncl pdiod 

(O@dl@, 1986). Gdlich €r ar (1984) $ar.d rbar ceg *eich incs6.d @nrinudly 

dding lh. fitst yee gldnction in Single Comb Wrrite t€8hm hms. 

Bis$ r, al (2004) Eporr€d th6r.ss weidr io Dekatb whn€ hens (69 wk ofog€) 

@ nor aflct€d by dielary rorne s rhrou8lbur th€ 4Gwek post noult p.dod. Eziehj

66 

., ar (2003) noted thar cgg weiSh inc@.d with rhc slrgc of cgg pbrtudion h the 

layine he6- EgB wi8ht at lhe F l ofpost houlling poduclion E nmdically hjehd 

uong rhe oollted hs thd i. Ih. CON gDup bullh. difleme wE not sigdncmt 

(Alodd ed Masbaly, 199), A8e of h.ns sd noulting dierary t@rrnaG inJluene egg 

p@me€6 (Kin ?r al., 200t). S.id a dl (1984) foud rhat difl.Mi ind@d boulrins 

proS@ did not sienificdtly af@t cg8 w.iglrt wh.n @npdd to th. non-moulted 

birds. A moull wa induced in lwo e@ups by red@ing daylen$h dd resricling food 

inlate. Th. food restriclion peiiod lasEd for 2, 3 or 4 we.ks dd th€ birds wft giv€n 

citlld 15 or 25 e of rholc *h.a1 / bird. No diflcllnc.s wft ob6*€d b€tw€a the 

noultirg lretmdtr on posr eoult .gg rcidi! (Ros .nd Cdpb€ll 1986). 

Egg seighr in Mandadh l@d stsin (32 *.k of8g.) impov.d wh.n zirc alo.g 

wirh nethiode or phyla* sa .ddcd in ttlir di.ts (H.M .r a.i., 2001). Calil and 

Samd (2001) srudi.d io 4 cxpqilmr lhd.ddinotr of Z! lo dr.ts is6.d.ss *ie!r 

mE thd oDrrol diets. Il nld ben cpon.d rh.r.8g rcigr w6 rcr afccred in bmu- 

esa layins hm (68 wts oras.) subjcrcd ro ide.d nout by f.edine whole oats for ? 

d.ys Krojeewa 

e? aa, 1989). Croups of l0 Single Comb White Lcghom htu wqe 

givenaslockdi€lprovidingDMl0l.2,92.4,8l.0,70,4,6l,6dd52.8gd(ercWsl-6, 

respectively) for 16 wel$ in 3,4-w.er! p.riods (1, U md UI). Egs weidl ws 

sigifictutly lower il period II thm in p.dod I in lhe feed iBlrictcd birds (DeCd a ai, 

1988). In a sludy of 1600 IsaboM laying h.ns fnn l9 to 66 wkr old l@ fed 

diffeEnt diets .Ill€y ne siven a di.t hish in 2inc (1250g/l00ks) frcn 66 @ks old. 

The stock diet (A) wi$ l5.lvo prc€in ro app.rire w6 eivo to half the heu non 69 

weks ed a did wirh 16.6% piolcin (B) ro.pFtn. to olhd h.lf 10 74 weks old lhen

61 

116, ll4, fld ll2g dlily ftom 74lo 78,7E to 82. and E2 ro 92 wEkq espetively 

(Bougo. et al . 1988). Duins llrlayinE floh 20 lo 66 @ks, n€an egg w€isht was 

59.79. Ana nouldng ftom ?2 to 92 wk3 wirh dicrs A ed B ma .gg weiglr @ 

66- l5 and 65.55e GD..tircly. 

Rdscl-Lleo sr ar (1986) srudicd thc.fldr of20% 6€ray Esrriclion (LE) tud a 

20% mergy dilulion impo$d and peel poduction on the l" ad 2^ cyclc prodnctive 

Fdomdc. of Sirglc-Conb white L.ghom hdr Binc the ttlic.l di.t @nrainirg 2900 

KC.l octaboliabL .csy (MEyKg (tlE) a bdtis. H4 s@ f.d 10 appetit or wE 

hand-fcd. Th.y Gponcd lhar rhc 20% cndSy Esi.iction in ln. l" cycle afrccted egg 

weighr by thc 2"d honrh. Ir had b€m d.moosrrat€d (Melui €r dl, 1986) in 360 VaM 

laye6 (dl 70 q.ek old and 60% lay) subjcded to diflftnr noultins ttlall!{tsr (D 

addirion of 2.5% of 2inc oxide b lbe di.t for l5 days ; (2) fa3.d for l5 daysi (3) lrldilion 

of l. I vo zinc oxidc lo tb. dici for 8 d.rs, follo$ld by l5 % for ? &Fi (4) addnion of2.5 

'/o zioc oxide io thc di.l for 8 daysi (5) fsEd for 8

MORTALITY 

68 

Conv.ntio.d feed Eslricijon ldhrjq@s lu€h s f€€d Btriciion &d mincdl 

idduc.d noulling p@edB su€h s of di.rdry hv€ls of sluidM in tbe fon of 

alwiniu 3ulfatc &d zinc in the fom of zinc oxirle give sde r€sulrs ro lh. oth.. 

oolltin8 m.rho

69 

od 5.26% 6p..riv.ly (N.6h.!i, 2o0t). lndw.d moulring sisniliorl, dqa!.d 

honrliry ii hG cmp.tld wirtt tE qrol Iroup (pci.tq 2ool). Tlt@ q@ m 

l:6irr! difrdrcs in mnrliry i. Wtir! t ghom t.rs f.d a.t libinm @s tag'% 

@m or 95% $ttcd niddlinS noutr di.n 3upptmorcd eirh nift.ds ud vil'nie n{s 

tlsqrh idiqrG U.r dic6 wirh lish @h or w|fd niddlin$, lslicd.ny wi.at 

middli.sr c .fretiv. mdEd fd hn-f..d lqev.t ethods for hodrilg h* (Bis8s 

a at.,2003). 

Kclen dd P6s.tyo (2002) foud d|!t rh. FsoicLd fcding of 70 ard E5% 

inds.d e.rly mulrinS in MA cosbt!.t dEk! bu did nor ldw@ty afier tisbiliry. 

oliv.r (195) Epon d $!r thca vs loF mn tiry ir f.dt. pctin d*Uils, tu 

r€triccd lidling. Rrviftlnr .nd NDhri (t99t) footrd m siglifior diffrEc ir 

nddity of 5 goupr of Vhir. Llghm l.yc6 f.d ar' titin, .ad dif.6r Eouling 

dics, Polr dodti!8 motulily B mr difttg|l $ | Butt ofmoutr ild@don lEthod in 

hcB (Bulr.nd co.!irC.b, l99l). fiu$i! (t996) ob€6v.d rhd nicnt irdEld 

nouitiD€ pM.dtc pod@ sioihr Bulc io rh. convcdout fcd ElEicriotr 

taluiqG i. post noultitrg GgS loduaior blr wirh loE mn liry ds. Seio r, dl 

(1996) FDoll.d rhd fdi.8 or f..di!s hid zim wirh to,ooo or t5,0OO l'ln for Ro$ 

broer h.B of 58 e!.l-' fd ccsrion of l.yils 3lFvld v.ry low mn ti9 itr dt 8reups 

eilh rc.pDG dift.M6. DEkSiEn l0or2ry.sdlrnrio$fioo4 ro 20 w..ls 

of .sc in*lscd swiv.l Frc @np.!rd wnn HinS o! ad lirr@ (M'zmesri $d 

Koros?rrlh, 198). 10/6 M.ll6 drioN hd I ncsdirc cfr..t d 3wivd of dEk. jNr 

a in th. crs.ofadl,rrd f..din€; th.y dso rlpon d rh.r l Esrictd di.a for dEk5

10 

froh 7 io 20 rel(! of sg. hrd r foritiv. inflEne on d@k 3wival. LowdDs di.a bt 

20 d 30% rlduc.d duck swiv.l @hp.r.d wir[ f*dins ad r-rrtur b6is. 

Filipovic ed Sr.Enavic (199) oberud 6d rh4 B rorat 79,0 mnality in 

SsLhybrid IFE duiDs l0 doslh3 of *andcd |ryitrs Friod fd on dia @t ining ztrO 

.t 25000 ppnAg of f..d. li had h.Gn Epoftd in Frrlmi hcd, *,tich *4 indued to 

ooult by fc.diig th.h tiom 64 @t! otd on . dict @nrainiig zinc I o or 20 nsls for l0 

d.y3. sohc of rh. h.B lw kilLd !l t. b.Simi.s of rhc f..d.rd at |0, 16 &d 20 &r5 

rn (ALll.h.Id H.e.di, !9E9). Moddily ro rhc @d of th. 2' byirg yd s lo*.$i 

ror fowl! ildE d io nou[.n.t l0l.ying Fio&, aetr fo. Hi!.x fNk for tudr.d 

by dr high zinc mcrhod. Mon liry B hiSlBr fd fowls f.d no r\rd sna t4 tayiag 

Fio

Livrbility @8!d fmh Er^ io X% for r[. vrioB rlarn greuF {d did not difr.r 

3i8!ii@lly b.t*q tatrE r. Ulli. ad Erclton (1966) in r. qFdrMr Epo.r.d 

hie!* trlo.t liry duing fc.il Esricrid tha oDe bndr, $tti.h q@ f.d ud ririlD. 

D@6.d mn lity in t sicr.d chick@ hs .t$ t cn ,!po.t d (pyh .id 

Dilb4 | t4i Font3d ., 41, 1992). Aeoding io Morsovsl, .nd SlE r, ( | 9EO) mulring 

my l.v. . iwilrl vdE. To$l Doddity E sienificrtrlty Nshq for drily tinic(t 

(l1.7%) hcc @DFrcd wilh conool IFB Edd .r d, 193). Cood@ .r al (19E6) 

qqr.d o. 315 Lghoh h@ of 15 mrrh! old qnich wE fcd or di.t5 @ .inins 

10,000, 5000 or 2500 ppt! Zn a Z.O fd 7, 14 d 2t

Zinc is nic|!-ilsrldicni th.r is EquiEd fo! chicl swivd.Dd grewth. Ho9er 

it i! toxic io chick! wh6 f.d I hiSh @Mir.rioc, €6ing ircct!.d @d.lily 

(Robden lid Schribl., 1960; .rohM a dr., | 964 B6s .rd Md.insoq 1972). Tqicity 

hlw len ctlblish.d fd $16l Zn sol|B (l.,lRC, l9El). 99 t@! ud 12 dk! rft 

hou.d in . !h.d in boxe (5-8 99 ed I dF! box). Trt. l" Litrg crcl. lnrld for 62 

dlys snd B fotlo*ld by s En pqiod (imlding nodrind of 96 d!ys, dd bt t 2d 

cycL of ?2 d!y!. Mon lity *u 7.4 % dui!8 rbc l" cr!L, 14.96 dEi!€ mulrin8 &d 

th. illl p.riod lld 2.13 % dwins lbc 2d cycl. (trdvint!..d Mdd.L. | 988). Fon 70 to 

I reb tn6 molting Uc m lity B Ll &d 1.5 % witl dicr A od B cDeriEly. 

Erlt.!d l.L f..OBirs b'oild bcde fdrd6 wrc tu rd irrtu (AL) ad 

*iFooc{.y ud skiFtecd.rs (SOD .ttd STD), fed gih tw d thc tin s ALR 

.llovtlc @ dly I &d nor f.d o! Mr I d 2 dr! BFcliElr. Ar 160 d.F ol4 FIlGt3 

@ SOD .nd STD wG ch68.d to ALR fccdilg ed &ilt f..d .llo*!E€ *t 

ir€!.!.d ro l35s by day lEo.!d l38g by day 250, (Krtub.f .t al, l9E9). Mdnliv 

w loG for r..'id.d f.d f@d6 tb.n fd tho$ fc

Tl, indEed 6t-nouh ehn tE l.tin8 !.!. d..r.$Gd DctqIy bclow 5tr ; T2, ildE d 

tldmoult tt GEidilg fccd fo.5 dlyr.r.l sla o &. frn

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

The prcjecl was canied out to compde th. .ffccis of feed stri.tion (FR) 

md different leveh of dieiary aluminium sulfat€ and ziDc oxide upon induclion of 

moulnns in rapanese quail (Corumix cotumixjaponica) laying h€n!. Tle objstive 

oflhe study was to fitrd out the mosr .ff€crivc mouliirS proc€dure. Moreover,lhe 

effectivene$ of diffsent mouhirS merhods wat also inv€srigared on lhe 

subseqwt potential p€.fomuc., f..d consumption. .gg producrior feed 

efficiency. body weiSht e8g $€ight ed monaliry in f.ml. q@ilh.ns. 

The studics rcpoded h$dn ec€ conducred ro d€r.mine if forc.d moulring 

tehnique @uld hav€ boelici.l .fret3 on thc prcductivc p.rforma@ of q@il 

laye6. Quail layhg htr had bc€n in production for 20 weks od w@ 18 wek 

of age al lnc start of qperimcnr T@tmcnts @Bisted of fccding laycr b4al dier 

(Tabler) alone, feed r.stddion l7O% of ad libinn), f..d rcstricdon .long wirh 

suppldne ati@ of dielaly ldcls of0.l5% and 0.30% aluniniD G llMinium 

sulfate or 0. 15% ud 0.300/0 zinc es zinc oxidc. Dicrs wdc fed fo. two wccks, ane. 

{hich all female Japares qurii l.ying hcns K.iv.d th. bad dict-

75 

T.bl.l. Conposnion of l.y.l Frior u!.d in ap.rihcnt 

conon sed nal (deoni.d.d) 

9.00 

25.00 

22.@ 

8.00 

8.00 

8.00 

t0.00 

4.00 

0,50 

5.00 

0.50 

100.00 

trroir!{rf4) 7.71*0.13, 6ud. Fll.in (%) 17.10}0.05, 

cirdc n(%) 2.15r{.02, c!d. fiW%) 3.0010.03, .sll(%) 

| 5.0040. U, m.!.bolir$k .GS(Mrtd I 1.70. 

cslde(%) 3.0194, phosphorls brd 0.9949. 

Allno..ldt @oDdlrio. (%) IFirc0.9102, turhioniG 0,4t?3,

76 

PLA]I OF WORK AND METHODOLOGY 

Th6. tials comprisd of trc y.d study of f..d rstriclion dd diff.cnt di.r.ry 

ldcls of dwiiim sulf.tc &d zinq oxid. for irdFrioo of noqriu i. Jap&$€ qujl 

hyins hc6. Itr liFl yE\ rrial 800.d!y{ld quit chickj \,4 puchsert rtor rhc l@.t 

h.rch.rt ard w.r. b@dcd uplo ih. .9. of 4 wek . At rlE e|!n of 5d wl the bids 

EF ex.d to eper. th. fd.lc quik Aon rh. Dd. quib. Abour hatf h.d0y q@ils 

(f€bil6) v4 $lcd.d aDd tcpr upro thc.8. of l? wts iD bying batreria. Rcns of 

th. birds (mo6rly tub quib) w* dirpo*d ofr. rr'. s1utty ws iniri.r.d .1 lE w!.ks of 

age tud mnlin!.d rhrcugh a pDderion Friod,. pr+dout! r foe.d mul! a FFl.y o. 

16r Fbd rnd 14 Et5 of po$ noutl prcdtcrioi 

Al th. !r!n of lEd v!.k 360 f@.1. q@il hcN *w r.la &d drdoEly dividcd 

into 4 cqual.xD

(b) AluniniuD srlf.r. 

17 

Reshict€d fecd (8s) of ercup C ws suppl.oot€d with di.kry level of 

dmidu sulfare (0. l5%} 

crcup D € ale pmided wnn fcd rdtiction (7@4) .lons wih 

supplendtarion of zirc oxide with dici.ary l.v.t (0. t 5%). 

RESTING PHASE (22-23 WEEtg 

Moulting phe ws foUoved by Bring phe of rw @ks in *tich !h. birds of 

goups B, C ard D wE previded mi!r.n'e Brio! (l8Cîiydlt) ro coh. into 

POST MOULTTNG PHASE (24.3? WEEXS) 

I! this hst EpodktiE pble all tb. *pdircnral feDale qujl h@ of 4 grcup6 

(A, B, c &d D) ww previdcd basal layilg Erion (25slbintday) till rhc @hrt€ri@ of 

In s*ond yed's rial €qual nmb€ls of birds w€r€ lakm 6d k pl urdcr se 

conditioE but with diflcrcn dielary levels of o,lelo alMinim sutfat ed 0,10plo trc 

on& abng with H Fstrictiol fte ahoy..iFih6rd bids *w .tton.d .r Endon 

b fie mdting methods in seh ! my rhal @h ftlrmdr l*ivcd 3 .xp.rin nr.l sjts. 

The noulting d.tDft along wirh $h€dul. e ill$lraled i! Table-2 ed 3 Fsp.ctivety. 

All the bids w.rc kept in layine bln ri.s thrcudoul dmlion of rh€.xFrin.nl 

ud€r laal enviroM.nbl dd tlr@gend.l @nditiotu. A @sret 16 hoB 

pholoFnod along wnh 8 ho6 dlk m pevidcd io all de bnds rhrcueboul lle 

.xp.rinot. F6lr *atd w6 D.de ^r{labL ad libitun-

2 

3 

1E 

T.bl.2. Modtingn thodt 

fc€d GEictid (70% of dd nttd @pdon) 

MdXi4lbt 

Pd mrl'i.3 Ph& 

I.ble 3, Prces of EoultinS 

0.t5%,03v/t 

0.t5%,03wo 

rjsr

PA.Rr{M[Tf,RS 

79 

Fe.d @Nmprion, eeg prcdrctio!, &.d effici.ncy, body wcigb! .8g eigh and 

non lny w.r. dcteni@d for a zo_veck penod includjDs th. 2,w€ek sr p€,iod. 

Ff,ED CONSUMIITTON 

wetly fdd coGMplion Rod re mainrain.d for ach ttcatuent goup. 

EGG PRODUCTION 

Thc egg poducton d.o of rhc rrrEtive grcul6 E raxetr oD dajry b6sis 

thrcughout rhe expdim@irt peliod.nd rhe d!r. r\L! obiair.d w@ .,,lyzd o! @Uy 

rEED EFFTCIENCY 

Fcd cfici@cy w6 erlcd our on f.!d Ms@ed (d on F ro€l *lichr of eces 

EODY WETGI|T 

Inni.l body weidr of individu.t expdiDor.t bnd w4 @ftr.d.l tc slan of 

cxperime 04 drreffcr, n B Daifiaired on wetdy bans. lrc dar. t6 oblained 

% dalykd on wcek b4is for the 20 su.ce$iv. Fdodr one ar rh. rF moutr ed th. 

e@ining l9 duirg the 3ucc*siv. period. 

ECG WEICHI 

M.e egg w€ighr of.&b experjn€otat uoir was rd(e. a1 w.ek intenals 

hugnout rh€ dFrimentat Friod to calcularc.eS vcjghr 

MORTALITY 

Monaliiy d.ra rerc mainrained for each cxFrih.nral unit on wekly b6is.

t0 

STATIS1ICAL DATA 

ft. codsl .!t S.d !*iaid rnr". oa tot tb ridi rsc loohd rd 

.odd.!cd o | lireb SrortP b.ih. cotirqi.o! ofe{.rtn olll btdr 

ft. dd tu coldd of bd r!.rt fft w jti.or.d b |.dri..l er,th 

u,|4. octrry ANOVA (Sr..t rd 1@t+ t9S0) 6 ndy& l} deE .r mr 

tu8rlrp (@N, F& o.ltx Al, o3rxAt, ot5tr z' rd Ol0tr b). Xorrd! 

@9rrd udlt t-a stEfFi D{tu . (AD) Caryrt'! s. I,!d of 

i8lit sa u.d i!.[ r!d! 'r O< 0!5I

FEED CONSUMPTION 

RESIJLTS 

Additi@ of eithd alminiuD (0.15% ed 03el.) os alminiM sulfa& or zinc 

(0.15% ed 30y.) 6 zi.c ondc b lhc @@cFid tsyd Btiotr d.@d f.ed inrat

.42 

T.bL :1, F.cd @dmpdotr e/quil h.ddly {d ydg. cgg p.odudior/quil h6 d.y .rd h6 

hou!.d for quil hd in dill@d @utring hcthods dEing rtc pGhodq md! p.-tay ,rd

E, 

I 

I 

I 

t 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

, 

I 

I 

! 

I 

I 

a 

I 

I 

t 

I 

t 

t 

I 

I 

I 

t 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

! 

I 

I 

a 

I 

I 

:l 

II 

!l 

tt 

tl 

!t 

!t 

il 

tt 

tt 

al 

!l 

tl 

!t 

il 

ta 

t, 

It 

aF6 

rst 

'fi 

I 

I 

.l F 

I ! 

{, 

I 

I FII 

! 

a 

T 

F 

n 

a 

{ 

I 

I 

t' 

8-

E4 

'nr@ wa a lignificer ditrd.rce in quit taying h.N ofuruuppleosl€d @nhol ald all 

moulrld h€$ i! 2d @t of @utr .d h.N f.d diet of 0.30plo Za shoB€d .le a 

sigai6@r (P

85 

significmt dilfftnce wifi hc$ of rsldcred grclp (70% of ad /,bidra consmption), 

0.15% Al,0.15% Zr ed ojryo Zn fed hc, *nich itr tm \,@ loNignifi@tly 

diil@ with one.rolhs, H.G eEicted io fc.d ale showd s'gni66ily difehce in 

f@d intakc witb feDal. qujl laying h6 suppldml€d wirh di.ldy lev.l ofo.to% Al. 

Q@il l.yi.g hes will di.dy leEl of ol5% Al ditrdld sii6@tly with r[@ hru, 

which Bw givcn dietay l.vels of Al 0.30yq zl 0.15% ed Zn 0.30plo h lheir diets 

(rrbb{). 

Non-sigli6c.m difi@aG s@ atso obw.d i. fc.d inrsle j! q@jl l.ying 

hcB ofall tlsFnrs lbrougn 1O wk ro t4 wk oflost 16r Eesrln n1 whcn subj*tcd !o 

slafsli€l .@lysi5, H()wd, fed Bhidio! rarfunl !s€.t @F fe€

E6 

TrbL 6. F€ld @cmpdon in dif.rcnl Doultng r@ro.nts in Jspose quil layiq hcns 

0.t59( At 0.30!rll 0.15%2^ o3Mz^ 

JXH *h dtr*ir speGcnpls in a Dq @ si8 fi@ly difi€Mt slatisticalry.

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E8g prcduction (./o) oo a weekly b4is foi Japanee quil layins hens fed tb. 

nodr dict (0.15% Al, 0j04 Al,0-15% Za .nA 03V Zi) b @mpded wirh th. 

.onvdrioDlly noulted by fed rcsricdon Oel. ofad ii, coGmption) 6d aon-moult d 

colttol hos Gable-8). TheE ws sntll shon+m d@6sion in.gg production of 

&&alc quil laying h.E in 0E moulr and prc-l.y o. c$ pqiods. Convorionatly mouh.d 

ed $pplm.nted quil h.ns ca$d cge pDdlcrion by rhe 5d d.y of ln wel( of rh€ 

moull, wh.rc the egg prcdkdon FEained through rhe 2N v€ek of moull pqiod, Egg 

pbd*tion did nor siop duing th. irdw.d moult pcriod. AlrhouSh lhe.8g prcdudion 

6 erand for rhe o rcl f.male q@il b.B duirs rh. mouL car pdiod bur mr ir rh. 

IDsl nollt conpaEd wilh rh. convdrion.lly nouh.d &d ircluion of sugplen.nrat 

dmirim sulfalc and zinc oide to the ratio. of J!p&e* q@il h.N, ir ws @sbtcntly 

bG fi@Aa, Thsaffcr tlr. quil layiDg hc6 indwed ro @uli lri.in d !od!.1 la.h 

of prcduction 3 or 4 wt pGt indldior of noulr Duing rhc 7h thsugh 20D wk pon 

noult all ftoulted quil layi.s hens oupe'rored non-moulted CON he6 (Table-9). 

E8g pbduction by fcml. quil hc6 h alt the boult d 8re!p6 @nlinued h.f@ 

mouttias. Egg Fldwrion in U. moutrins p.dod q; high.r in rhc fccd Esficr.d Oe4) 

q@il lsying hs dd didhm in the 0.30p Al f.d hos. Duing th€ esr pdiod il E 

also dininm i! the Al (0.10%) supplendtcd hens (Table4). Egg poduclion @ovcry 

ofnoulcd quil laying hcB s dnd si6il- in thc post houlting Friod. 

Po6r noulr 

Frfomdc. wa graier for tb. moulbd h.ns tnm for tne .or-nollred @nrrot hens

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Post noulr €gg prcdurion wB 72.14o/., j2_04%, 7 | .5y/o, 7t _31%. 7 | .24o/o ed 

64.90y. in O-15% Zt\ 0,30el. Zn, f.q, E$liciiotr, O.30yo Ar, O.lj% Al ard m.lrol 

.,atb@ q@il l.yin8 h.B r€spariv.ty, An r noulting pcrcmr h.n day eg8 pmduclioo 

p€Ld 78-85% i. O. t5% Zn f€d qujt h€N, foltovEd by O.lO% h feA VB 175.42y.) 

dd lb@ w6 no d*li.e per wet over the sub*qu€nl 14 weets of posl noult (Iablc" 

10). h l" trc wls of PlEmutl rhoE ws mr Bet.d ey signifi@rty djIT@ 

b€tw..n lhe non-moultcd (COlo h.tu ad noutred qujl hcs i! ec€ poducrion. 

Howv.r, .ge pod@rion B sBcr in @nrol (@.-6r.d) qujt h.m @hp.cd ro h€ns 

subjecrd to noultios by di{fcmr 6clhod!. 

I1!. fnal. q@jt b.B of CON soup Rvc.led listriticdr (p{.05) dirl.Ena in 

6pet of egg ped@rioD qil|i t@ ot FR (1@/o ot ad tib @tumprion) .rd h.s 

supplcmdt€d yirh dietary t.v€ts of .lminiw 3ulfate (0. I 5% ad O.3O%) ed zinc oxid. 

(o.ltvo ud 0j0e4) in ln wet of hoddnS Fdod. Egg prc

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FEED ETFICTENCY 

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wckl} f.cd .fficid.y for eh ii.lllrcnr in Japal@ quit tayinS h.6 re 

d.temi.cd by dividinS weighr of f€€d @Bm.d by weidr ofegCs produc.d. Aveng. 

ffrd emci.ncy for non-moulted quil l.yin8 heis E 3.t9, feed rc$rictioo 2.9?,0.15% 

Al 3.08, 0,3@/o Al 3.07, 0. I 5% Zn 3.00 ed O 3@/0 Zn 2.99 resperively, Fced cmciency 

ovq the endF .xpdimenhl ptriod w3 suFrior (2.97) in the @nve.tion.Iy moulred 

quil l.yirs h.c, which w follosd by 0.30/. Zn (2.99) lid beN (Tabt -10). fc.d 

@nw6ion ton 2 @ts of pE-lay pdiod !o 14 wek posr mulr pdiod w.Eg.

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f.d on dd @.EininC o.'!OPlo Al in km of aad.mci.ncy A sjstrificsrt didRne m 

ale ob*rcd i! feD,l€ quil hc6 ir fcd.mci.tuy *nn cquatl, $pplendr.d di€r.ry 

l.vels of 0.30/0 Al ald 0.3f,6 2.. h 2d wk of nouh th. fcdqte quit h6 ofCON 

grcup difreEd sipificdtly in fad .fficidcy wirh all oth* Doulring grcups. tr li wk ol 

pe-lay f4d ellicidcy was sigrilicerly aff@red bd@n female qmil h.6 of cootrol 

tlEain€ ad heN of noulted trurocms indlced b moull by vdiow merhods of 

nouliinS. I€ed eficiency i. Japd€s. quil laying h.ns, atlhoueh not sienifictutly 

difi-er€nr duing 2"d eeek of pElay $rousb 6 v@ks of po$ e 

nmdi€dly suFior in 0.10% Zn fed hcns and inf.rior in 0.15% Al fcd htr. Fed 

.fficidcy for quil layins hos of @nlrot showcd sisnincdt dif.rence wilh h.B foc 

Doulted by fed Elriclion dd suppl.6.nral l.El. of dMhjm sJfale (0.15% ed 

0.307.) &d zim oxide (0.15% dd 0.30%) in 7& wk of i ucld posr moutt All 

taiDqts in Jap.|r* quil htu l.d.d !o hck signifi@e ir M efrci@y in 86 

wk of posr moulting pdiod bd 0.l5yo Zn fd h.N nrd rtE b€r feed efficidcy s 

@npqEd lo olh6 tram€ntl_ IIF fc.d .,Iici.tuy of f€n l. qqjt heB of conEol 

aeaft.nl % signifidrty alt cl.d with h.ns of fiv. moutring lEemrs in 96 wk of 

p6t rest Friod. Duine ! Ori wk of p6t G$ f..d .mcicocy of f€Dale quil h6 ws nor 

significeny b€nd do.8 lr€al@nr g@ups. Hoev.r, rhe quil laying hqs 

supplem€ ed wilh 0.30% Z. i. th€ir dici ,howed b.n.r f..d .ffici.ncy in @npdison ro 

The quil laying hes of CON tealm.nl in I l't wk of posr moult trqthdt w€rc 

rilcted significddy in r€m ol fecd .mci.ncy wirh rhos. hens siven di€lary ldets of 

0-15%, 0.30% ofAl ed Zr iD tb.ii dic6 €per'vcly. FR heN wft ale sisnificet 

(P

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Fdo4 but drcG B obs€ped b6t-feed .Ificiercy in o.t5% Za siven h€tu in 

@npden ro ofi* rFarndrs. FDm llb lo t4' wk5 of rct moutr pcriod fed 

.mci.!cy fo' quail hs3 ofconrrol (non{ested) grcup showcd sieniijc&r difr*ice wilh 

IFB $bj.d.d !o moulr indu.tiotr by difrffir re.bniq6 (T.bhn4). F..d.6cicncy 

cud.s ofnon.noult€d conltol&d moulred contolquil h.E re shoM in (Fi$a.3 dd 

la). Th. mt Eults indide thlr by f.eding of 0j04 of Al ad Zn in llc drion of 

iapsce qu6il laying hens @Bmcd miniDM f*d yilh b.sl-forced Esl podErioD s 

comp.r.d ro orhd @ulring rEnn nE. 

r.b|Fl4. F..d .m.i€ncy io dilfecni nouhinS t m€rts in Jape6. q@il laying h€s 

2f 

v.]!6 wil difr.mt slp.reqiprs in ! rcw e signit@dy dfi.rcd st tinicdly. 

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fte Educron obsen.d 'n Right !!n js a togi@t @nj€qcne of lhe d*tEad 

fad ift.k of .rapqw qMil layi4 hcB duirg rwo wks of houlring Friod_ % age 

bod, *.iehllo.g (G a Fr@ orpc.houh body *i8hr) ofjapd* quil h4 \,@ 

obtain d ir rwo wks mouh pdiod of onvotiomlty f..d Bricti@ (22.8f/.\OJS% 

At (26.3V/o),0.1@/, Al (24.u%), o.tsyc h (27.4y/o) and O_3oyo (30.46%) Gspenv.ly 

G!bbn5). Tabbn6 shos avdge w..ldy body w.ight he6wd ar the end of rek 

duing differe pqiods of qFnrcnr 

In fiIsl two @ks of prc-moulr body wi8lir los$ of quail layirg hos did not 

influ.nce body weight (189.31 io t96.66 g). Body w.iglrt ofquil h.6 a1fie begiMilg 

oflh. bd!€ed soult (20 sk of ase) w ale sisnin@ily diff€Ent betweo rc.-@ullcd 

@ntrcl ed Nigned nodr n rhods. I! 2"c wk of noult body wishl rcducrion (BwR) of 

quil l.yins has diffeEd sisrin@dy (P

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EGG WEIGHT 

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Ess veist tud !@bd of€sss laid pd Jap@r quit hds @ shoM in (T!blc- 

lE). Egg wei8hr Fior lo noulr irdrctioo w nor difcrcnr dons qDir lains h.ns ed 

did not vrry mong vdiou noullioS mdhods. Howcwr, egAs hid by q@il laying heN 

of fcd rdricrion dd 0.30yo Al rqrnetu rcrc h6vi€. Ihe quil dec ol att orh.r 

tqrenl' Esg wcidr of mn-moulr.d @nrot ,lp.re qu h.G dff4d sisi66rly 

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MORTALITY 

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Total nonality 966gc of JapdR quit h.s s 2t.l|, t6.66, 77.jj. 23.33, 

20.00 ed 2l. I lyo for @n$ol, fe.d csEicdon (?O,Z), O.l5% Al, 0.3 VA At, O.tlo/o Zn ,nd 

0.30dlo ZD n@rn nL thoughour fi€ dhdoo of cxpdimqt rspetvety. Morlality by 

moult induclion merhod w low in quil h4 of fcd rcstictioo ed high b O.30Eo At 

rrarncnrs. Monaliry by nrgd€d body widr ts E 5.55, 3_13, 6.66, 5.55 aDd I r .I | % 

in qqil h6s for thc 22.89, 25 .30, 24.a4, 21 .49 ud 3\.46yq L6dy rcighl 16 grelps 

6p6tivcly (Tabhno). Mondily off€nde q@jl hos in post moull trdrne ss fo, 

confol (16_66%), fe.d r.sdcrion (ro.avh.), o.tsyo N (t3.33%),0.30% Al 04_44%), 

0- 15% Ztr ( l3.33yo) ed 0.30y. Zn O0.009/t r+erivety. Mainm notulity of G@t. 

quil bq6 wa in cON ftalJncnr ed ir r€roin.d Dininal &d simit{ i! oainqt of rR 

dd 0J0e/. Zn $ppl.mcniation plogtlm (Tsbl.-I5). Mort lity of f.nat. quil h.ns of 

mn-mouli.d ontrcl grclp t!@i!cd tuNigniice. Mth h.c of au rFarndr gmup, 

,hich wE subjekd b hout indwrion br vsios ftrho4s of moulrins in $o @ks of 

pF-moult &d orc wek ofnoulting Fnod. How.vcr, i w6 Ddiou in CON.0.l5% 

Z! dd 0,10% Zn d .omp.red lo otd Douhing reindls, In 2d wk of nouhing 

but liry diffeEd sieninqdy (P

120 

h 14 etdc of F t 6l Friod lhe mondity showd rcn-!8rufiml difrdne 

ansdc.ily in q@il l.yins h.is dong all tFal,nc s sh6 subjdtcd to analFb (I.ble- 

20). Howvq, nortality ws higher for quil hes of non-houlled CON grcup a 

@dFEd ro .ll houltins grcupa subjdl€d to mdlt indlction by difI@t I€ hniq@ 

Tabl+2l &d 22 show morlrlily (nos.) ed mott.lity vo.g. in induced noulled 

dd rcn-moulcd Japmse quil laying h€D ddns diffcrcor Ftiods of expdircni Tlt 

ooi.lit, i! rub.6 of mn-tuulrcd mEd axl @'rlr.d J!!s!e qlad layinS hc6 c 

EF6ded (Fig@?). Th. p.@nt g€ of mondity of moulring rrsnn nri in two wxr 

of modt is pEs€ €d in FisF8. 

Th. ltudy of pffit t!!.4h indidB th.r moulrins rcdmdt! in qEil hing 

id moy h.lP in swiEl ntd comp@livcly to mn-noulting lr..!nml in p6r Esl 

Friod. It k @rcluded lhat livability ws not .fi{ted by thc dickrv t€alrlenls ed 

@lvotion l fed G$iclion. 

T.bL 20. Mor$lity in diilr.nt moulling tr€alrn.nls in J.paMe quil latug hds 

O rl\zn 0lov. zn 

valks wirh difiafll sup.eripts in ! rcw d ligruficotlv di{I4nr 36dstic.llv

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8tlF & lrodrlity (N) of @rlEd d 6{dh.d r@ Srl lirr cdDl (.t 

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FEED CONSUMPTION 

DISCUSSION 

TlD efi*ts of &.ding Jdpoee quait a high t.vel ofdiehry Al &d Zn upon f€.d 

irLtc in l" rst wkl of nodtile e sihild lo Bul|5 obt itud by Witen ., ar ( 1978) 

which shovld rhar fc.d Gstriciion ud low dielary dr m.hods tEduced fe.d 

coNuplion in Bobwhiic quil layi.g hcs, Mo6vq, drcs F 

wi$ rhe finding3 obi.incd by Ceor and Joh6on (1984), in which simitd exprin nrrl 

@lditioB tR w4 whch shoqEd Eduction in fcd inlll€ wirh rh. .

126 

restrici.d feedine duing lh. @in8 pdiod of f.dol€ petin dsklioss had admrle. of 

low life rimc fe.d inudc. Rcdmiion of f..d ill,tc of layinS quit hs due to fading 

Al wee Eported by Miles dd Rosi€ (19E5), siDC atujniM scdar. and by Lirs!.n 

&d tlwie (1981), Bins alunnoccll.r.d. 

Tnc E$lts d. de suppon€d b, rhc nndirys of R.vindtu &d N@ndi (lqt) 

who $.r.d no diif.rcnG ir vtir. t dom hds ad rib &d 4 diffdr noutrine 

lEdlrn€lls. Bult &d Cu@inghd (1994) d.moro!:ated dEt post houltine period liod 

8" to 20" wek dsily f€.d coMption (rang€ 91.8 ro 103.9g) {s iot erect d by noutt 

indu! oabods Xu .r zl (t994) disgE. wirh rh. Gulr indi€ring pultets f.d oo di.r 

@nlairilg Zn 200 mg hld no efie.r on f..d int.ke. IE dal! of p!!gr 3tudy des nol 

3uPPon lhe findinSs ol Husein er zr ( 1984) who foud no siSnili€er diliqeoces molg 

lG.tm.nts in fed inlak. ofAl fed h€s avdg.d 438/bo, duing a 14 wks posl moulring 

Friod. 'nE* mdrs e in h@ont wirh rh. obwarioE of AlbuqEqe (1988) who 

c$ablishd lo{.r fc.

127 

Zilmmai and A.des (1991) rcponed no sisnificdr dif€'ence for ft.d pq 

hcn pa day iD HiFx SiuL Comb whit L.shoh hm of ?E wl6 old fed on linircd 

fcdinS of di.ts. ThG 6ulE e foud ro b. sr v&imce wirh rho$ of Ogu dd ALoy 

{l99l) who obsened no difidc. dons th. srcups of Japmcs quail laying h.ns 

induc.d to nodt by difllRnr meriods. In post houll p€nod rhcc w6 no significdt 

cft.t of fe.d Ft iction .!d sulpl.mdt tion ol difi€Enr di.tary l.vcls in f€nate quil 

n B a qmt d by Cdci. .r at (2002). 

The Bult of prBent study u€ in ogreemenr with Medo*ski &d Kokoszynsld 

( l99E) stlo foud fc.dirs on a ar' /irnm bais, ducb girn l0 o! 20v. sr'rller dtiotu 

tob 4 lo 20 @ks of a€c incEs.d l.yin8 dtc and th6 had . positivc i!flume on fcd 

udliation. Jrlsr s in thc cae ot ad libitun f.cdiÊ, l0% stullei drioDs had a icgativ. 

eilct on Epoductiv. p.rfomfl€e of du.t5. Sinil& Fsulls w.r. cponed by verhcycn 

n'd DccuyFre (l9l) *ith lowd fe.d cotrruptioD of Hiei hd rhan w.m hs 

Esuhirg in having b.tr.Ffed .fficiacy subj.cled ro convotional ndhod6 of moqldnS 

md high zinc diet. Simild 10 results ohain.d by Hussein ?t al (1988,1989) upon in bolh 

Jepdcs quil h€s ed SCWL heis Gp6ti!.ly suece$ing that Al €ould b€ ued ds e 

!s..t to mde noutrDs. No !s 6@r ditrca4s berwo tr.lordB qm ro;d q$ 

rgdd lo fccd intalc duitr8 th. posl noltting lralhdt. FEd int L of SCS'I- h.a w6 

d.pGsed by the addition ol0,1% Al in tbe fom ofsolubl€ aluminium sulfate !o s layfi 

dict co.tli.ing 0.15% availabl. P 

Lipsrein and Hwirz (1981), Mil6 ad Rose (1985) ed gEsin er aa (1989) 

lor layiDg hens al$ eponcd depEsed Led intate. Feed inral. ws hol af.ctd bt 

int nsny ol Esriction (Toghimi e1 ,1, 2003 ) Sinilar results vcc obtained by Ahnad

t2a 

md Ronald (2001) on Dekalb D€l! hens fron 86 ro 94 w..ks of ae. with no sisniticar 

€d* on l..d @tumgDn. flF pE$nt.la6 dc not suppon BFL rl9o,, sho 

concludcd thai fedine of a hish zi'c di.t is $e ody altcmadve to thc conv.hiional 

nethod, HiSh 2iic diet olcs it! €ffici€ncy ro the innjbnion of led inbt. (Mccomicl 

&d CwinshlD, l9E?). Th. Gulrs dif.r fron lno* or antud c, ar. O9E8) *tro found 

fed inhlc ofihe Zn-fed Japde* qusil hcns (23 w.ek oisse) wd significmtly les 

thd that of dE Al-f€d hetu, HieI enoud mouts of di.lary Al q inds.s pa& in 

cgg pDd$fo. thrcugh iG .fidl on fed inr6lc, P merabolis or bod (Annad e, aa. 

1988). Th. f4d int k of anventional moullcd quilhens wq nol hisher thm for olhet 

oodling m.thods and th.y consM€d signjlicddy moE lhb th€ non-nouhcd heu in 

posr molh s qmted by Rolon er at (1993). lryiog h.d giv€n lhe higlcsi ldel of 

dielary Zn depresFd feed inkke (B6sel sd Letz*h, 1980; Stev€Non.r a/, l98l) 

Th€ 6ults e not in asehdt *ith D.uc!?.E.r al (l9EE) who ob*.d th. ntio or 

food coBmptioo of lay.E incRls€d witn inc@ing di.t ry zinc conc.Dmdon l oplo 

zinc. s .ithd fie acebl. or oxide r€suhed in a raPid decce in f.ed int kc wilhin 6 

.la's (ShipF€ €r 

"1, 1979), 

Hieh zirc di.G mdkedly dfr4r red inar. by hens (Giben et ar, 1982; Doiel 

dd Balmv, 1988i Palafox &d Ho-A, 1980r C!.8er and Scoti 1980). TF Esults e not 

inlin *i1h Jh* e. a?. (1986) wftn no ihptuldcnl of f..d i akeof SCWLhffbv 

difffir di.ialy l.v.h of zinc a de Ebonarc, The t sults @ not in hmont wi$ lhc 

d.la of Brc.dine er zr (199) who ob6d.d hcN co6hing $e diet wirh 2,800 ppn 

zim oNulEd moF fe.d tnd co.rrol hc6.

130 

Esults de support€d by fte findinss ot Cantor md John$. {1984) who found zinc s 

zitrc o{de |(| dF dier ar 15,000 ppn eu*

ltl 

laying. ftey fourd thar 6dng Fdods all. .d $e egg yield. Ess poducrion duri4 Zn> 

2,000 m8 cdlced €gg produclion. Zn 1,000 mg had no eff6r on layinS p.rfomec.. 

Anc. fcedins the basal did fo. t 2 days, laying perfo'lmce etume

(Cotunix cormix japodica) ws @fiect d by f€d Br.iclion. B&on dd Lotr8 (19%) 

made oNewaton that ess proddcuonorrurt.y hens Epidly iropp.

ltl 

nulritiond condiliors o. edly sr.8c of p6t noulting. dd ad lirtu feedi.S d€$od h 

cf.crivero improve ees podudion ans forc. moulrins (Shmoio dd Yeauchi,2002). 

sinile Esdls wm oblaioed by Hsseii a zr (1989) eto foud no sisnificsi 

difldncB mone teatmcni in.gg Fodudion duing a 14 w.ks Fsl-noulrine Ddiod. 

Pcrck er ar e00l) i.vsrieaEd rlral pE,l.yins moulrine has advw er.cr on lo&r 

p.rfomde. Duins ihe li 6 @rs pos moult p.dod eeg producrioi ws high* for 

hd tht fcd wirh O3Yo Zn thar had lo3l lO% of body w.ignt. Itr rh. ?d wak of pos! 

moulinS, eg8 pmdrction incE ed at a 8rcat.r 61c rhd oth€r moulling trstn€nts ed 

ilG t€nd reMin.d throueh 14 wcel6 ofpost ueatDent. The re&ing treatrenB in boild 

bt!.dcr femal€ chickm did.or ef.d postnoult (Hockine,2004). 

Thc etlll of pesr study iodic.l. th.l pcr noulr egg ptoducrioo w6 

si8nifitudy hishe. in Jap6ne quil h.ns whict wc sub.tcled ro indE d moulr B 

q@Lrt by Mushraq €r a/. (2001). Alm ., al (2001) Fponed rhar post mouh hd dly 

prc

ll4 

ed leDinal poduclion. No significet dif.rcncca in €gg prod@tion of hd indu@d lo 

moulting by diffftnt method. qerc found (Bunr &d Cminglm, t994; NonI ed Bcu, 

I990; Almd.nd Ron ld.2003). 

The 6d|s e ml in @rch.e wirh thoe ofv.in€y6 ard D.cuypqc (t990) 

wno qrablisb€d th€ @nvdriolat fc.d cficrion herhod h.d a higb€r .gg Fodedon 

th,n olher Eerhods of noulrile in tighr broil* h.d. Al$y .r ar (197) aged wirh thc 

Esulrs @tins lnat hds subj4r.d ro forc.d mollrjn8 h.d highq the av.6ge eg8 

producnon n rhe posl moulri.g laying p€riod. Ind@ed moulling incr€&s cgg qulity 

ed .8s producrion md exlen.Ls L'!c Foducliv. tife of hens (Koch d ar. 200t. 

IlE Es rs ofpBenr study iidicar. rh.t ind@d noult rsulr€d in & incEa. in 

posl Eoult egg pmd@iion EE md ! diminuiior of Ih. dslirc of plodndion wilh ag. 6 

q@tcd by HuNir.r ar 09E). Atr.d arxl M4h.ty (1990) epod€d sinil& 6ultr i. 

h.c fd 20,000 ppm ofzn for 5 days.d foud induc.d hodtitrg signifi@rly (p

ll5 

obrained by Sceiiolo md Coligado (1989) who obsfred forced noultins increed ege 

pmdnction ond ZnO lsg/kg diel was rh. best nerhod of inducing nouhihg. Mouhed 

fowls had ! g@ler Ere of egg pFdudjof, dm uMoulled CON fowts (Sharp a ar. 

19?). Tilb@k !d ,obsn (190) dissFd with rhc prst sntdy dchoNratins 

loB €89 prcdwrion in byirg fowts by nutridt rcsrricrjon the olh.r tGatn€nls. H4 

moulcd by fc.diog a feed grade ofzn Fopiomt€ (l% Zh)-supptem€nr.d diel r€tained 

posl moult egg quliry ed prodetioD cohprable ro he6 noultcd b, orhq m€thods 

Arblqu€tquc (19E8) fo@d sinil& BulG frdils signifianly subs.q@! 

prcdudon by di.tary zin witn 2% 6 zirc oxid. in Balcock &d His.x Brcm ne$ 

mo!€ 0r& wilh th€ olher realrnmrl. Th. restlls @ nol si6il{ to rhose ofogu ed 

Arsoy (1991) who foud no ditr rcnes in .8g productioo donS r@uD.n$ in laying 

fowls. ana I wakr css prqtuctioo i**.*O ro sx io *r,,"t"a f.d hdr (Ania ?/ zl, 

194) Brcil.r bE d.r f€msl6 cFic..d ro f...1 l.jd noE .ggs ue conhl ianalcs 

(Falbd er 4l, I99t). 'fte Esulrs e simitd wirh Fesems.r ol (2003) upon av@ge h€n_ 

day eeg prcducrion (700lt frco @k 4 liu $c end of the dp€dn nt by ue or 20,000 

ppm of 2irc (Zn). TL* Esuns e @r in Modee to Husi. .ad Daghn @ool) who 

obwcd lcgariv. cf.ct on posl rcult c8g poduijon dE ro indrcjng a no, w r 

l16 

egg plldution by th€ feed Esricrion ed bidr dier.ry zin rG.rrncnrs. l% Zo 

suppleren@rion drr c& rdG moutt in oD wets otd h.6 I pet a a/.2004). 

Kilitci .l ar e00l) @!clud.d thlt rhe prcdudion cheqt.i3ti6 could b€ 

ifte*dvi. forcd houlti.g. The 6ulc e in.g@cnr vith Hqwja et at. (tg92) 

vho esrablish.d th.r hdimm ihpDvmmls lpp€G io have ben G&hed aith Esl 

tqiods of 14 lo 2l d. Hid l€vels of di€!.ry At and Zn c& n.gariv.ly ef.cl egg 

produclion of Japs.se quil (Anm€d .l at, 1988). The Esults &. jn agreenent wilb 

Rolon €r zr (193) who foud thar pcrc. rg..ss prodedon .lecascd witr.sc for rtre 

tur-do'lt€d contlol hcc. Duiig thc Eh rtrcu8h 26$ @k post doutr aI moutr€d h€E 

ouqerfom.d non-houlred CON h.os. Egg prcducrion duing arttninistr lion of dre Zr- 

n h diels decreed qirh inc@ing Zn conc.ntration dd dmlio! of t .oldent (Bessel 

Fc€d Bnicr.d rulkeF shoe ihpov.d .gg pmdktion (BaIo$4 194; 

MccanlEy.r al, I977i Mit* and !.sl! l99oa; H@tj,g, l99b). Ncgdiv€ efdl5 

have rended to be &@ialed wi$ tull.r bird $,ains, whicn app.d lo bc more setrnive 

io lhe €flftts of f.cd ericlion thd the ldgd tukey sdlins (Whilehead, 1989r Hoctilg. 

1992a). Th. Bulls s. in tine wirh fic fitrdi.$ oi chata a dl 09E4) sfio su8g6i.d 

tnat fedilg ! hid zinc dia d a l!|.a of ind@ins . 6r offc6 rc advarase @a 

.onvdtional houll p@.dc, Supplcn.nting the iarior wirh 48 ppm zinc .lid nor 

inc@e egg prcducdon in taye6 nain&ined o. rb. fl@r (Supphe e, al, I958), 

Thee Esults @ nor sinil& with Ki.nlblz e, at il96l) in hying hc6 fed on e 

i$lared $y-based did @nraining lO ppm 2inc had low€r tto rcdal .8g prcdldion. 

Esg prql@tio. B nor inpor€d by zinc lupplcd.ntarion tevels s th. carbod. (0, tO,

lt7 

20 or 40 ppD) in SCWL he!s, 24 lo 68 w.cks oi ase (Jd6 a aa, 1986). Coodlm er al 

(1986) evalualed no significdt diflo.ne in €sB production during rhe 22 w*ks 

experinenid p.nod Mth ihe addiiion ofzn 6 ZnO to dieG ro indue hout. Thep 

Es'!i. e nor i. hahory wirh Robeij ed Fmcis (1979) wno indid.d no difi@l 

diEsence of 20.000 ppD Zn ro rh. dids ovq convorion l dootring metnod. 

Mccomick &d Cuminsnm (1984a) sugg.sred no adveras€ in ioducing moulr by ue 

Rsulb obbin d in this snrdy d not in rg@not wilh do* of Biggs ur zt 

(2001) *ho ob6coed no @roisrdr diff.Enes dong rqrn€nrs throughoul rhe ,O wt 

post noul! F iod for egg prcduclion. The sull3 ofpr€Fnl snrdy suppod.d rhe vork of 

E2i€shi e, ol (2003) who coduct d fou! expdmenrs lo dete@in th. etter ot stlge of 

egg Fodelion, fced Esricdon, sbcting dcNiry md tihe of day on lhe hen - .tay- 

produclion {HDP). R.sIr shoeed rhai HDp inc@s€d wirh th€ sbg. ofc8a pod@rion. 

Tne) dl$ sM'.d th lecd lsicrron d.pr.sd ess pmduflon 

The!. csulrs qe in concuenc€ wirh rh. obsnsrioN of Tud@cn a ar e004) 

who lbud lhe cgg podudion sbpped ar d.y 8 duiing fo,ced moultine in Is atuu hens 

of 72 wel5 of a8.. icslts obained in $. 3rudy e in @turslenr wdr Alodm dd 

M6h,ry {199) who coltard daE on 600 com.rciat sdlh (D.talb) SCVL h€c, 80 

*eks of agc ad dcnonsrialed dsl induced moulring sjgnificarly inc,ea$rt egs 

prcdEtion fom 64% ro 7? ro 83% wh.n conp@d lo CON. Th.y also obsered thal 

hens subjectd ro Zn r.atnnt ce4ed egg producrjon by Day 6 of lh. expenhent md 

Emain€d ou of prcd@tion uil Day lt: Dat 14 @ tE fiBl day of.88 prodlction. 

HeB reabert 5096 hen, day post moull.gs p,odkrion by Days t9 for zn goup.

lt8 

FurdEmorc, h.os in all tr.atn nl goups €ach.d Fat 

prcduction appoximar€ly 6 lo E 

vk followiDs rhe Erm to tull fed layer atio.. The Zr g@up ha

139 

Simil& b 6ults oblEin d by catit ad sarud (2004) qho cei.d our d 

eiprinenr to eludy the cff€cl of suppleDenriq l00mg4rs Zn !o diets on the 

rcProductiv. p.rfo|@ of Dokri-4 .!d Band@ b.B wdd hot clihadc onditios 

(mbidt t mp.nlre @s.d fron 22-3rC &d huidity fom t5-60%). H.s &d dhrs 

supplenent d wiih Zn had signifi@dy highci egg pFduction tho iho3. fcd wiIh @.[ot 

dia. t4hom hybrids esEict d dEing U. gFW pte, bid neviq .ees rha rhe 

rotricred duins the stan{ phee, d.spn. hlvias simild body weishrs ar end ot rdin8 

(K$tlel .r dl, l99l). Ilis .ffd B rcr iifEDccd by rh. sricion hdnod. 

Th* Esulll e in cosisle.t wirh rhc findings of Abu-S@w6 .nd K@ajecw. 

( 1985) who obsned €idt-d.y plue in egg pDdEtion *tEo gnole-gnin bdLy w fcd 

10 htu. The lbdirg of whot. oaL h.tkrt cgg produrion in 5.?a0.22 d &d lle d@tion 

ofth€ paue *ss 8,1+0.?8 d, The significd{y higtr€, iat€ of.gg prducrion in hens givcn 

a Bt 6urad in rh* he6 pod@jrg D.5.83s mor p.r ho in tlE 196 d qFrilMrat 

pdiod the thos. in the conaol (non-r6t d) grou'. Inis inc@ ir .gg p,lducdon is onc 

of the signiEc&l aononic boEfils of irducinS a pae iD .geirg heB, They coeludcd 

u{ thc layirS pcrfo@ of.g.ins brem{ga tay6 @utd be inPlorcd by induciag a 

$on paus n c88 pDdetio! al lh. 4d of rhc ,jBr yee of lay. 

Sinil& io Esula ohrin d by Arci .r ar (2O()J) who ,Mi€d.gg Foduclio! ws 

sigjfi€elly rcdkcd iD chjcr.d etuup al 22-25 w.k old (p0.05). IrDugh .ge prod@t@n B high.r i. 

cxp..imdal goup rhfr in conriot sreup {91.24.,6, 94.64%: peal p@ducrjon) ar 26ll

FEED EIIICIENCY 

t40 

Poor effici€ncy (1.19) of Japdese qlail layirg of non-moulLd conbl trE thenr 

E ob*red compared with rlE mdlilg ftlrnds rhouSl ou1tl|. oriF dur.don of 

€xperimeor a w.ll d ih noull. The quil laying h€tu moulr.d by f..d Eshicrion (FR) 

nld better (P

l4l 

Tl@earc @Bisre difleEnc. in wil. Lechon hy€6 io apd of fcd efficicncy 

mons tr.lnen6 of drftRnr moutting diels witn supptencnbLion of m,0e,als dd 

viidins (Biggs 4r al, 2003). Tnee esulc @ nor simite to thos of KerarD ed 

Pra&tyo (20@) wno foud thc fe.d @nvcsion dlio si8liaqtly @

t42 

€sulrs obrained by Hdends s, ar 0989) who €slablish.d the layinS at av€nscd 37.4 

ed 61.8 g Fr 100 vcll poorly moult d h.N by vdiou doulting dicr., Ogu ad Okey 

(1991) diegrc. with the peFnr BulB wirh no difI6nc. mors tr.arne grcups of 

laying foels f.d on {hol. gFin b.rtey o. zinc diet (!O,OOO d 20,000 ppn) ttujnS rhe 

laying period aff.r heannent. 

Thc euhr c in ecordee b ln. ob*ryariods of Barry .d AEIe (19E7) who 

sLLd ihar feed Esricdon ed hi8ll di.lary Zn tr€alh.nc deesed fed efllci.ncy of 

fc.d ulilianion in DDsr ooulring Feeens .r 4t (2003) cvatured tlle esllls wfth Eg.r.r ro 

fonc nouliing aptlicarion ro lay.6 and foad lhat rte s ofzirc app.s !o b. supoior 

codp@d b the olher tuedods investiSatcd. ToShiai ,r at (2003) dcmoBrrated rhar d. 

inr.'any of f€.d cFictio! t d m efl€r on f€.d effici.ncy at 49 d (p

143 

uiiliEd then food ho€ .mci.ndy rh& the h.ns in control greup. This M attribul.d 10 

th. higher 6te of cgg pdductio! in th. Esicd h.ns. 

Th* r$lll e in dorddc !o tnos. of C€rci ?r 4t (2003) who Epoi.d in m 

€xp.linert on 144 Hyline (w-37?) layins pullets (15 week of ase) [e.d coN.sion 

duing prcdwijon w not impnvd Sd.rslly by pull€t fad csiriction. Food convcFion 

cfficiocy 16 imprevql by 6ly agE food Griction in f.nalc rulkeys. F@d cr.ic.ion 

nay offd e econodi. advmaCe ovd ^ onriaEd a.l libitun lFdine Fgircn (Plavnic 

BODY \T-EIGIIT 

Fc€d Esfiction.nd spplm. lrion ofrwo diffftir di.r.ry l.Ets of atMinim 

sulf e and zinc oxide io Japaee quil l.yio8 hos for rhc ioducdon ofmoulr b t!.g.l.d 

dy wieht lo*s G.Ig.22.8910 10.4670) Esulcd in posr moult.gS producrio.. During 

tuulr indu.tio4 th. dL.l which body w.ighr E tct 6 dcpGnddt upon f.dirg of 

The depessiotr in body tri8hr ol quail laying due ro rcslricted feed (70%) ed 

fcdin8 of alminim (0-15% &d o.lo%) s rh. sulfare &d zirc (o-15% dd O.l0%) 6 

lh. oxidc is similu lo BllIs obtair.d wirh Bobwhite quil laying h.ns by wil$n g, zl 

(19?8). Als.yg.r ar (1963) foud th.t 0.3? b 0.7a% Al a duid@ $tfar. atd 

0.74olo Al6 alumjniun hydrcxide significandy Gd@ed body w.i8h! sain in 6t3. SroEr 

dd N.lson (1968) fohd simild rsulls wh.n they f.d baby chick O.l b 0.4% At s 

sulf.rc or cbloridc s6lt- 

F.eding of rc$ricred di.r and aluninium sulfate dd zinc oxide in a di.r ro 

Japeese quil layins h.B led to a significsr cd@tion in body w.iehr. Sinild Esul$

144 

wee obtain d by Balq er al (1983) with lo$ of27 to llyo tor opdmal post nouh eEg 

Fodenoi. Cminghm dd Mccmicr (1985), nowv.r, obiain d 6npmbl. Bulls 

wid My w.i8ht Ed@tion tuCing belwcn 14 io 16% or 25 to loe/r. Shippfr e? rt 

(19?9) found no difieeMs in Frfomm@ olhem cachiog 20 or 25% body Neiel 

Body qeielll ad@tion by thc b.Siming of thc pe-lay p.riod in th€ 

conv@tionally moulled qEil laying h.tu h 9-44%,0.15o/' N ll.swa,0.30o/o A 

lO.65C. O.lsyo Zn 14.51% rnd 0-3l Zn 14-25.,6 r.sF.riv.ty. DiffeEms in body 

weight los or pe.fomanc. (pdedage .gg prcducrion) wd. dere.ted mong dsigned 

noulting h.Oodr indicatinS rhal tn€ dega. of body wighr lGs m ale import nl in 

d.&mhine fDst moulr FrfotlMce. -Irlda Bdl5 d foud ro be in th. dda of thoe 

obtlin€d by Bdter sr aa (198t who d€mon$arcd b.s1 csulrs wilh 9.35% body wighr 

los whcn noding he6 Er. 66 @ks of age, nowevd, whcn moultinS ?7 @ks ol.! 

heB, a body Eighl los oalt% pbdwed tn FoEst p.rfo'fuce. 

Ilrcs Esulrs d€ nol supporred by shipp.e a al {19?9) who foud Edued €8s 

poddion eith 35% bo.ly wiehr 16 for 58 vt old hottr indw.d h.B, pBio6ly 

Epoaed culB 6ing dillcMt noulting lcchniq!€s &d oqlgendt condjrios snow 

ihat factos olher 1hd body leighr loss sc also inponanr in delemining posl moulr 

Th. Glarionship b

145 

md stmin (cuMinslm &d Mccomick. 1985) have all ben sbovi !o elfecl diflcrcnr 

cchn qc dplotld. As dp€k4 fcdinS of 0.104/. Zd had a ooE npid l6s th4 

0.15% Ztr which wB mot€ rapid th& 0.15% Al, Th. number of w..ks n*essey to 

ohiin brger body reieh los wB cqurl for all moulting Eetne s. Thc moE apid dre 

i. body w.ight lo$ for 0.10% Zh fed di.r rh& otner moulting ftahcnts @ rev.Gcd on 

d.y l0 dle to qciShing the 0.10% Zn fed h.ns on 1hc ruiotc@ce Biioo in lhe prc-l.y or 

E3l Fdod- Io ord.r b c.lculat &curarc body w.igh, th. fcDal. quil laying h€tu ofall 

houlrins lrdtmcnis $e wcid.d piior to &eding. 'Ilrc diferenc.s in time EquiFd 10 

arrin hrget body Eishr los BulEd i!.ll Japffi quil layilg hN indEed ro noult 

by dif.mr ncthod. b€ins nai ained on !h. p6lay fe.d (l8 s pq quil). 

fte siglifiqdy havid reigbI in 10.46% body wiSht 16 tt.ftent al th..trd 

of 4d wek post monh .nablcd a noe npid post mouh incEse of €8g production. 

Sinilu Bults e cporled by rb. fodinss of Bunt dd Cminghd ( 1994) *ho srudied 

body @isht los tw6ty F@ by d.ily lihir€d f€edin8 ofo noult f€.d. TL @ulr! @ 

i! 4ordace !o rhe obwations of Pd.hdaj (199) who invstig3r€d body w.igh! to$ 

drc lo ind@d moulrins ard highd Cain ir rcighr duioS dE sub&qu.nr layiis cycl. ir 

h.B suppleden@tion w$ zinc. Rfleha rr al rla94r nve;r8ared with Edued l@. 

sia duirg Edilg of pdlclr toh 42E rekr ol4 

Th€ r.sulti e sinild witn Gdcia.r al (2001) who obstued th€.ff&r of 

fadins coh mc.l dlring thc fanin8 rd 6iing pqiod on the podwtion p€rfoMc. of 

l.yci quils ed fou

146 

seishr in Japanse quail at *x@l mauity vd srudied by Z.l.nka sr ar (1964) wbo 

obseFed no efecl of fed Eslriction on body weighr. 

Simila to esulrs oblain€d by Sabine 4 aa (1995) vho r.poned sierificst.tfel 

on body wigh of Japd.e quil wirh fed csricion of ih. Etc of 1tv/' t\N ad libitn 

CON. Body weiehr M no longd difTee.r two reks aftcr rcn ction eoded. Miles dd 

Rossic ( 1985) disagrce wi$ th€ pEsr sfudy lnat hish lelels of diehy alMiniw in the 

fom of soluble $lrs hav. n gBtive .fre.t on d. grc$th in birdt. Zinc al a lelel of 1.000 

to 15,000 ppm d€pessed $e body wiSht in Sin8le Conb White Leghon (Undesood, 

1981i Mccomi€k md CminSnm 1984). H.Ellr6 er,r (1988) staled thar nouldng 

di..s Eultcd in CMicr hy wight los. 

The 6ult3 e nol in nmony wi$ th. data of Raddy and Eswdlh (1988) wilh 

gowc* Siven ad 1,bir!r f.d or ey ot th. low prelein diets liom 7-20 wk old gained 

mc wight sain. Zi.l .? zl (2001) ob6@.d lhal Japm$ q@il betwtr 2 10 @ d.ys of 

ae. t*eiv.d 70/o ed 4ovo ot aa lrr'dr f..ding l.v€ls 6p.ctiv.ly M afdtd widr th. 

a aime.r of body weiSbr m6s al all ages. Aklm sr al (2001) investisated los body 

@ig!t gain by th€ birdi, whi€n \Nm seF.d wnn esricled lced ( L7l a0.I I ). 

N.ss (2002) diegcs wi.h thc pF*m study with laying hd fed with 0.1% 

alwinilm sulfare lost le$ of rhen iniiial body wicht rhe hcns with Gtriccd fc.d. 

sinil& esults weic ohaincd br Bigcs er al (2003) with dd /,Dr!, ec€$ ro 95% con 

or 95olo wher middlings monh diels conrain d suppl@ltol minemls md vihins, 

Rsult d in body weidl los for hfls appoxiharly l5 10 l87o ar day 28 EsFctively. 

Body w.ighls al l" esg wee significdntly healier fed 70% ad /,bt!h rhe for fomale 

.lapm.e quils on othcr hahe.ts (r00./. 6d a5e/e ol ad libitun). Th€ aulc of pEst

147 

study indi.are a sienifictudy hish€! body wiSln of birds sed.d on ad 1,, $& $o$ on 

ericl€d f€sd s quored by Smnn d al (1994). Hd Dolll''d by f.ed Esriction losr 

2l% of then irnial body sishr- 

Senarad.r al (1997) Epoded Etrict d f.eding l€v€h ofdi€ls @.uinin8 24,21. 

lE or 15% prccin in quaik exen sone sonofstr ss dd show nomalerosrh, optimm 

fe.ditr8 th.r.!ft.r 6mFNt6 for 6c poor lbvrl or csn cnl'rc it 

similar ro Bllrs obt iMl by Hwirz "r zr 0988) with body weigh6 E&h.d 

valu.s hiSher in h€ns indw.d modring by diff.renl melhods lha! rbose of lhe conlrols. 

Body *ciglls ofde hoult d he6 ircEd.d signin@lly (P

148 

or @nposirion is nd€sery b€foE th. oBt of.sg plsdetion. Fcgcbs ., dr (2003) 

dieered with thc p6.nt study with *id los of laycr w sienificmtly hjsh.r 

(P

149 

culmimtion of vr.d dvioMdlal sdmuli triggeiirg a physiologiol rspoN lh.t 

eults in body wighl los!. DcEsed body weienl of h€N i. 6sign.d mouh n€lhods 

comp@d with non-Doulted control heru ws ob*ned (Rolon €r a/, 1993; M@@ sd 

H6t r. 2005). B.dy weierr aglin dd.ot dira fllnsdcaUy b.twed noul!.d dd non_ 

Doulled onFol h6 by L\c .nd of 26tr w.ek post mouh p.dod. AI 0 l% fed to q@il 

h.ns for 28 d.ys r.duced body rciehr (Husi|r 1988). 

These r$ults m aho not in accordan@ wilh lh. obF aions ol Zuban and 

t @n (1994) who studi.d thlt r€sricted Gf.d bnds tlo nol plty a rcl. in lh€ alility of 

thc birds to show iopmv.d Irorlh @mP.Nrion. Limild daily aces ro f..d lo h. thc 

non etr*rivc method of Fducins body w.ishr (Noll d ot, t99t).60% ot lFd 

Briction &on ad l,r,r,' (AD Edu.d b.dy vcieht (Zultifli ./ zr, l99l). Hishd ld.lt 

of zinc 6 zinc sulfole heparahydnle (znsO.,7H:O) did d*rc6e moi. body eeight th& 

@ntol he6. Prhfox &d Elodic 0980) Epoi&d bo

t50 

Augspugo.r al (2004) who obwed th.t supplmcntal Zn had no erT€te on gbsih 

p.rfommce. ln bom laying htbridi agcd 79 w*ks, the moE *v.G nonhi.S di€G 

Bult d in sealor body weidt los (Herends erar,1988).ln a srudy calil dd smad 

(2004) Fpon d thlt sulpLndtirg di€tr duing hot climatic @nditio$ eifi Zn 

impoved the fiMI body w.ighr in Dokli4 dd Bed4a h.s, 

(wErr l .r at 091) disagd vith $e prc* lts€4h who &hicv.d . 

cd@tion in body reieht ad cohdld.d rhal body *cighl is nol only the facbt 

ddmining layi.g p€rtuil:la@, T}le data of p@.t study slppodcd rh. work of Plavnil 

a Hwilz 091) sto obed.d in nal..nd fenalc boil€6 t pr up b 56 and 50 d, 

!.rp.clively, a biSh rate of w.ight gai. aftd the est idion p€nod G.-ie€ding !.dod) 

owtm. rhc go*lh retldltion ltFibul.blc ro Fricrio., .xepl in dt birds which h.d 

b.cn sbj4led to the m61 svee rgimcn. I! th€ oildest Egin 6, body w.igtrls 

lwh.dsliShllyhighsvalu.sth6lho*of $.a?lt tr,n- fed@ .ols. 

Sinile to 6!l'5 obtain d br Doiloh .r ar ( l9E9) vho conduc|d e €xp€nh.nt 

on boild cnickeN with f@d Gt iclion pogrm along wilh liS}t confol ed fowd ihat 

dt p6tEm of body *€ighls Srin E sinil* ro d. od.r of food €onshption. MoultinS 

bsd ban @poncd ro the 17% lo$ in body wight duine th€ 7-d oat'fcedine period in 

bDM - .ss-hyins h.6 of 6E @kr (KMjc.wa €r dr, 1989). I'ey .le Eponcd thar 

a I?% loss wd ad.qule for th. improv.n.nr of subsequ.nr laying p{fom&ce. lJnlike 

@m.rcial chickc6, turkey hctu €uslotuily los Bw ovs th€ coue of a podudjon 

F iod (Bacon dd Neslor, 1982; Robel, l9E4). weiSht lo$.s w€re sigificedy higlEr in 

th. mouhed t aimcots when conpd€d {ith the nomoultcd uealm.n$ (Kubena .r al, 

200t.

t5l 

These dala are nor in ag@ment wilh $e daia of C.rci rr "r (2003) who 

concludcd lhar fie lirc wisht of Estricled fed grcup ws afl.ted posiiively with 

oc@ing of f.€d inlal. !ft.r retEicled tuing. Bn! rhit posniv€ etrsi E nol 

ad.q@r. for in€resing th. €8g poducdon. Th.reioi€. Ifrd convc6ion of€strict€d fecd 

goup may rct be beter thd ad-liD fecd group. Th€ live {eight of Gtricled iieding 

greups w6 Educ.d si8nifi@tly duing csEiclcd f4ding (P0.05) 

The Esults de in hamony with ih. obseflalio.s of Cufadd ed Bahliydc. 

(2004) vho foud & incede of rhe dieb'y zinc cont nl Esulled in a insiSnin@t 

rqlucrior in l[. body wighr ssin (BwG) b boil4 *h6 vrlyitr8 lcvcls of Z! {40,60 

dd 160 ns&e dieo w.rc ed. M@rc er ar (2004) fpon.d thar body mid 10$6 

wdc signific&dy highq in the moult€d (M) tqftenls thm in tlE no.'noultcd (NM) 

feun vhen layi.e hctu l,ft grv{ ziac rt tn€ mle of | 0.000 mg^(g ofdiet. 

EGG WEICIIT 

Egg weigl s wec not difeent shrisd.ally 60.g noultins ne$odr in quail 

laying hes befoE Doull tratmenl. Il *6 alnost se monS moultng fta|m. s 

duing lnis Friod. Ts wl6l.rcr oolldne Fiod sigif!@tly {P

152 

Egg size or egg sheu quahy is .or .dve6€ly .ffecred of duration of forced nouh cd be 

dKl!@d ard po$ moultins pFd@lion iic@cd Oonkevich, l%6). No difftnce M 

obs.ned for cgg or egg shell wiglLs .nd noult (Anm.d a ar, 2005). 

Sinnd b sults wr not obldn d by Pa.k 2r at (2001) who @eluded iltst 

pFlains mtdting @!ld b. d cfrdtiw tuthod for inprevins ess Eidr Po$ noulr 

cg8 qcighl (66.78a5.41) B signficqrly hi8ls in bids subject€d ro indkcd moulli.g 

@u5nbq et ar, 2001). Tle eull! de not in conc@nc€ wilh the ob*FauoD oflho* 

of Arm d zr e00l) with v..yi!8 c8g ms si8nillcetly b.tw€d noult€.l ed non- 

soult d birds. Gacia et al (2002) asc.d with lh. preenl rcsmh s ess weiSh in 

layq quils no1.Il4rcd during lhe 20 w..ks p.riod by layins diel al ? days po$ mouh, 

Kib r, ar P005) suge6red ihar aec of hcN ed molhing die|ary r@rnois idl@cld 

IF. 16 ro signi6@1 diffccn6 b.tl6 br..d ir lvffige €gg sight" .89 

shcll thiclrs dd eeg H&gh Unn Oas, 2002)- Th. 6uhs @ ale not in hmony 

6 thc di.L.y lcvel of 0.1% of alminiun sulfat. dd f.ed Buiction (FR) did .or .lIRt 

.89 w.ight &d b€tter eg8 sh€ll thict&s, Bigrs €r,r (2003) iNestigaled no coBistcnt 

difidence in .se w.idt of wllil. I-c8hom lay.r f.d on ad /,r;t!n acess to 95% con 

dd 95% whear middlirS moulr diet supplcn nr.d wirh min.tab md vituins. 

Th€F resulLs re aho foud lo be dt v&i&e vnh $e findings of Ketden &d 

Pr.tyo (2002) who conduded lhat 'cstricrcd fcdine ^ 10 dd 85'/" t'd libiM 

si8nifi@rly (P

diff.Eni mdhods of noulrins. Eggs prcdmcd by moulred greupc wE iisnili@dy 

sup€nor lo rho* rreh controls (P@nmj, 194). Tn rc weE no sisnincor dittcFnces 

bdw..n erclps in n€s eg8 rei8nt in egg typc bEedqs (EL-B€lli dd El,Zub.n, l99l ). 

The Esults m nor in as@ment wiih Aksoy er 'l (t988) who obefl.d a 

sisiificdt incebe in ess w€islt (P

t54 

s6 found in boiler bEedeB Bbicted lo fced lho lhoe fd or ad libitun lL.c.t al, 

l97lr wilsor ?r al, 1983; Kat nbaf.r al, 1989- snnih 6drs w.€ ohained by Lee 

(19E7) with m hiShd ege wcidt in Lesh@ hds bt rdEi€l€d fading. No signin@r 

difrernccs v* ob$ryed b.tw€.n tqtn€i$ for eeg w.idr in laying h.s of 8l w.eks 

of a8. subjeled ro fo@ mouh€d by diffccnr oelhods inducing applietion of Zn 

(20,000 ppm). Th. data of 1hc pFsnt $udy indicare eg8 weight ofAl r,Edred hcns w6 

sicnilidtly hishd thd tlF fc.d eEicted h6 duing fi. mdritrg pdiod br wB rcr 

atr ded by the post moulting Fe.tnenB d quotcd by (Hu$ein dd D.gbir' 2001) 

No siificd| cffer os .gg kighr sts Eponcd bv Ahnad ad Roldd (2001) in 

houhcd Dekalb Dclt! h€ns fom 84 to 96 *.cks of ags !iv.n vdiablc f*ding dclhods' 

'IlE r.sdts slpponcd rh. *o* ofRolon.t 4l (1993) who 6l2blbhcd in@s'd i! 'gg 

weight witb pogr.$ion of €. for all hens l! g€ndl fc.d estdctcd tuk'vs 'xhibned 

rc eff.d on egs w€idt {Hesrd &d si€v.6. 1990) 

Thc Eslhs d. in &cod&ce |o Gootln@ (1986) wirh no signifi@t diffcr'ne 

dong t!.studt! rcgrding cg8 wighl duing rhe 22 w*k qFrinc al p€dod Th* 

€sulE differ 6om lhos or Gstich et ar (19s4) who sllt.d e itrcl!4 in cgs w'iehr 

@oin@lly dulnS th€ l" yed production in sCwL hens 

The &t! @ lor in @lculm virh tlE fudinss of Bisgs " dr e004) who 

r€pon.d rhlt ess wighl in Dekalb write h.n! (69 wk of agd ws 'ot afftrted bv dieurv 

trerrotn rtbughout the 4Gw4k pon moult F 

iod- E2jcahl ?' a' (2003) dieer" with 

the pr.*nt sudy wno noted lnai egg weighl inct.as.d wilh the shse oi'gs poduclion in 

thc layin! IEs. Ee8 wigh a| rh€ p.!k of posr nouldng producdon M nd'ricallv

lt5 

hi8i6 dong rhc noul|€d hs tha in lh. CON goup bul thc dilT.rmces were oot 

signif@t (Alodd .nd Mah.ly, 199). 

The resulb of pres.nr study e .or in cotuisrent wilh thos. of Said er dl {1984) 

who found thar diffeRol irduced moulrinS proglms did nor signific&tly affecl €gg 

wight whs ohpacd b the rco,noultcd birds. A noult wd ind@.d in lm gou!6 by 

tdEing day- Lngth od GFicting food brltc. 'nrc food qriclion period lan d for 2,1 

or 4 rets ed th. birds wc€ giv€n €ith.r I 5 or 25 g of whole wh@!,bid. No diffffic.s 

wcE obseF.d berw.n the noultin8 tratncnrs on posl noult .89 wirhts {Rose dd 

Cspbell 1986). 

E6q ./ at (2001) agre with th. p@.i $ndy who ob*F.d 1n{ ess wicllt in 

Mand@h local 3inin (32 wccks of age) inpovcd whm zinc along wit nnhionine or 

phtre B added in their diets- Galil ed Smad (2004) s,tudicd in d cxFrinent thal 

.dditio! ofzi lo di.6 inccs.d .gc widt noE rho @trtrDl dict!. Thc* asulls e .or 

in li!. wirh K,]@jaw.., al (1989) who cpon d that es8 w.i8h E rct afreded iD 

brcM- ees laying h.ns (68 weks of as.) subjftied to indued moult by feeding wholc 

MORTAIITY 

R.larionship b.r\,@ incEa*d moirslity in the.on'moultd confol dd moulled 

quil laying hens md body lcight rducdon w6 obsred. High.r quail hens fronalily 

was oh6ned in th€ bens supplenenred whh 0.30'lo zn wirh & incE4s.d body weiSirt 

los. Furhmore, diff@nc6 i. mortslity dong no'nt.d quil h.ns rc aft.r thc 

wilh

156 

induction. Ir is v.ry inle$sring lo note, holrtq that the highe honalny Etes ele 

ob*ftd q$ lhe control u!h. sd O.le6 Al supgtmc anon pos.am' 

Mon lily durins lh. moull sd t$t.noul 

pedods ws not infl@fted by cithcr 

nouh induction ncthod or body wighr los. This h not supnsing, howcver be6ue 

comftid mult p@sms utilizins exr.nded p.riodt of fe€d eslriclion (FR) &d 

surpl@ulon of dietd' lwels or al@i.im sulf.i. .t!d zirc oxidc Esull ir only 

mininal ldeh of nortalily. 

Th. Esulb of p6ar snrdy e rct in @ncum.c wirh the findilgr of Sabin. e. 

zr (195) .nd v.bsrd (2000) *lF fourd tuidiri6 v@ twie d highd udd 

csriction 00elq) a @nped to d lrr'tun cont ob in Japse* quil. Ih. dala of rhe 

pcsot srudy suppon the conienlioi of Wilson er al ( l9?E) who suggdt€tt no signific&l 

.fet of f6d Gnricdon sd low di.t ry srli halods otr moruliry of Bob*,lir. quil 

Sidilf 1o Gsuhs obraired by Void€vich (1966) who €slbusn d that a for.d 

houlting d@tion qould bc deE&d dd posl houlrirg pDdurion ircEred wirlDur 

h.vine d adv.e cfr*r on hon liry_ Zict ., ar 0001) Eponed .o Etatiotuhip b€rw*n 

f..din8 l.vcl dd chick morlaliiy. The eut|s ;f p&* srudy indicAre non{ignificat 

c|Iftl or mortaliry of Jap.dcse quit laying hos by p6gm 6 qst d by SaIo6 &d 

Bhlni (2001) eh.E simild @ndirios s@ previded. 

Tl,. €sul6 @ not coroisrcn wirh NaElwi (2001) who inlesti8ated lO.8% 

monahy in conmercial hybrid lay.6 oa 75 @ks of ae. sobjecr.d ro f..d esrrictjon. 

Th.s 6ulc $ppoflcd th. wort of peler eOOt) eith signjficat dc.@s.d horr.tily io 

hcns compee

157 

wr,it t Bhom hyc6 fed ad r,6,&a ae.rs to 95% com or 95% elcn niddling mouli 

dietl suppl.m.nt€d wirh nircals rnd viranins (Bisss sr,l,200]). Obllin.d by Kc|aEn 

&d Pdctyo (2002) sinile 6ults in MA cosbr€d drcks wilh .o adv.M .fccr on 

livability. Olivcr (1995) rcponed th rhere was lower noll:liry in female Pekin 

ducklings fcd Gsticted feedins. nr findinss of Kcmen &d P6e1yo (2002) suppon $e 

pw t.fuh s no significdt dilf.cncs ir mon lity of six ercups of fcrulc qujl 

raying h.B {id @nuol ed dillcEnr nouliin8 di.B. Posl moultirS Nndity E m 

diff@r a ! asulr or moulr indwrion mdhod in hem (Buh dd CwinShd. t99a). 

Hu$.in (1995) aer*s virh the p6ent sludy ob$Fins simild rcsulll oflord donalny 

6les b.twc.n minml indeed molltng pFc.dlrs wilh coiv.nlio@l f..d Esiriciion 

le.bniqus b forced 6I pqiod 

Simila 6uhs @ Eportcd by Sei€ d, at (1996) who dmolsrzr.d th.t fsting 

or fading hjgh ,m wilh IO,OOO o. l5,O0O ppn for Ros bFM h.m of 6E wl6 

shoq.

158 

Hum ed Y.lcin ( 1992) studicd signiicdrly linedly conela on betwcen nonaliry $d 

moulting as€. Th* csults E$nble vith Bhani ed Shl|m (1989), vhec sinild 

conditions ree ptuvided, nolling by diflcrent n ss €us€d lowe! nonalily in bitds. 

No sienificd cfI*t anonS ftatmcd groups w6 obsed€d in layinS fowh 

Eguding non lity during lsying pqiod aner tr€tncnq which lost 30% of thcir bo

159 

w€e equally disribded throlslout tbe expdimenr' The FsulLs '. i. co.skent with the 

findings of Ro* &d Cmpb€ll (1986) qho nldi€d no .onsi$eot trcarment €ffets on 

nonaliry, DuihS tood Estriclion 0.93"/0 ofthe flock died &d. lunner l.l39o died 

duing the po6t mouh layiry pqiod, 

The 6ulls e nor in Mordec. qilh dDse of Donkoh ., ar (1989) who 

concludcd thar nonaliiy rat€s were not innucnced significmlly by lh. f.eding rcgjhen 

md liSl ing paltth. K@jc.w! .r ,r (1989) madc ob*Fatior on non lity of bou- 

eeg layine heu of 68 weeks of lge inded ro noult ed cponed thit thc rate of 

rutrdiry *a @t .ffFI€d. 

CONCLUSION 

In de p@nr inv6iigatio,! rhe indrc.d nouh of quil laying h€6 6uh.d in 

l) 

2) 

l) 

t 

An imEe ir .ga p'oducdon. 

A! incrcde in .g8 q@Uty and q@[ty s wll. 

Ar incrcGc in suNivalral. dd decFe in morlaliry dq 

Ar *o.omic advstrge ov.r ad,rr'dr fcding. 

The pB. study suld nol mploy only fo. openjng th. rcv avdu6 oi 

comm.lci.l poulB indu$ry in public d.d pdvare sctos b$ also cxpound te cxt.nded 

ulility ol birds in co$ effativc fming in tutua. Thu in rhis uy ii @uld rle h.lt in 

bridging rhe gap oldimalprctein shonage in the €ounrry to a gFater.xrenl.

ECONOMICS OFJAPANESf, QUAILLAYING HENS OVER 20 

WEEKS EXPf,RIMf,NTAL Pf,RIODINCLUDING PRtr.MOIJLT, 

MOULT, PRE.LAY AND POST MOITLT 

t60 

conn.Eial quail (Corumix @tuEit japonicr) has Fin.d d inpolldr pl@ in 

l,\e poultry fhing. providing bodr Deat ed eggs for all lhe @tru€s. Quail se now 

@cd on a Duber of fms dd popl. e eding a tlen ble incon. thmuSl tnjs 

The economica of Japacse quil laying hens producdon he been catolated .nd 

is pF*nred (T.ble23), nr coll of f4d p6 Kg for dre @m.Eisl sirnddd tsying 

ration m R..10.56. The ost of fed dBwed pq fematc quil layi.g h.n upro 20 

Gkr pdiod ws Rs,15.96, 14.53, 14.84, 35.16, 34.E4 ard t4.84 for rhc non Dolhed 

@nrrol, fe.d clridio! (?oelo of ad nrtn .oMplioD), O, t5.'/r At, O.3Oyt At, O.t5yr 

Zn &d 0.30% Zn 6p.ctively. By including Rs.t6.O0 s tlc cosr ofpq quail taying ho 

tur moultitrg purpos dd R5.6.60 Fr quil taing ha s mi*laraE qpelg for 

layiig (includinS labou. ele.tricity. medicarion che8.s etc.), lhe roL{l production @sl 

F r.Fn* quil layidg ha w6 jr noo-mootted conrrot (Rs.59.56), f..d Esriclion 

(R3.57. r 3). 0.l5yo Ar (&. 57.44), o.loelo At (Rs.57.?6), O.I5olo Zn (k.51jq 8n O:tv 

zn (Rs.57.44) &spccri!.ly upio 20 wakl rcpbducriv. p.rfoilm€a 

The eL pnce pd quil l.yine h.n aner subslqust porcntist Frtomdc. of2o 

we.rs p.dod qas Rs.14,00 baed on ine ndket pne ($. quit taying hcns qft $ld on 

Fr had Lqir no1 on rtE widr baiis). A1l rlE fcDat. q@il h€N Fis.d on rhe 

comcrcial laying nlion w $ld al d. se E!. i.e., Rs.l4.oo. Tlc sal€ p a per 

q@il .gg wa Rr.0.50 dqing rh. .niiE dudtion of cxFrin ol, The el. pdce of eggs 

prcduced per quil hen w6 Rs.52.10, 46.10, 46.43, 4j.09, 4j.46 sd 46_65 lot tE

t6l 

non 6oulLd codrol, lcd 6t icrioa o.l5 % Al, o l0% Al,0 rs% Za 8d03woZn 

In dis way thc ne1 prolit Fr qqil layite hn M for cofiFl (Rs.645), 

@nventionally feed c$riction {Pi.3. I7), 0.l5cl" Al (R3.2.9), 0.30elo Al (R!l 3r, 0 15% 

Zn (Rs.4.02) and 0.30elo zn (Rl-3.21) 6p..tiv€ly. lt b obvioBly lion thc rcs!fts rhlt 

moulti.g t.chniques in Japdc* q@!l lnying h@s s poduce .@nomislly 3uh6tqu.ol 

ECONOMICS OF JAPANESE QUAIL IAYING IIENS OVER T4 WEE(S OT 

POST MOULT 

Thc @n ot fed cosmcd dd tol,l @st of po

t62 

Trbl.2f,. E6nmj6 of ,.F,re qqil Lrin! ias of p'!.t@lq Dch, Nultid pod @x 

cddr|@ q'd Lrh! h c&) 

^!qdHdg.dî.i(*t) 

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!k.l*do@i|!'F

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t 

a 

t. 

I 

€ 

T 

I 

I 

t 

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: FI T 

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170 

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xvu vo.ldk Poulnr Co!sE!s, r. Iq-194 Hersi*j (Fhidsb Btuc! of 

vPsA, Handnli@} 

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t1l 

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Iloori, T.R., Wil$A H.R., Htuj, RH_ ard Mil6, R.D 09t} Rcslo@ of boild 

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Fadng ed ziDc oxide as roEcd houtlio8 DedD& for l.yii8 hos. 

Epi t he u $ e 2u e hnitzs Ep t s t. re s, at t1 3 -8 5 - 

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houtrina in SSf - hybrid htu 

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Applic$ioo of Zn in di.r fo. inducdon of 

or . G@ "Kota - Prcnel" i! Budvr, 

IontaiE, c. (19?9). De jnvtcd vd de duu t.sotrderbEldns, E 

dc penaue vd dc W.L. hcn saduEnde hcl rwde 

tujk$tafion @r Kl.incr.clr No. 153: pp.l _ 19.

t72 

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G.lil, M. A. A. &d Smad, M. H, A. em4} Eff6r of vitano E, C, slaim ed 

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chicto under bor climre condit;il. Egp! podt. S.i. J.,2412t1-229. 

ceia" 8.A.. M.ndcs, A.A., Pi&l&tc, C.C. dd v.iga, N. (200t)_ Mo.pholosi.ar 

ch.!e6 .Dd F.fotu€ of byins qEils udd dm€qr f6dh8 $!.drl6 

duing th. 6t p.dod of forad moutring. n vi'4 Br6it in d. Ctencia 

A"i.ola,31275-2E2. 

CNi., E..4., M.nd.s, A.A.. pialmre C,C,, Veiga, N. dd Manos, T.K. (2002). 

Pcrfommc of l.yd quil fcd @m D.d or trF djcr duing . Fsr mult 

ldiod. Rdista Brsiteria de Cieria hieota, 4.t t9_t26, 

Oeficn. J., BEl., J., p.rktu.! C,L, Thsior pJ. ed Morgarr C.W. (1984). 

PhysioloSical pdfitc of ca8.d lsys duing orc pMNron y€d., moul! ud 

post noulr: Egg prcd@tion. egg sh.I quliry. livcr, f€nw. ed blood 

p@n r.6. P,,h t i, 63:lt9-l4t_ 

cEEy, Rw. 0979). lte .trect of foE d houtriDg (r.srj,g) on the lofom4c of 

cllictd laying brcM.sss. Life S.i. Asr. E\p. Sra Bult. 755. Unv. M!iF. 

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