Brahman

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BRAHMAN: THE DISCOVERY OF THE GOD OF ABRAHAM: M. M. NINAN many scholars argue that the Indo-Aryan languages arrived in India in the 2nd millennium B.C.. The standard model for the entry of the Indo-European languages into India maintains that the first wave went over the Hindu Kush, forming the Gandhara grave (or Swat) culture, either into the headwaters of the Indus or the Ganges (probably both). The language of the Rigveda, the earliest stratum of Vedic Sanskrit falls between 1500-1200 B.C..[J. P. Mallory and Victor H. Mair. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West.(London: Thames & Hudson, 2000)] The separation of Indo-Aryans proper from Proto-Indo-Iranians has been dated to roughly 2000– 1800 B.C.. Indian Archaeologists offer that the Indo-Aryans reached Assyria in the west and the Punjab in the east before 1500 B.C.. The Indo-Aryan Mitanni rulers appear from 1500 B.C.. in northern Mesopotamia, and the Gandhara grave culture emerges from 1600. That suggests that Indo-Aryan tribes would have had to be present in the area of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (southern Turkmenistan/northern Afghanistan) from 1700 B.C.. at the latest (incidentally corresponding with the decline of that culture). The Gandhara grave culture stands as the most likely locus of the earliest Indo-European presence east of the Hindu Kush of the bearers of Rigvedic culture. Three waves of Indo-Aryan immigration occurred after the mature Harappan phase. First, the Murghamu (BMAC) related people who entered Baluchistan at Pirak, Mehrgarh south cemetery and later merged with the post-urban Harappans during the late Harappans Jhukar phase. Second, the Swat IV that co-founded the Harappan Cemetery H phase in Punjab. And third, the Rigvedic Indo-Aryans of Swat V who absorbed the Cemetery H people, giving rise to the Painted Grey Ware culture. The first two to 2000-1800 B.C.. and the third to 1400 B.C..[Rajesh Kochhar. The Vedic People: Their History and Geography. (London: Sangam Books, 2000), 185–186] Andronovo The conventional identification of the Andronovo culture as Indo-Iranian has been disputed by those who point to the absence south of the Oxus River of the characteristic timber graves of the steppe. Based on its use by Indo-Aryans in Mitanni and Vedic India, its prior absence in the Near East and Harappan India, and its sixteenth–seventeenth century B.C.. attestation at the Andronovo site of Sintashta, Kuzmina (1994) argues that the chariot corroborates the identification of Andronovo as Indo-Iranian. Y-Haplogroup R1 distribution.png Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red) Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) 81
BRAHMAN: THE DISCOVERY OF THE GOD OF ABRAHAM: M. M. NINAN A movement of peoples from Central Asia to the south may explain the characteristically BMAC artifacts found at burials in Mehrgarh and Baluchistan. The exclusively Central Asian BMAC material inventory of the Mehrgarh and Baluchistan burials evidence that people migrated from Central Asia at the time Indo-Aryans arrive. Indus Valley Civilization Indo-Aryan migration into the northern Punjab happened about the same time as the final phase of the decline of the Indus-Valley civilization (IVC). The historical Vedic culture may have resulted from an amalgamation of the immigrating Indo-Aryans with the remnants of the indigenous civilization, such as the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture. Some scholars have questioned the arrival of the Indo-Aryan as the cause for the end of the Indus Valley Civilization. Gandhara grave culture The diversion of Haplogroup F and its descendants. About 1800 B.C.., a major cultural change in the Swat Valley appeared with the emergence of the Gandhara grave culture. With its introduction of new ceramics, new burial rites, and the horse, the Gandhara grave culture became a major candidate for early Indo-Aryan presence. The two new burial rites—flexed inhumation in a pit and cremation burial in an urn—were, according to early Vedic literature, both practiced in early Indo-Aryan society. Horse-trappings indicate the importance of the horse to the economy of the Gandharan grave culture. Two horse burials indicate the importance of the horse in other respects. Horse burial is a custom that Gandharan grave culture has in common with Andronovo, though not within the distinctive timber-frame graves of the steppe. Physical Anthropology The spread of the Indo-European languages has been associated with Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1, identified with genetic marker M17, conducted by the National Geographic Society states that M17 arose "in the region of present-day Ukraine or southern Russia." [The Genographic Project: Atlas of the Human Journey. nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved July 10, 2008.] 82
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FOREWORD This study was forced upon
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