Now you can have the ORIGINAL Dan Paymar Lower Case Adapter for the Apple-II* and Apple-II Plus*· At new INFLATION SHATTERING prices LCA-2 $27. so For rev. 7 or newer Apples (without RAM configuration blocks) LCA-1 TM $37. so For revision 6 or older Apples (with RAM configuration blocks) -
WILL THE REAL APPLE PASCAL PLEASE STAND UP? by Dr. Wo Once Upon a Time, there was only one Apple computer and only one implementation of Pascal for it. Indeed, many of you would probably agree with me that there was only one personal computer and one programming language in the world! (Note: Dr. Wo programs in Pascal. Which is a bit like saying that Carl Sagan watches stars. -PCW) Now, however, there are some new kids on the block. There is probably at least one other personal computer you'd love to hav~. But more important for Pascal pro· grammers, there are at least four different versions of Pascal running on two Apple computers: Apple Pascal 1.1 on the Apple II; Apple /// Pascal; Softech Microsystems' UCSD Pascal Version N.1, running on the Apple II and a passel of other computers, including the new kids, and Pascal MT , a CP /M based system covered in the March-April 1982 Apple Orchard. Will the Real YOU Please Stand Up? Now, what has this to do with you? Well, with personal computers looking more and more like appliances, in the sense that your Old Faithful Apple II may not be the only computer you'll ever own, the question is, how portable is your software? That's a valid question whether your soft· wai:e is purchased or home-grown. Of course, your need for portability should be determined by your objectives. What are you trying to develop for yourself? Are you writing programs for personal use, with little expectation of acquiring another machine on which they might run? Are you developing software tools and/or applications software for your own use or for sale on the open market? Do you want those tools and applications to work on as many machines as possible, or are they Applespecific? Are you investing a lot of your time on programs that you might like to run on another computer someday? And just how soon is "someday?" Let's Review We'll review three of these Pascals here and now, from two programming points of view. On the one hand, we'll look at them for developing tools for personal use, and on the other we'll look at them for developing applications programs and general purpose tools, hoping to run them on a number of machines. Most of the review is a comparison of Apple II Pascal and Softech' s Version N. The biggest differences, and the big· gest choices, are between these two. We note that there are differences between Apple II and Apple / // Pascals, and we'll note some of these as we go along. Apple II Pascal, Version 1.1 This is the Apple Pascal 99 per cent of us know and love so well. Omitting some history, some additions, and some revisions, it is essentially the Pascal operating system developed by Prof. Ken Bowles at the University of California -San Diego (UCSD), to which Softech's Version N also corresponds. Apple Pascal is a delight to use, and has several features which aid software development and maintenance. Whatever I have learned about good (and bad!) programming, top-down design, modular program devel· opment, you name it, I have learned on my Apple using this system. There are additions to the UCSD standard Pascal system in the Apple implementation, the most outstanding of which is the inclusion of UNITs to aid in development of software libraries. They are the way to group proven, logically related data structures and procedures into a package, which can then be used in program after program. Even if you don't plan to use a set· of routines in more than one program, units are still powerfully useful. They are an aid to modular development, and can save you a lot of compilation time as you iteratively debug, improve, and refine a main program. Regrettably, it took me a while to realize their value. Four other features of the Apple operating system which I have found useful are the EXEC files, chaining, BIOS attachment utilities, and compiler options ·to· control the residency of units and program segments. With EXEC files we can drive the operating system and our programs from a script. And with the Attach utilities (available from the International Apple Core on a disk with booklet for $7.00) we can integrate all manner of peripherals into the operating sys· tern in a logical and consistent way. If you have some foreign (read "non-Apple") peripherals such as a Micro modem or auxilliary RAM card and have not investigated integrating them into your system using these attach BIOS programs, you're really missing a lot of fun -and probably using a lot of kludges to drive the peripheral. The attach programs are nice because they allow you to define an Assembly language driver for a peripheral and then access it from Pascal through the operating system's 1-0 intrinsics. You can even pass parameters to the driver through the intrinsic "UNITSTATUS," meaning you can exercise complete control over your peripheral from May· June 1982 75
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Almlr!rtTEArt~. 110rtAL ~PPLE COAET
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Buy Five Megabytes Of Winchester St
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Vol. 3 No. 2 May-June 1982 Entire c
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One Apple and$1,550 can make a lot
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"NIBBLE® IS TERRIFIC" (For Your Ap
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Pla11ti114 a SEEd ••• THE VAN
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Yes, please send me a dealer list f
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•For ttie 48K Apple* II with Appl
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Notice that Switch 6 is marked. If
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necessitates frequent deaning. They
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Expand your Apple into a full CP/M
- Page 25 and 26: Introducing the hands-on chess _,,,
- Page 27 and 28: appla ®compatible! appla compatibl
- Page 30 and 31: FILE CABINET STOFFER When FILE CABI
- Page 32 and 33: 490 PRINT D$"MONCIO" 500 REM CREATE
- Page 34 and 35: 20 0$ = CHR$ + CHR$ (4):0P $ = 0$
- Page 36 and 37: 800 NEXT K 810 NEXT M 820 PRINT : I
- Page 38 and 39: APPLESOFT PROGRAM FORMATTING LISTER
- Page 40 and 41: Listing #1 1000 . OR $6000 ( 245 76
- Page 42 and 43: 00Bl- 00B7- DAFB D61A ED34- D85
- Page 44 and 45: 6084- CB A0 A6 2320 .AS -"EACH 'LIS
- Page 46 and 47: 1 2880 LIS020 612E- 29 7F 3440 AND
- Page 48 and 49: "E .c "' ~ 0 QI n. ~ ID "" - D0 06
- Page 50 and 51: Sl20 * ~ENTS. ENTRY "TAB" IS USED S
- Page 52 and 53: EDUCATIONAL USES OF THE COMPUTER by
- Page 54 and 55: HELLO, OPERATOR? (What's an Operati
- Page 56 and 57: system. For example, an error messa
- Page 58 and 59: here is: Don't always expect books
- Page 60 and 61: Based on the above discussion, we w
- Page 62 and 63: SEVENTH ANNUAL COMPUTER FAIRE by Am
- Page 64 and 65: make it possible for the user to us
- Page 66: effort to develop it. But the Frank
- Page 69 and 70: If you read last issue's installmen
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- Page 73 and 74: TOGETHER, LOCKSMITHT; THE INSPECTOR
- Page 75: ' 8 © Copyright 1981, QUAD Systems
- Page 79 and 80: GREAT LAKES DIGITAL RESOURCES IS PR
- Page 81 and 82: TASC: The Applesoft Compiler. It tu
- Page 83 and 84: P1'ESidE11t's MEssatE Ken Silverman
- Page 85 and 86: a=: w :::c u -.... U) ;: .. .. a=:
- Page 87 and 88: well as drivers for use with VisiPl
- Page 89 and 90: - _..:::- =- - :::: Introducing Dat
- Page 91 and 92: BCJSINESS The Versaform Business Fo
- Page 93 and 94: SVA MAKING AP-PlES GROW / / 256K AP
- Page 95 and 96: ooks========= 5154-9 Basic Computer
- Page 97 and 98: Gaining tnotnentUill. Introducing D
- Page 100: Intermediate and Advanced modules (
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