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250 BORROWED VOWELS /â, î, û, ô/ FRONT SHORT VOWEL /â/ FRONT LONG VOWEL /âː/ BACK-FRONT VOWEL /û/ BACK-FRONT VOWEL /ô/ kâlp, dükkân, gâwur, Nigâr, Lâpseki, mekân, tezgâh, kâğıt, selâm, silâh, lâf... ilâːve, lâːzım, kâːbus, lâːyık, lâːnet, Hakkâːri, kâːtip, hikâːye, ifâːde, lâːkin, lâːle... halûk, mahlûk, lûtuf, sükût, mahkûm, üslûp... alkôl, rôl, gôl, hôl, sôl, lôdos, lôkum, lôkanta... ‘Ğ’ = /y/ with /i, e, ö, ü/ FRONT SPELLING /ğ/ PRONUNCIATION /y/ VOWELS /i, e, ö, ü/ eğitim, değişim... /eyitim, deyişim.../ VOWEL SOUNDS with /y/ ıy iy uy üy ey ay oy öy /ıi/ /iː/ /ui/ /üi/ /ei/ /ɑi/ /oi/ /öi/ VOWEL SOUNDS with /w/ ev av uv üv ov öv /ew/ /ɑw/ /uw/ /üw/ /ow/ /öw/ NOTE: THERE are 21 VOWEL SOUNDS in ISTANBUL TURKISH. THERE are 29 CONSONANT SOUNDS in ISTANBUL TURKISH. TURKISH SOUNDS are MORE THAN ENGLISH SOUNDS.
251 *TURKISH BORROWED VOWELS /â, î, û, ô/ from ARABIC, PERSIAN, and FRENCH. TONGUE POSITION FRONT VOWELS MID-VOWELS BACK VOWELS /i, e, ö, ü/ /ı/ /ɑ, o, u/ JAW POSITION NARROW VOWELS MID-VOWELS WIDE VOWELS /i, ı, ü, u/ /e, o, ö/ /ɑ/ SPELLING (YAZIM) -acak -ecek PRONUNCIATION (SÖYLEYİŞ) -ıcɑk / -ucɑk -icek / -ücek NOTE: THE UNFAMILIAR CONSONANTS ENGLISH /dʒ/ /tʃ/ /ð/ /ʒ/ /ŋ/ /ʃ/ /θ/ /j/ TURKISH /c/ /ç/ /d h / /j/ /n/ /ş/ /t h / /y/
Page 1:
1 SEDAT ERDOĞAN STRESS-TIMED or SY
Page 5:
5 STRESS-TIMED -ENGLISH- VERSUS SYL
Page 8 and 9:
8 -antonym /ˈæntənɪm/ -apart /
Page 10 and 11:
10 -catalog /ˈkætəlɒg/ -categor
Page 12 and 13:
12 -data /ˈdeɪtə/ -declare /dɪ
Page 14 and 15:
14 -express /ɪkˈspres/ -extra /ˈ
Page 16 and 17:
16 -helicopter /ˈhelɪkɒptəʳ/ -
Page 18 and 19:
18 -limit /ˈlɪmɪt/ -list /lɪst/
Page 20 and 21:
20 -miniature /ˈmɪnətʃəʳ/ -mi
Page 22 and 23:
22 -passive /ˈpæsɪv/ -passport /
Page 24 and 25:
24 -racket /ˈrækɪt/ -radar /ˈre
Page 26 and 27:
26 -sketch /sketʃ/ -slow /sləʊ/
Page 28 and 29:
28 -tractor /ˈtræktəʳ/ -traditi
Page 30 and 31:
30 -adjust /əˈdʒʌst/ -admire /
Page 32 and 33:
32 -assess /əˈses/ -assign /əˈs
Page 34 and 35:
34 -contemporary /kənˈtemprəri/
Page 36 and 37:
36 -subject (v) /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ /ˈ
Page 38 and 39:
38 -define /dɪˈfaɪn/ -degree /d
Page 40 and 41:
40 -effect /ɪˈfekt/ -elect /ɪˈl
Page 42 and 43:
42 -implode /ɪmˈpləʊd/ -imply /
Page 44 and 45:
44 -remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/ -remote /r
Page 47 and 48:
47 AMERICAN LETTERS VOWELS SEMI-VOW
Page 49 and 50:
49 LIST OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS SHORT V
Page 51 and 52:
51 ‘ENGLISH’ SOUNDS COMPARED to
Page 53 and 54:
53 PLOSIVES (STOPS) 1 /b/ 2 /p/ 3 /
Page 56 and 57:
56 DIPH-THONGS eer ere ear /ɪr/ be
Page 58 and 59:
58 VOICELESS (HARD) CONSONANTS SPEL
Page 60 and 61:
60 -ˈblood ˌgroup /ˈblʌd ˌgrup
Page 62 and 63:
62 -foot /fʊt/ -for /fɚ/ /fɔr/ -
Page 64 and 65:
64 -NBA /ˌɛn bi ˈeɪ/ -Netherlan
Page 66 and 67:
66 -symbol /ˈsɪmbəl/ -taught /t
Page 68 and 69:
68 NOTE: /dʒ/ Could you...? Did yo
Page 70 and 71:
70 shall /ʃəl/, /ʃæl/ she /ʃi/
Page 72 and 73:
72 NOTE: Where are you from? He’s
Page 74 and 75:
74 -airport /ˈɛrpɔrt/ -alarm /ə
Page 76 and 77:
76 -auxiliary /ɔgˈzɪləri/ /ɔg
Page 78 and 79:
78 -boat /boʊt/ -body /ˈbɑdi/ -b
Page 80 and 81:
80 -channel /ˈtʃænl/ -chapter /
Page 82 and 83:
82 -consider /kənˈsɪdɚ/ -consid
Page 84 and 85:
84 -decision /dɪˈsɪʒən/ -decor
Page 86 and 87:
86 -ear /ɪr/ -early /ˈɚli/ -earn
Page 88 and 89:
88 -father /ˈfɑðɚ/ -fault /fɔl
Page 90 and 91:
90 -geology /dʒiˈɑlədʒi/ -gest
Page 92 and 93:
92 -heard /hɚd/ -heart /hɑrt/ -he
Page 94 and 95:
94 -innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/
Page 96 and 97:
96 -leadership /ˈlidɚˌʃɪp/ -le
Page 98 and 99:
98 -medicine /ˈmɛdəsən/ -meet /
Page 100 and 101:
100 -neck /nɛk/ -necklace /ˈnɛkl
Page 102 and 103:
102 -okay /oʊˈkeɪ/ -old /oʊld/
Page 104 and 105:
104 -party /ˈpɑrt i/ -Pasific Oce
Page 106 and 107:
106 -pocket /ˈpɑkɪt/ -poem /ˈpo
Page 108 and 109:
108 -quality /ˈkwɑlət i/ -quanti
Page 110 and 111:
110 -relaxed /rɪˈlækst/ -release
Page 112 and 113:
112 -scan /skæn/ -scarcely /ˈskɛ
Page 114 and 115:
114 -signal /ˈsɪgnəl/ -signature
Page 116 and 117:
116 -speechless /ˈspitʃlɪs/ -spe
Page 118 and 119:
118 -super /ˈsupɚ/ -superlative /
Page 120 and 121:
120 -theory /ˈθiəri/ /ˈθɪri/
Page 122 and 123:
122 -Turkey /ˈtɚki/ -turn /tɚn/
Page 124 and 125:
124 -usually /ˈyuʒuəli/ /ˈyuʒ
Page 126 and 127:
126 -war /wɔr/ -warm /wɔrm/ -warn
Page 128 and 129:
128 -wine /waɪn/ -wing /wɪŋ/ -wi
Page 130 and 131:
130
Page 132 and 133:
132
Page 134 and 135:
134
Page 136 and 137:
136 /æ/ -accident /ˈæksədənt/
Page 138 and 139:
138 /æ/ versus /ɑ/ -advance /əd
Page 140 and 141:
140 /ɪ/ -belong /bɪˈlɔŋ/ -belo
Page 142 and 143:
142 ALMOST 75 PER CENT OF THE TWO-S
Page 144 and 145:
144 -diffuse /dɪˈfyuz/ -diminish
Page 146 and 147:
146 -evict /ɪˈvɪkt/ -examine /ɪ
Page 148 and 149:
148 -invade /ɪnˈveɪd/ -invent /
Page 150 and 151:
150 /ə/ Spelling Pronunciation -ab
Page 152 and 153:
152 ABOUT 75 PER CENT OF THE TWO-SY
Page 154 and 155:
154 -appear /əˈpɪr/ -appearance
Page 156 and 157:
156 -compete /kəmˈpit/ -complain
Page 158 and 159:
158 -particular /pɚˈtɪkyəlɚ/ -
Page 160 and 161:
160 /ʌ/ Spelling Pronunciation Str
Page 162 and 163:
162 /ʊ/ -book /bʊk/ -bull /bʊl/
Page 164 and 165:
164
Page 166 and 167:
166 -keep /kip/ -meet /mit/ -need /
Page 168 and 169:
168 /ɚ/ -alert /ə'lɚt/ /ə'lɜrt
Page 170 and 171:
170 -word /wɚd/ /wɜrd/ -work /wɚ
Page 172 and 173:
172 -park /pɑrk/ -party /'pɑrt i/
Page 174 and 175:
174 -honestly /ˈɑnɪstli/ -honor
Page 176 and 177:
176 -promise /ˈprɑmɪs/ -proper /
Page 178 and 179:
178 /u/ -boot /but/ -cool /kul/ -fo
Page 180 and 181:
180 -humid /ˈhyumɪd/ -humorous /
Page 182 and 183:
182 NOTE: INTONATION and SENTENCE T
Page 184 and 185:
184 -organize /'ɔrgəˌnaɪz/ -poo
Page 186 and 187:
186 -offer /ˈɔfɚ/ -office /ˈɔf
Page 188 and 189:
188
Page 190 and 191:
190 -afraid /əˈfreɪd/ -again /ə
Page 192 and 193:
192 -row -show -slow -snow -swallow
Page 194 and 195:
194 /ɔɪ/ -boil -choice -coin -joi
Page 196 and 197:
196 -shine /ʃaɪn/ -side /saɪd/ -
Page 198 and 199:
198 -liable /ˈlaɪəbəl/ -liar /
Page 200 and 201: 200 /ɪr/ -appear /əˈpɪr/ -appea
Page 202 and 203: 202 /ɛr/ -air /ɛr/ -aircraft /ˈ
Page 204 and 205: 204 DI-GRAPHS A di-graph is a singl
Page 206 and 207: 206 CONSONANT CLUSTERS (BLENDS) /bl
Page 208 and 209: 208 SILENT CONSONANT LETTERS Silent
Page 210 and 211: 210 Silent ‘t’ -castle -Christm
Page 212 and 213: 212 UNSTRESSED SUFFIXES -cious -gra
Page 214 and 215: 214 COMMON PREFIXES EXAMPLES SOUNDS
Page 216 and 217: 216 NEARLY 90 PERCENT OF THE TWO-SY
Page 218 and 219: 218 -Sarah /ˈsɛrə/ -season /ˈsi
Page 220 and 221: 220 STRESS SHIFT (CHANGE) -academic
Page 222 and 223: 222 -observe -personal -personality
Page 224 and 225: 224 HOMO-PHONES (SAME PRONUNCIATION
Page 226 and 227: 226 TWO-SYLLABLE NOUN-VERB PAIRS &
Page 228 and 229: 228
Page 230 and 231: 230 -cemaat /ceˈmɑːt/ -cesaret /
Page 232 and 233: 232 -gazi /gɑːˈzi/ -Gaziantep /g
Page 234 and 235: 234 -hürriyet /hürriˈyet/ -hüsr
Page 236 and 237: 236 -kafiye /kɑːfiˈye/ -kağıt
Page 238 and 239: 238 -maaş /ˈmɑːş/ -Macaristan
Page 240 and 241: 240 -mübalağa /mübɑːˈlæ/ -m
Page 242 and 243: 242 -sabit /sɑːˈbit/ -sade /sɑ
Page 244 and 245: 244 -tane /tɑːˈne/ -Tanzimat /t
Page 246 and 247: 246 -vatani /vɑtɑˈniː/ -vazife
Page 248 and 249: 248 TURKISH CONSONANTS Çift dudak
Page 252 and 253: 252 Spelling Pronunciation -acıkac
Page 254 and 255: 254 Spelling Pronunciation -acımay
Page 256 and 257: 256 Spelling Pronunciation -bilecek
Page 258 and 259: 258 Spelling Pronunciation -bilmeye
Page 260 and 261: 260 ‘y’ = /i/ -ayran /ɑiˈrɑn
Page 262 and 263: 262 ‘a’ = /æ/ -ahkam /ɑhˈkæ
Page 264 and 265: 264 -selam -silah -tadilat -tahsila
Page 266 and 267: 266 -ayrıca /ˈɑyrıcɑ/ -ayşegi
Page 268 and 269: 268 -dağıtım /dɑːˈtım/ -daim
Page 270 and 271: 270 -getirmiyor /geˈtirmiyoʳ/ -gi
Page 272 and 273: 272 -mehmet /meːˈmet/ -mosmor /ˈ
Page 274 and 275: 274 -tuzsuz /tusˈsuz/ -uğur /uːr
Page 276 and 277: 276 İstanbul /isˈtɑmbul/ n-m de
Page 278 and 279: 278 -normal /ˈnɔːml/ -objektif /
Page 280 and 281: 280 -kalem -kapak -karar -konu -kop
Page 282 and 283: 282 RECEIVED (BRITISH) PRONUNCIATIO
Page 284 and 285: 284 BRITISH ACCENT VERSUS AMERICAN
Page 286 and 287: 286 BRITISH PRONUNCIATION (RECEIVED
Page 288 and 289: 288 MANNER OF ARTICULATION STOP p b
Page 290 and 291: 290 THE SOUNDS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH
Page 292 and 293: 292 BRITISH PRONUNCIATION VERSUS AM
Page 294 and 295: 294 LONG VOWEL PHONEMES British Eng
Page 296 and 297: 296 dustman engaged fee film first
Page 298 and 299: 298 taxi tea towel telephone box te
Page 300 and 301:
300 AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION FRONT CE
Page 302 and 303:
302 FLAP /t/ = /t/ = /d/ -article /
Page 304 and 305:
304 APPENDICES
Page 306 and 307:
306 TURKISH SELF-TAUGHT with ENGLIS
Page 308 and 309:
308 APPENDIX 1 : IRREGULAR VERBS PR
Page 310 and 311:
310 /lɚn/ /lɚnt/ /leɪ/ /leɪd/ /
Page 312 and 313:
312 APPENDIX 2 : FEMALE NAMES and S
Page 314 and 315:
314 -Mary /ˈmɛri/ -Megan /ˈmɛg
Page 316 and 317:
316 MALE NAMES and SCHWA /ə/ -Adam
Page 318 and 319:
318 -Owen /ˈoʊɪn/ -Paul /pɔl/ -
Page 320 and 321:
320 APPENDIX 4 : SYLLABLE DELETION
Page 322 and 323:
322 VOWEL PHONEMES Short vowels æ
Page 324 and 325:
324 BRITISH VOWELS and CONSONANT SO
Page 326 and 327:
326 SILENT SYLLABLES BRITISH ENGLIS
Page 328 and 329:
328 SCHWA = SHWA Schwa /ə/ is the
Page 330 and 331:
330 FRONT=PALATAL BACK=VELAR /aɪ/
Page 332 and 333:
332 TRIPH-THONGS Three vowel sounds
Page 334 and 335:
334 Labio-Velar Approximant -whale
Page 336 and 337:
336 ‘w’ = short /ʊ/ If you kee
Page 338 and 339:
338 ‘y’ = short /ɪ/ If you kee
Page 340 and 341:
340 ACCENTED SYLLABLES & BRITISH
Page 342 and 343:
342 -ballerina /ˌbæləˈriːnə/
Page 344 and 345:
344 -Christmas /ˈkrɪsməs/ -CIA /
Page 346 and 347:
346 -Croatia /krəʊˈeɪʃə/ -cro
Page 348 and 349:
348 -drown /draʊn/ -dual /ˈdjuː
Page 350 and 351:
350 -evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃn/
Page 352 and 353:
352 -forest /ˈfɒrɪst/ -foretell
Page 354 and 355:
354 -guilty /ˈgɪlti/ -guitar /gɪ
Page 356 and 357:
356 -important /ɪmˈpɔːtnt/ -imp
Page 358 and 359:
358 -justice /ˈdʒʌstɪs/ -justif
Page 360 and 361:
360 -litter /ˈlɪtəʳ/ -little /
Page 362 and 363:
362 -naive /naɪˈiːv/ -naked /ˈn
Page 364 and 365:
364 -occasionally /əˈkeɪʒnəli/
Page 366 and 367:
366 -paragraph /ˈpærəgrɑːf/ -p
Page 368 and 369:
368 -picture /ˈpɪktʃəʳ/ -pierc
Page 370 and 371:
370 -purely /ˈpjʊəli/ -purple /
Page 372 and 373:
372 -represent /ˌreprɪˈzent/ -re
Page 374 and 375:
374 -science /ˈsaɪəns/ -scientif
Page 376 and 377:
376 -skilled /skɪld/ -skirt /skɜ
Page 378 and 379:
378 -start /stɑːt/ -starter /ˈst
Page 380 and 381:
380 -support /səˈpɔːt/ -suppose
Page 382 and 383:
382 -thoughtful /ˈθɔːːfl/ -tho
Page 384 and 385:
384 -tunnel /ˈtʌnl/ -turn /tɜːn
Page 386 and 387:
386 -vacation /vəˈkeɪʃn/ /veɪ
Page 388 and 389:
388 -wander /ˈwɒndəʳ/ -wanna /
Page 390 and 391:
390 -wife /waɪf/ -wild /waɪld/ -w
Page 392 and 393:
392 -zoology /zəʊˈɒlədʒi/ /zu
Page 394 and 395:
394 COMPOUND WORDS & STRESS -Americ
Page 396 and 397:
396 -good morning -goodbye -good he
Page 398 and 399:
398 -midnight -mobile phone -modern
Page 400 and 401:
400 -seafood -seat belt -second cla
Page 402 and 403:
402 -worksheet -yellow card -yes no
Page 404 and 405:
404 -booking office /ˈbʊkɪŋ ɒf
Page 406 and 407:
406 PRIMARY (MAIN) STRESS before TH
Page 408 and 409:
408 STRESS SHIFT /ˈsoʊʃəl/ /ˌs
Page 410 and 411:
410 /iə/ = ‘ia’, ‘io’ -Adr
Page 412 and 413:
412 AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION -abbrevi
Page 414 and 415:
414 -banal /bəˈnæl/ /bəˈnɑl/
Page 416 and 417:
416 -cause /kɔz/ -center /ˈsɛnt
Page 418 and 419:
418 -disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvænt
Page 420 and 421:
420 -figure /ˈfɪgyɚ/ -final /ˈf
Page 422 and 423:
422 -item /ˈaɪt əm/ -jacket /ˈd
Page 424 and 425:
424 -notebook /ˈnoʊtbʊk/ -notice
Page 426 and 427:
426 -sleeveless /ˈslivlɪs/ -softw
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