SYLLABLE-TIMED

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306 TURKISH SELF-TAUGHT with ENGLISH PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH IS A STRESS-TIMED LANGUAGE TURKISH IS A SYLLABLE-TIMED LANGUAGE ‘Bir dile başka bir dilden giren sözcükler önce o dilin ses dizgesinin süzgecinden geçerler ve girdikleri dilin sesletim düzenine olabildiğince uymaya çalışırlar. Bu durum her dil için söz konusu olduğundan doğal sayılmaktadır.’ (İclâl Ergenç, Konuşma Dili ve Türkçenin Söyleyiş Sözlüğü, 38, 2002) ENGLISH IS A STRESS-TIMED LANGUAGE TURKISH IS A SYLLABLE-TIMED LANGUAGE THE UNFAMILIAR CONSONANT SOUNDS ENGLISH /dʒ/ /tʃ/ /ð/ /ʒ/ /ŋ/ /ʃ/ /θ/ /j/ TURKISH /c/ /ç/ /d h / /j/ /n/ /ş/ /t h / /y/ TÜRKÇENİN ÜNLÜLERİ, BERRAK AĞIZ ÜNLÜLERİDİR. BÖYLECE TÜM HECELER NET DUYULABİLMEKTEDİR.
307 ‘TÜRKÇE, ALGILAMADA BEYNİ ZORLUYOR’ ‘ODTÜ bünyesinde kurulan Beyin Dil Araştırmaları Laboratuvarında, diller üzerine yapılan araştırmada, beynin Türkçe cümleleri anlamak için, İngilizce dahil diğer bazı Avrupa dillerinin aksine beyinde iki kez işlem gerektirdiği ortaya çıktı.’ Türkçenin anadil olarak işlemlenmesi sırasında, İngilizceyi anadili olarak konuşanlardan farklı olarak zihinde fazladan bir işlem daha, yani daha büyük bir yük meydana gelmektedir. Bu İngilizce ve Almanca'da görülmeyen bir işlem yüküdür. Türkiye’de artık beynin çalışma şekline uygun dil öğretim yöntemleri geliştirilmesi mümkündür. Anadili Türkçe olan öğrenciler için yabancı dil öğreniminde ve özellikle başlangıç aşamasında olan öğrencilerde, Türkçe anadilin kullanılması çok gereklidir. Çünkü beynin çalışması bağlantılar kurarak gerçekleşmektedir. Bilgiler arasındaki bağlantıların anlaşılır bir şekilde verilmesiyle, öğrenme çok daha hızlı ve etkin olur.’ (Doç. Dr. Gülay Ediboğlu-Cedden, ODTÜ, Memurlar.net, 19-12-2011) STRESS-TIMED LANGUAGES We concentrate on the stressed words rather than giving importance to each syllable. It is very important to know which syllable is stressed. English, German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Dutch... SYLLABLE-TIMED LANGUAGES Syllable-timed languages give syllables approximately equal stress and generally lack reduced vowels. Turkish, French, Italian, Spanish, Finnish... ENGLISH, GERMAN...are STRESS-TIMED LANGUAGES. TURKISH, FRENCH, SPANISH...are SYLLABLE-TIMED LANGUAGES.
Page 1:
1 SEDAT ERDOĞAN STRESS-TIMED or SY
Page 5:
5 STRESS-TIMED -ENGLISH- VERSUS SYL
Page 8 and 9:
8 -antonym /ˈæntənɪm/ -apart /
Page 10 and 11:
10 -catalog /ˈkætəlɒg/ -categor
Page 12 and 13:
12 -data /ˈdeɪtə/ -declare /dɪ
Page 14 and 15:
14 -express /ɪkˈspres/ -extra /ˈ
Page 16 and 17:
16 -helicopter /ˈhelɪkɒptəʳ/ -
Page 18 and 19:
18 -limit /ˈlɪmɪt/ -list /lɪst/
Page 20 and 21:
20 -miniature /ˈmɪnətʃəʳ/ -mi
Page 22 and 23:
22 -passive /ˈpæsɪv/ -passport /
Page 24 and 25:
24 -racket /ˈrækɪt/ -radar /ˈre
Page 26 and 27:
26 -sketch /sketʃ/ -slow /sləʊ/
Page 28 and 29:
28 -tractor /ˈtræktəʳ/ -traditi
Page 30 and 31:
30 -adjust /əˈdʒʌst/ -admire /
Page 32 and 33:
32 -assess /əˈses/ -assign /əˈs
Page 34 and 35:
34 -contemporary /kənˈtemprəri/
Page 36 and 37:
36 -subject (v) /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ /ˈ
Page 38 and 39:
38 -define /dɪˈfaɪn/ -degree /d
Page 40 and 41:
40 -effect /ɪˈfekt/ -elect /ɪˈl
Page 42 and 43:
42 -implode /ɪmˈpləʊd/ -imply /
Page 44 and 45:
44 -remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/ -remote /r
Page 47 and 48:
47 AMERICAN LETTERS VOWELS SEMI-VOW
Page 49 and 50:
49 LIST OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS SHORT V
Page 51 and 52:
51 ‘ENGLISH’ SOUNDS COMPARED to
Page 53 and 54:
53 PLOSIVES (STOPS) 1 /b/ 2 /p/ 3 /
Page 56 and 57:
56 DIPH-THONGS eer ere ear /ɪr/ be
Page 58 and 59:
58 VOICELESS (HARD) CONSONANTS SPEL
Page 60 and 61:
60 -ˈblood ˌgroup /ˈblʌd ˌgrup
Page 62 and 63:
62 -foot /fʊt/ -for /fɚ/ /fɔr/ -
Page 64 and 65:
64 -NBA /ˌɛn bi ˈeɪ/ -Netherlan
Page 66 and 67:
66 -symbol /ˈsɪmbəl/ -taught /t
Page 68 and 69:
68 NOTE: /dʒ/ Could you...? Did yo
Page 70 and 71:
70 shall /ʃəl/, /ʃæl/ she /ʃi/
Page 72 and 73:
72 NOTE: Where are you from? He’s
Page 74 and 75:
74 -airport /ˈɛrpɔrt/ -alarm /ə
Page 76 and 77:
76 -auxiliary /ɔgˈzɪləri/ /ɔg
Page 78 and 79:
78 -boat /boʊt/ -body /ˈbɑdi/ -b
Page 80 and 81:
80 -channel /ˈtʃænl/ -chapter /
Page 82 and 83:
82 -consider /kənˈsɪdɚ/ -consid
Page 84 and 85:
84 -decision /dɪˈsɪʒən/ -decor
Page 86 and 87:
86 -ear /ɪr/ -early /ˈɚli/ -earn
Page 88 and 89:
88 -father /ˈfɑðɚ/ -fault /fɔl
Page 90 and 91:
90 -geology /dʒiˈɑlədʒi/ -gest
Page 92 and 93:
92 -heard /hɚd/ -heart /hɑrt/ -he
Page 94 and 95:
94 -innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/
Page 96 and 97:
96 -leadership /ˈlidɚˌʃɪp/ -le
Page 98 and 99:
98 -medicine /ˈmɛdəsən/ -meet /
Page 100 and 101:
100 -neck /nɛk/ -necklace /ˈnɛkl
Page 102 and 103:
102 -okay /oʊˈkeɪ/ -old /oʊld/
Page 104 and 105:
104 -party /ˈpɑrt i/ -Pasific Oce
Page 106 and 107:
106 -pocket /ˈpɑkɪt/ -poem /ˈpo
Page 108 and 109:
108 -quality /ˈkwɑlət i/ -quanti
Page 110 and 111:
110 -relaxed /rɪˈlækst/ -release
Page 112 and 113:
112 -scan /skæn/ -scarcely /ˈskɛ
Page 114 and 115:
114 -signal /ˈsɪgnəl/ -signature
Page 116 and 117:
116 -speechless /ˈspitʃlɪs/ -spe
Page 118 and 119:
118 -super /ˈsupɚ/ -superlative /
Page 120 and 121:
120 -theory /ˈθiəri/ /ˈθɪri/
Page 122 and 123:
122 -Turkey /ˈtɚki/ -turn /tɚn/
Page 124 and 125:
124 -usually /ˈyuʒuəli/ /ˈyuʒ
Page 126 and 127:
126 -war /wɔr/ -warm /wɔrm/ -warn
Page 128 and 129:
128 -wine /waɪn/ -wing /wɪŋ/ -wi
Page 130 and 131:
130
Page 132 and 133:
132
Page 134 and 135:
134
Page 136 and 137:
136 /æ/ -accident /ˈæksədənt/
Page 138 and 139:
138 /æ/ versus /ɑ/ -advance /əd
Page 140 and 141:
140 /ɪ/ -belong /bɪˈlɔŋ/ -belo
Page 142 and 143:
142 ALMOST 75 PER CENT OF THE TWO-S
Page 144 and 145:
144 -diffuse /dɪˈfyuz/ -diminish
Page 146 and 147:
146 -evict /ɪˈvɪkt/ -examine /ɪ
Page 148 and 149:
148 -invade /ɪnˈveɪd/ -invent /
Page 150 and 151:
150 /ə/ Spelling Pronunciation -ab
Page 152 and 153:
152 ABOUT 75 PER CENT OF THE TWO-SY
Page 154 and 155:
154 -appear /əˈpɪr/ -appearance
Page 156 and 157:
156 -compete /kəmˈpit/ -complain
Page 158 and 159:
158 -particular /pɚˈtɪkyəlɚ/ -
Page 160 and 161:
160 /ʌ/ Spelling Pronunciation Str
Page 162 and 163:
162 /ʊ/ -book /bʊk/ -bull /bʊl/
Page 164 and 165:
164
Page 166 and 167:
166 -keep /kip/ -meet /mit/ -need /
Page 168 and 169:
168 /ɚ/ -alert /ə'lɚt/ /ə'lɜrt
Page 170 and 171:
170 -word /wɚd/ /wɜrd/ -work /wɚ
Page 172 and 173:
172 -park /pɑrk/ -party /'pɑrt i/
Page 174 and 175:
174 -honestly /ˈɑnɪstli/ -honor
Page 176 and 177:
176 -promise /ˈprɑmɪs/ -proper /
Page 178 and 179:
178 /u/ -boot /but/ -cool /kul/ -fo
Page 180 and 181:
180 -humid /ˈhyumɪd/ -humorous /
Page 182 and 183:
182 NOTE: INTONATION and SENTENCE T
Page 184 and 185:
184 -organize /'ɔrgəˌnaɪz/ -poo
Page 186 and 187:
186 -offer /ˈɔfɚ/ -office /ˈɔf
Page 188 and 189:
188
Page 190 and 191:
190 -afraid /əˈfreɪd/ -again /ə
Page 192 and 193:
192 -row -show -slow -snow -swallow
Page 194 and 195:
194 /ɔɪ/ -boil -choice -coin -joi
Page 196 and 197:
196 -shine /ʃaɪn/ -side /saɪd/ -
Page 198 and 199:
198 -liable /ˈlaɪəbəl/ -liar /
Page 200 and 201:
200 /ɪr/ -appear /əˈpɪr/ -appea
Page 202 and 203:
202 /ɛr/ -air /ɛr/ -aircraft /ˈ
Page 204 and 205:
204 DI-GRAPHS A di-graph is a singl
Page 206 and 207:
206 CONSONANT CLUSTERS (BLENDS) /bl
Page 208 and 209:
208 SILENT CONSONANT LETTERS Silent
Page 210 and 211:
210 Silent ‘t’ -castle -Christm
Page 212 and 213:
212 UNSTRESSED SUFFIXES -cious -gra
Page 214 and 215:
214 COMMON PREFIXES EXAMPLES SOUNDS
Page 216 and 217:
216 NEARLY 90 PERCENT OF THE TWO-SY
Page 218 and 219:
218 -Sarah /ˈsɛrə/ -season /ˈsi
Page 220 and 221:
220 STRESS SHIFT (CHANGE) -academic
Page 222 and 223:
222 -observe -personal -personality
Page 224 and 225:
224 HOMO-PHONES (SAME PRONUNCIATION
Page 226 and 227:
226 TWO-SYLLABLE NOUN-VERB PAIRS &
Page 228 and 229:
228
Page 230 and 231:
230 -cemaat /ceˈmɑːt/ -cesaret /
Page 232 and 233:
232 -gazi /gɑːˈzi/ -Gaziantep /g
Page 234 and 235:
234 -hürriyet /hürriˈyet/ -hüsr
Page 236 and 237:
236 -kafiye /kɑːfiˈye/ -kağıt
Page 238 and 239:
238 -maaş /ˈmɑːş/ -Macaristan
Page 240 and 241:
240 -mübalağa /mübɑːˈlæ/ -m
Page 242 and 243:
242 -sabit /sɑːˈbit/ -sade /sɑ
Page 244 and 245:
244 -tane /tɑːˈne/ -Tanzimat /t
Page 246 and 247:
246 -vatani /vɑtɑˈniː/ -vazife
Page 248 and 249:
248 TURKISH CONSONANTS Çift dudak
Page 250 and 251:
250 BORROWED VOWELS /â, î, û, ô
Page 252 and 253:
252 Spelling Pronunciation -acıkac
Page 254 and 255:
254 Spelling Pronunciation -acımay
Page 256 and 257: 256 Spelling Pronunciation -bilecek
Page 258 and 259: 258 Spelling Pronunciation -bilmeye
Page 260 and 261: 260 ‘y’ = /i/ -ayran /ɑiˈrɑn
Page 262 and 263: 262 ‘a’ = /æ/ -ahkam /ɑhˈkæ
Page 264 and 265: 264 -selam -silah -tadilat -tahsila
Page 266 and 267: 266 -ayrıca /ˈɑyrıcɑ/ -ayşegi
Page 268 and 269: 268 -dağıtım /dɑːˈtım/ -daim
Page 270 and 271: 270 -getirmiyor /geˈtirmiyoʳ/ -gi
Page 272 and 273: 272 -mehmet /meːˈmet/ -mosmor /ˈ
Page 274 and 275: 274 -tuzsuz /tusˈsuz/ -uğur /uːr
Page 276 and 277: 276 İstanbul /isˈtɑmbul/ n-m de
Page 278 and 279: 278 -normal /ˈnɔːml/ -objektif /
Page 280 and 281: 280 -kalem -kapak -karar -konu -kop
Page 282 and 283: 282 RECEIVED (BRITISH) PRONUNCIATIO
Page 284 and 285: 284 BRITISH ACCENT VERSUS AMERICAN
Page 286 and 287: 286 BRITISH PRONUNCIATION (RECEIVED
Page 288 and 289: 288 MANNER OF ARTICULATION STOP p b
Page 290 and 291: 290 THE SOUNDS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH
Page 292 and 293: 292 BRITISH PRONUNCIATION VERSUS AM
Page 294 and 295: 294 LONG VOWEL PHONEMES British Eng
Page 296 and 297: 296 dustman engaged fee film first
Page 298 and 299: 298 taxi tea towel telephone box te
Page 300 and 301: 300 AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION FRONT CE
Page 302 and 303: 302 FLAP /t/ = /t/ = /d/ -article /
Page 304 and 305: 304 APPENDICES
Page 308 and 309: 308 APPENDIX 1 : IRREGULAR VERBS PR
Page 310 and 311: 310 /lɚn/ /lɚnt/ /leɪ/ /leɪd/ /
Page 312 and 313: 312 APPENDIX 2 : FEMALE NAMES and S
Page 314 and 315: 314 -Mary /ˈmɛri/ -Megan /ˈmɛg
Page 316 and 317: 316 MALE NAMES and SCHWA /ə/ -Adam
Page 318 and 319: 318 -Owen /ˈoʊɪn/ -Paul /pɔl/ -
Page 320 and 321: 320 APPENDIX 4 : SYLLABLE DELETION
Page 322 and 323: 322 VOWEL PHONEMES Short vowels æ
Page 324 and 325: 324 BRITISH VOWELS and CONSONANT SO
Page 326 and 327: 326 SILENT SYLLABLES BRITISH ENGLIS
Page 328 and 329: 328 SCHWA = SHWA Schwa /ə/ is the
Page 330 and 331: 330 FRONT=PALATAL BACK=VELAR /aɪ/
Page 332 and 333: 332 TRIPH-THONGS Three vowel sounds
Page 334 and 335: 334 Labio-Velar Approximant -whale
Page 336 and 337: 336 ‘w’ = short /ʊ/ If you kee
Page 338 and 339: 338 ‘y’ = short /ɪ/ If you kee
Page 340 and 341: 340 ACCENTED SYLLABLES & BRITISH
Page 342 and 343: 342 -ballerina /ˌbæləˈriːnə/
Page 344 and 345: 344 -Christmas /ˈkrɪsməs/ -CIA /
Page 346 and 347: 346 -Croatia /krəʊˈeɪʃə/ -cro
Page 348 and 349: 348 -drown /draʊn/ -dual /ˈdjuː
Page 350 and 351: 350 -evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃn/
Page 352 and 353: 352 -forest /ˈfɒrɪst/ -foretell
Page 354 and 355: 354 -guilty /ˈgɪlti/ -guitar /gɪ
Page 356 and 357:
356 -important /ɪmˈpɔːtnt/ -imp
Page 358 and 359:
358 -justice /ˈdʒʌstɪs/ -justif
Page 360 and 361:
360 -litter /ˈlɪtəʳ/ -little /
Page 362 and 363:
362 -naive /naɪˈiːv/ -naked /ˈn
Page 364 and 365:
364 -occasionally /əˈkeɪʒnəli/
Page 366 and 367:
366 -paragraph /ˈpærəgrɑːf/ -p
Page 368 and 369:
368 -picture /ˈpɪktʃəʳ/ -pierc
Page 370 and 371:
370 -purely /ˈpjʊəli/ -purple /
Page 372 and 373:
372 -represent /ˌreprɪˈzent/ -re
Page 374 and 375:
374 -science /ˈsaɪəns/ -scientif
Page 376 and 377:
376 -skilled /skɪld/ -skirt /skɜ
Page 378 and 379:
378 -start /stɑːt/ -starter /ˈst
Page 380 and 381:
380 -support /səˈpɔːt/ -suppose
Page 382 and 383:
382 -thoughtful /ˈθɔːːfl/ -tho
Page 384 and 385:
384 -tunnel /ˈtʌnl/ -turn /tɜːn
Page 386 and 387:
386 -vacation /vəˈkeɪʃn/ /veɪ
Page 388 and 389:
388 -wander /ˈwɒndəʳ/ -wanna /
Page 390 and 391:
390 -wife /waɪf/ -wild /waɪld/ -w
Page 392 and 393:
392 -zoology /zəʊˈɒlədʒi/ /zu
Page 394 and 395:
394 COMPOUND WORDS & STRESS -Americ
Page 396 and 397:
396 -good morning -goodbye -good he
Page 398 and 399:
398 -midnight -mobile phone -modern
Page 400 and 401:
400 -seafood -seat belt -second cla
Page 402 and 403:
402 -worksheet -yellow card -yes no
Page 404 and 405:
404 -booking office /ˈbʊkɪŋ ɒf
Page 406 and 407:
406 PRIMARY (MAIN) STRESS before TH
Page 408 and 409:
408 STRESS SHIFT /ˈsoʊʃəl/ /ˌs
Page 410 and 411:
410 /iə/ = ‘ia’, ‘io’ -Adr
Page 412 and 413:
412 AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION -abbrevi
Page 414 and 415:
414 -banal /bəˈnæl/ /bəˈnɑl/
Page 416 and 417:
416 -cause /kɔz/ -center /ˈsɛnt
Page 418 and 419:
418 -disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvænt
Page 420 and 421:
420 -figure /ˈfɪgyɚ/ -final /ˈf
Page 422 and 423:
422 -item /ˈaɪt əm/ -jacket /ˈd
Page 424 and 425:
424 -notebook /ˈnoʊtbʊk/ -notice
Page 426 and 427:
426 -sleeveless /ˈslivlɪs/ -softw
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