Lava cascade in Thunderbolt Distributary of Labyrinth Cave system

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Tulelake LOWER KLAMATH LAKE Prisoners Rock area of Lava Beds National ~Monument CZ> / R .c:: ~ Q.Q) Tule Lake sump 0' Ll Approximate boundary of Lava Beds National Monument 41 ° MT DOME QUADRANGLE TULELAKE QUADRANGLE 45' r-----------------------~----------------4--------4--~------~~----~----~~----~ Basalt of Mammoth Crater Little Glass Mountain L. AREA OF MAP 0 5 MILES CONTOUR INTERVAL 1000 FEET, shown only on Medicine Lake volcano MEDICINE LAKE QUADRANGLE TIMBER MOUNTAIN QUADRANGLE 2 Selected Caves and Lava-Tube Systems, Lava Beds National Monument, California
small ridges that resemble ropes, as the hot and plastic crust is dragged along by molten lava beneath. These ropes in turn may be dragged and stretched out into attenuated lobate forms (fig. 5). Near the .... Figure 1. Index map showing Lava Beds National Monument, Medicine Lake volcano, and distribution of basalt of Mammoth Crater (shaded pattern), which is host to most of the lava-tube caves in the monument. end of the period of consolidation some ropy pahoehoe may be cut by closely spaced vertical shears to form laminated or cauliflower pahoehoe. Subtle transitional changes in a pahoehoe surface can be recognized where pahoehoe changes to aa downstream (Peterson and Tilling, 1980). The smooth to ropy forms begin to lose the glassy luster that formed as a thin skin of chilled basalt glass, and the small spherical bubbles confined beneath this glass skin increase in number, grow larger, and become visible on the surface as bumps and broken bulges of the glass crust. As the bubbles grow larger and more irregular in shape, many of them explode outward through the sticky glass crust, and with further movement this prickly surface breaks up into small discrete blocks, completing the transition to aa lava (fig. 6). In lava tubes the transition from pahoehoe to aa is frequently found downstream from an area where molten lava was violently churned up while tumbling Figure 2. View of Medicine Lake shield volcano from northern edge of Lava Beds National Monument. Gillem Bluff to right. Field of view is about 15 mi across. Figure 3. Late afternoon view across Lava Beds National Monument with upper part of Medicine Lake shield volcano on left skyline. Snowcapped Mount Shasta is about 40 mi distant on right skyline. View is southwestward. Introduction 3
Page 2 and 3: Lava cascade in Thunderbolt Distrib
Page 4 and 5: Frontispiece. Two visitors explore
Page 6 and 7: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL L
Page 8 and 9: Caves easily accessible from Cave L
Page 10 and 11: PLATES [In pocket] 1. Caves of the
Page 12 and 13: Many of the feature names used in t
Page 16 and 17: EXPLANATION ................... Lav
Page 18 and 19: flow, then the lava may pool behind
Page 20 and 21: "pull outs" where the dripping plas
Page 22 and 23: Mushpot, Catacombs, Ovis, and Merri
Page 24 and 25: Waters agreed to do the cave mappin
Page 26 and 27: into the distributary in the genera
Page 28 and 29: crawled 180 ft from the Mushpot tub
Page 30 and 31: es of plaster clog its continuation
Page 32 and 33: level of the tube. The southern ent
Page 34 and 35: surface collapse and only one comer
Page 36 and 37: dead-end passages on different vert
Page 38 and 39: and a roof covered with lavacicles
Page 40 and 41: puzzles abound in the Catacombs; do
Page 42 and 43: Ovis Cave Apparently, E.L. Hopkins
Page 44 and 45: thus forms a bridge over the broken
Page 46 and 47: pit is located along the southwest
Page 48 and 49: lava tubes, and the upper parts of
Page 50 and 51: occupies the lava pool just upstrea
Page 52 and 53: underway. Collapse to the surface h
Page 54 and 55: one located just below ceiling heig
Page 56 and 57: high, but it immediately widens to
Page 58 and 59: low depths along fissures. Many sma
Page 60 and 61: collapse (map 9, pl. 3). Two others
Page 62 and 63: For a short distance below the coll
Page 64 and 65:
circle the two large downstream pil
Page 66 and 67:
where it opens into the north end o
Page 68 and 69:
water well, the cave changes marked
Page 70 and 71:
the older Schonchin Butte lava flow
Page 72 and 73:
here to the entrance, the tube is f
Page 74 and 75:
One cannot walk beneath it, as unde
Page 76 and 77:
Room-is actually a natural bridge,
Page 78 and 79:
pooled in the mouth ofthe tributary
Page 80 and 81:
perfection and cleanliness of its l
Page 82 and 83:
etween the benches. The levees are
Page 84 and 85:
tubes created a cave floor that is
Page 86 and 87:
cessive accretionary linings of lav
Page 88 and 89:
two levels were joined by a breakdo
Page 90 and 91:
ft and passes through several level
Page 92 and 93:
stream, the ceiling heights drop, t
Page 94 and 95:
Cave. Collapse rubble half fills Cr
Page 96 and 97:
heights are between 12 and 20 ft in
Page 98 and 99:
Blue Glacier Room, where continuati
Page 100 and 101:
upstream from the one noted by the
Page 102 and 103:
Red Ice Room (fig. 63), which lies
Page 104 and 105:
tation that this tube system was fe
Page 106 and 107:
sured ground now occupies nearly tw
Page 108 and 109:
The larger and more interesting cav
Page 110 and 111:
part talus was reversed. Moreover,
Page 112 and 113:
long and 300ft in maximum width. Th
Page 114:
and lunar implications: Communicati
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Lava cascade in Thunderbolt Distributary of Labyrinth Cave system

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