An Introduction to the Endocrine System

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• Three Chemical Classes – steroids • derived from cholesterol • secreted by gonads and adrenal glands • estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, DHEA, and calcitriol – peptides (and glycoproteins) • created from chains of amino acids • secreted by pituitary and hypothalamus • oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, releasing and inhibiting hormones, and anterior pituitary hormones – monoamines (biogenic amines) • derived from amino acids • secreted by adrenal, pineal, and thyroid glands • epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin, and thyroid hormone • Note: all hormones are made from either cholesterol or amino acids with carbohydrate added to make glycoproteins. O HO (a) Steroids (c) Peptides Hormone Chemistry Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CH 3 Angiotensin II Testosterone Estradiol Insulin CH 3 OH H 2 N OH CH 3 I I OH Thyroxine OH HO CH CH 2 HO (b) Monoamines I H C CH 2 O Epinephrine S S S COOH Pro Thr Tyr Asn Phe Cys Tyr Asn Glu Lys Phe Leu S Gln Thr Gly Gly Tyr Arg Leu lle Glu S Ser Val Gly Cys Glu Cys Gln Val lle Cys Ser Thr Cys Leu Tyr Arg Val Tyr Leu Asp lle Ala His Glu Val Pro Phe Leu His Ser Gly Cys Leu His Gln Asn Val Phe S I NH CH 2
Hormone Synthesis: Steroid Hormones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CH 3 CH 3 HO Cholesterol CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 C O CH 3 CH 3 C O Progesterone CH 2 OH OH C O CH 3 HO CH 3 OH HO CH O 2 OH O HC CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 O Testosterone O Cortisol (hydrocortisone) O Aldosterone OH HO Estradiol • synthesized from cholesterol – differs in functional groups attached to 4-ringed steroid backbone
Page 1 and 2: Chapter 17 An Introduction to the E
Page 3 and 4: Endocrine System Components • end
Page 5 and 6: Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine
Page 7 and 8: Communication by the Nervous and En
Page 11: • Next, we will continue our disc
Page 15 and 16: Hormone Synthesis: Insulin • begi
Page 17 and 18: Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Copyright
Page 19 and 20: Chemistry of Thyroid Hormone Copyri
Page 21 and 22: Hormone Receptors • hormones stim
Page 23 and 24: Thyroid Hormone TBG • thyroid hor
Page 25 and 26: Other Second Messengers Diacylglyce
Page 27 and 28: Modulation of Target Cell Sensitivi
Page 29: Hormone Clearance • hormone signa

An Introduction to the Endocrine System

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