studying abroad

Studying
the guide for Caribbean students
abroad

UGGLA
Studying
the guide for Caribbean students
abroad
Kenisha Russell

Application guidelines 51
DOCTORAL DEGREES
Master of RESEARCH
(MRES)
As stated on the previous page this
degree is awarded on completion
of a project work (dissertation),
which is approximately 35,000-
40, 000 words with extensive
SEVERAL POST-
GRADUATE
QUALIFICATIONS
bibliography. In the United
Kingdom, this graduate degree is
available in a range of academic
disciplines. It differs from the MPhil
in that it is more organized and
structured by department or advisor
that provides extensive guidance.
Application
requirements
for master´s
The Application process is similar
to that of undergraduate studies.
Please see previous section:
UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES.
This may be classified as a
PhD (or a Dphil). This is the
most well known research
qualification. The normal time for
completion is between 3-4 years,
even allowing for differences
between and among countries.
Some doctoral programmes now
include a taught element and
it may be started immediately
following a first degree or after
a master´s course. But, it is the
norm for individuals who would
like to complete doctoral studies
in the Arts and Humanities to first
complete a Master´s course.
Where should
i study?
As advised in the previous section,
the choice of which country to
study is an individually based
decision. There are a plethora of
factors that should be considered
before you make a final decision;
factors such as:
• The academic requirements.
• Availability of funding.
•The type of course you are
considering.
•The modes of study available; that
is, the type of postgraduate degree
you would like to complete.
•Visa requirements.
• The quality of the course and the
quality of the institution.
• The recognition of available
research facilities.
• Personal considerations; if you
are able to work on graduate
assistantships, how you will cover
living expenses.
Choosing the right
working environment
In addition, based on the
descriptions of the varying types of
course you should ask yourselves
these questions:
• Will I be working in a
group setting or individually?
Completing research alone can be
very isolating and requires a huge
amount of motivation. You should
give thought to the conditions
under which you work best.
• Make an effort to meet or
learn more about the professors
who will supervise your research.
It is integral to have a good basis
of understanding to build a

Canada
James Gosling / inventor of JAVA
chapter 2

Canada
COUNTRY OVERVIEW
65
GREENLAND
ICELAND
Newfoundland
and Labrador
Quebec
brunswick
Nova Scotia
ottawa
Despite intensive immigration
of skilled and highly
trained peoples to Canada,
the country is still facing a skills
shortage. So if you have a vision
of the career path you would like
to pursue and, if your area of
NOT JUST TO TRAIN
STUDENTS BUT TO
RETAIN THEM.
the second largest country in the
world, with a land mass of 9.9
million square kilometers. It is
situated north of the United States
between the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans. The landscape is varied
and extensive; it includes flat
prairies, mountainous and
coastal regions and frozen
landscapes.
ALASKA
yukon
Territory
Nunavut
Northwest
territories
british
Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
ontario
UNITED STATES
oF AMERICA
interest is in any way related to
a long list of skill or professional
areas needed in Canada, then this
country offers one of the best and
most welcoming opportunities
for international students. In
fact, the government has many
policies in place to not just train
students but to retain them.
These policies are designed with
the hope that, upon completing
your education, you will want to
remain in the country. Canada is
geographically large, with most
areas being culturally diverse
yet not demographically dense.
Canada has been categorized as
MOST POPULOUS CITIES = 1 million people
Toronto
Ontario
Montreal
Quebec
Vancouver
British Columbia

Canada
67
West
coast
British
Columbia
North
Yukon
Nunavut
Northwest t.
Prairies
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Alberta
These are the five main regions
in the country. Canada is unique in
that it is one of the only (if not the
only) developed nation that relies
as heavily on primary industry
as it does on its manufacturing
sector. This is as a result of the
vast natural resources which
are spread across varied regions
of the country. As such, many
educational institutions reflect this
mix of industry and manufacture.
For example, Canadian institutes
of higher education tend to be
highly regarded in fields such as
engineering because of their need to
Central
canada
Ontario
Quebec
atlantic
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Prince Edward Island
New Foundland & Labrador
continuously prepare professionals
with expertise on the vast untapped
resources.
According to the International
Monetary Fund (IMF), the
Canadian economy is the eighth
largest in the world (2007). Its
GDP was approximately $1.274
trillion, with growth of 2.7%. It
is part of the G8 and other ‘rich
clubs’ such as the OECD. Due to
the world financial crisis in 2008,
the economic growth was expected
to slow down significantly, with
national growth predicted at
0.8%. The success of the Canadian
economy is in large part due to a
very well adjusted political climate.
The government of Canada is a
mix of the British parliamentary
ECONOMY IS THE EIGHTH
LARGEST IN THE WORLD
and United States federal systems
of government. There are three
levels of government, these are
federal, provincial and municipal,
each having some overlapping
responsibilities. Although the
system of governance does reflect
some influences from the US,
Canadians consider themselves
very different from Americans.
The country is very multicultural,
and although it has remained
predominantly Catholic, there
are several other faiths, including
protestants and non-Christian
religions. There has also been
a growth of Islam, Hinduism,
Sikhism and Buddhism.
more info:
www.gc.ca
Canadian
dollar
C$
hdr.undp.org/en/statistics
www.countryreports.org
www.destineducation.ca

Canada
WHY CANADA?
69
Roberta Bondar / astronaut
If you have some interest in
Canada but are still not sure if
this is the place to further your
studies, here is a list of reasons
why Canada may be considered a
good study destination:
• The education system in
Canada is one of the best
in the world
Qualifications from Canada are
universally recognized and there are a
range of institutions and certifications
that prospective students are able
to chose from. You might also find
SOME OF THE LOWEST
TUITION FEES AMONG
ENGLISH-SPEAKING
COUNTRIES
it interesting that Canada has some
of the lowest tuition fees among the
English–speaking countries.
• Strong government support
Due to the Canada’s desire
to have a more coherent and
competitive educational system
the government, with the backing
of the Association of Universities
and Colleges of Canada, is
attempting to attract international
students. One of the measures
introduced is the creation of a law
that introduced new immigration
measures that will allow
international students to work for
up to one year after completing
their education. Another incentive
is that university students are
able to work on campus without a
work permit.
• Multicultural society
As an international student
you will definitely not feel
like a stranger in Canada.
This is because Canada
has a large multicultural
community. Canada has
welcomed more than 10
million migrants over the last
century, while simultaneously
promoting Canadian values. The
country has adopted a policy of
multiculturalism which works
to promote and preserve the
traditions of the various migrant
communities.

Canada
75
General
requirements
Language
requirements
Though Canada is officially
bilingual, prospective students are
not required to be able to speak
both languages. The language
requirement is largely dependent
on the university to which you
apply. You will be required to
show proficiency in the language
SHOW PROFICIENCY IN
THE DAILY LANGUAGE
of daily operation * . Canadian
French language universities
normally assess individuals
on a case by case basis. On the
other hand, English language
universities have a set criteria.
On the preceding pages you will
find general requirements for
English language proficiency
certification but do remember to
double-checked with individual
universities. Applicants who
have not completed three or more
years of post-secondary work
at a Canadian institution or at
an institution at which English
was the primary language of
instruction, or have not
been employed for a
similar period of time in a
position in which English
was the primary language
of business, will be required to
provide certification of English
language proficiency.
Frank O´Gehry / architect
* Individual departments or institutions
may require higher scores. Test scores are valid for
two years from the test date. Test results must be sent
directly to the admissions office.
Language schools:
www.languagescanada.ca

Canada
77
• Accepted examinations
and required scores:
Test of English as a Foreign Language
TOEFL
• plus Test of Written English (TWE) or
• Computer-based TOEFL plus Essay or
• Internet-based TOEFL
(offered through the Educational Testing
Service, Princeton, NJ, USA)
• 550 minimum overall score with a minimum of 50 in each section
plus 4.0 minimum for the TWE; or
• Computer-based minimum overall score of 213
plus 4.0 minimum for the Essay; or
• Internet-based minimum overall score of 90
plus 24 minimum in Speaking and Writing sections,
except the following Engineering departments:
Chemical Engineering
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering
Systems Design Engineering
minimum overall
score requirement:
80 with minimum
section scores of:
22 in Writing
20 in Speaking
20 in Reading
and 18 in Listening.
Michigan English Language
Assessment Battery
MELAB
85 minimum overall score; minimum of 80 in each section
International English
Language Testing System
IELTS
6.5 minimum overall score; minimum 5.5 in each section
more info:
www.ielts.org
www.melab.ca
www.cael.ca
www.cantest.uottawa.ca
Canadian Academic English
Language Assessment
CAEL
Canadian Test of English for Scholars
and Trainees
CanTEST
70 minimum overall score; minimum 60 in each section
4.5 minimum overall score; minimum 4.0 in each section

United Kingdom
121
United
Kingdom
Doris Lessing / writer
chapter 3

United Kingdom
129
ADMISSION
AND funding
Norman Foster / architect
Traditionally, students from
the Caribbean tend to
mistakenly regard England
as the United Kingdom. However,
as previously stated, the UK is
divided into four geographic
regions. In general the admission,
scholarship and visa information
for all four geographies is the
same. These four
regions mean that
there are other
options, including
but not limited to
England, which you
could consider. All
four regions are considered in
this chapter so as to provide you
with the information you need for
informed decision making.
The British higher education
system is based on a series of
lectures, seminars, tutorials and
self-directed study; which exposes
students to a wide range of
learning techniques and provides
added preparation for the working
world. Students who are coming
from Caribbean countries with
curriculum models based on the
British system will be familiar with
much of the educational customs;
for example, the British academic
year is divided into three terms
(autumn, winter and spring).
Each term is approximately 10 to
12 weeks, with 3 week breaks in
between each term.
THE BRITISH EDUCATION
SYSTEM EXPOSES STUDENTS
TO A WIDE RANGE OF
LEARNING TECHNIQUES
At some universities, particular
subjects require students to
complete a foundation course
first adding extra time to the
normally required three years
for undergraduate studies. A
foundation course consists of a
class or a number of classes that
bring the student up to university
level of understanding in the
subject area, before commencing
core courses of the degree. Degrees
can be awarded for study of a
single academic subject (single
honours), a combination of two

United Kingdom
133
Entry requirements vary by
course and institution as such
these are general requirements.
For example, students applying
to art and design courses are
required to provide copies of a
portfolio or examples of work.
Therefore, you should check
the entry requirements for each
selected course carefully. Entry
requirements can be checked by:
• looking at the profile information
in the course search window on
the UCAS or hot courses website,
• checking the course prospectus,
• contacting university or college
admissions department
Entrance requirements
Students should also check their
qualifications (including any for
which they are currently studying)
with the universities and colleges
they want to apply to.
Transcripts
Prospective students will be
required to provide institutions
with certificates/transcripts
that show that they have passed
all of the required exams. The
institutions may ask that these be
translated into English, if your
country’s main language is not
English. Also check with their
university or college on whether
they need the originals or certified
photocopies.
LANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The United Kingdom institutions
accept a wide range of exams to assess
an individuals’ English language
proficiency. Listed below are a
few that are very prevalent in the
Caribbean. *
University of Cambridge
International Examinations
CIE
International English
Language Testing System
IELTS
Test of English as a Foreign Language
TOEFL
* Be aware that there are other options.
more info:
TOEFL
www.ets.org/toefl
www.ets.org/toefl/locations
institutions that accept
TOEFL
www.ets.org/toefl/ukdirectory
Tests to assess English
language proficiency
www.ucas.com/students/
nonukstudents/englangprof
There is one fundamental
difference in the higher
education system in the UK:
In England, Northern Ireland
and Wales the undergraduate
studies normally take 3
years to complete, while in
Scotland the length of study
is 4 years.
• GCE O Level English Language (grade C or above).
• IGCSE First Language English (Syllabus number 0500) - grade C or above.
• IGCSE English as a Second Language (Syllabus number 0510) - grade C or above.
Regulated by Cambridge ESOL, the British Council and the International
Development Programme Education Australia. Most UK HEIs require an overall
score of 5.0-7.5, depending on the content of the course. The test report form is
considered valid for two years and candidates receive a band score for each of the
following skill areas: reading, writing, listening and speaking. Applicants should
offer academic rather than general training, reading and writing modules.
The TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) test is offered in internet-based
(iBT) and paper-based (PBT) formats. The TOEFL iBT consists of four sections:
Reading, Listening, Speaking and Writing, and the entire test is four hours long.
Scores are divided according to the four sections and an overall total score is
provided. The test is recognised and accepted in over 6000 institutions globally. View
the complete list of universities and colleges that accept TOEFL at www.ets.org/
toefl/ukdirectory. Each institution will list their TOEFL score requirements on their
website and these may vary.

United Kingdom: Scotland
189
Working
while
studying
Scotland has many part-time
vacancies available for students,
particularly in the service sector.
Working on a part-time basis will
enable you to earn some extra
money while you study. The work
experience you gain may not
necessarily be in the area in which
you intend to seek employment
after you complete your studies.
It does, however, give you the
opportunity to learn and practice
transferable skills that will look
good on your CV when applying
for jobs back home after you
graduate.
Work after
studies
In the summer of 2005, Scotland
launched the Fresh Talent
Scheme. The Fresh Talent
Working in Scotland Scheme
applies to any student who
successfully completes a HND,
undergraduate degree course,
master’s, PhD, postgraduate
certificate or diploma at a
Scottish further or higher
education institution to apply
to stay in Scotland for up to
two years after completing their
studies in order to work. There
are no restrictions on the type of
paid work.
more information:
www.scotlandistheplace.com

Wales
chapter 3.4
Michel Kaiser / Marine biologist

United Kingdom: Wales
COUNTRY OVERVIEW
193
60km
Ceredigion-Cardiganshire
Pembrokseshire
North Wales Coast
and borderlands
Anglesey
and
Snowdonia
Carmarthenshire
Mid Wales
and brecon
beacons
ENGLAND
Wales is approximately two
hours west of London
by rail or by road.
Although it is not a long journey
you will find that Wales is a very
different place. First, there is a
difference in language. Although
English is spoken in Wales, the
Welsh also have their own local
language. It is one of the oldest in
Europe, spoken fluently by about
one in every five persons in the
population. The landscape is also
english is spoken,
but the welsh also
have their own local
language.
Swansea, Gower and the Vale of Neath
Cardiff and Coast, & Valleys of South Wales
Wye Valley
and Vale of Usk
very different in character from the
countryside in the England. The
facts and figures might lead you
to believe that Wales is small, but
it covers an area of around 8,000
square miles (or 20,800 square
kilometres). But if you were to roll
it out flat, as the locals normally
say, it would be bigger than Texas.
The vast outdoor spaces offers

United Kingdom: Wales
197
that combine the expertise of
education institutions with the
worlds leading companies, such
as the Institute of Advanced
Telecommunications and the
Institute of Life Science; both at
Swansea University.
more information:
UCAS
www.ucas.co.uk
Home office
www.bia.homeoffice.gov.uk
admission
Llantwit Road, Treforest,
Pontypridd, CF37 1DL
Castle Grounds, Cathays Park,
Cardiff CF10 3ER
Old College, King Street,
Aberystwyth SY23 2AX
Bangor, LL57 2DG
Lampeter SA48 7ED
Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP
Western Avenue, Llandaff,
Cardiff CF5 2YB
College Crescent, Caerleon,
Newport NP18 3YG
Plas Coch,
Wrexham LL11 2AW
Mount Pleasant, Swansea SA1 6ED
Carmarthen SA31 3EP
Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NS
18 Custom House Street,
Cardiff CF10 1AP
and funding
Welsh universities
Each university in Wales
offers on-line search facilities
to find information on all
courses. However, like the rest of
the UK, applications can be made
at the UCAS website.
www.glam.ac.uk
www.rwcmd.ac.uk
www.aber.ac.uk
www.bangor.ac.uk
www.lamp.ac.uk
www.swan.ac.uk
www.uwic.ac.uk
www.newport.ac.uk
www.newi.ac.uk
www.sihe.ac.uk
www.drindod.ac.uk
www.wales.ac.uk
www.open.ac.uk
visa and
immigration
The regulations are the same
as the rest of the UK. Please
see Home office website.
University of Glamorgan
Royal Welsh College
of Music and Drama
Aberystwyth University
Bangor University
University of Wales, Lampeter
Swansea University
University of Wales Institute,
Cardiff
University of Wales, Newport
Glyndwr University
Swansea Metropolitan University
Trinity University College
University of Wales
Open University in Wales

Community
Elizabeth Higginbotham / Professor of Sociology
chapter 4.1
colleges

United States 229
special
interest
programmes
• dance
Basic skill
programmes
Teach academic and fundamental
skills necessary for tomorrow’s
job problem solving, negotiating,
organizing, creative thinking,
listening, and leadership.
ADULT AND
VOCATIONAL
EDUCATION
TECHNICAL AND
JOB TRAINING
PROGRAMMES
• music
• art
• motive technology
• aviation and aeronautics
• building and construction business
• electronics
• emergency medical technology
• police and fire department training
• child and family studies
• other areas with promising careers
ABBE
Adult Basic
Education
AHS
Adult High
School
Comp. Ed.
Compensatory
Education
ESL
English as
a Second
Language
designed for those individuals who
would like to improve basic skills in
reading, math, and language.
Alternative to GED completion: leads
to a high school diploma
for adults with mental retardation
or adults functioning on a level
equivalent to mental retardation
resulting from brain injury
University
transfer
programmes
• dual enrollment, “2+2”
GED
General
Equivalency
Diploma

United States
243
Ranger College
San Jacinto College
South Plains College
South Texas College
Southwest Texas Junior College
Tarrant County College
Temple College
Texarkana College
Texas Southmost College (partnered
with University of Texas-
Brownsville)
Texas State Technical College Syst
Harlingen
Marshall
Waco
West Texas
Texas State University System (+)
Lamar Institute of Technology
Lamar State College-Orange
Lamar State College-Port Arthur
Trinity Valley CC
Tyler Junior College
Marshall Community & Tech C.
New River Community & Tech C.
Pierpont Community & Tech C.
SW Virginia Community & Tech C.
WVirginia NorthernCC
W Virginia State C & Tech C.
Huntington Junior College
Potomac St College of WV Univ
• WISCONSIN
College of the Menominee Nation
Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwa CC
Wisconsin Tech College System
Blackhawk Technical College
Chippewa Valley Tech College
Fox Valley Tech College
Gateway Tech College
Lakeshore Tech College
Madison Area Tech College
Mid-State Tech College
Milwaukee Area Tech College
Moraine Park Tech College
Nicolet Area Tech College
Vernon College
Victoria College
Wade College
Weatherford College
Western Texas College
Wharton County Junior College
• VERMONT
Community College of Vermont
Landmark College
Sterling College
• VIRGINIA
Richard Bland College
Virginia CC System
Blue Ridge CC
Central Virginia CC
Dabney S. Lancaster CC
Danville CC
Eastern Shore CC
Germanna CC
J. Sargeant Reynolds CC
John Tyler CC
Northcentral Tech College
Northeast WI Tech College
Southwest WI Tech College
Waukesha County Tech College
Western Tech College
University of WI Colleges (+)
Baraboo / Sauk County
Barron County
Fond du Lac
Fox Valley
Manitowoc
Marathon County
Marinette
Marshfield / Wood County
Richland
Rock County
Sheboygan
Washington County
Waukesha
• WYOMING
Wyoming CC Commission
Casper College
Lord Fairfax CC
Mountain EmpireCC
New River CC
Northern Virginia CC
Patrick Henry CC
Paul D. Camp CC
Piedmont Virginia CC
Rappahannock CC
Southside Virginia CC
Southwest Virginia CC
Thomas Nelson CC
Tidewater CC
Virginia Highlands CC
Virginia Western CC
Wytheville CC
• WEST VIRGINIA
Community & Technical College
System of West Virginia
Blue Ridge C & Technical C
Community & Tech C at West
Virginia Univ Inst of Tech
EW Virginia C & Tech C.
Central Wyoming College
Eastern Wyoming College
Laramie County CC
Northwest College
Sheridan College (N WY CC Dist)
Western Wyoming CC
• PUERTO RICO
Huertas Junior College
Instituto Comercial de Puerto Rico
Junior College
(+) : 2-year campuses

Universities
chapter 4.2
Joan Herbers / zoologist

United States
253
average cost
for a postgraduate
application is $70 usd
Average costs *
US Universities fall under
two major categories: public
(state supported), and private
(independent) institutions.
International students’ tuition
expenses at state schools are based
on non-resident costs, which are
still usually less expensive
than those of private
universities. The cost of a
programme in a US school
does not necessarily affect
its quality. A brief idea
on the difference in cost may be
derived from the table to the left: **
University
type
private
private
state
state
cost
high
low
high
low
average
USD
25 000
15 000
20 000
10 000
* Keep increases in perspective. All numbers
are approximate figures.
** Tuition fee differs according to the
universities and varies widely with courses. It can
vary from as low as $5000 a year for state universities
to as much as $30000 per annum for some private
universities. For more specific details, please contact
the universities.
Marita Bolles / contemporary music composer
The following list of
universities does not contain
all the universities in the U.S.,
we only list states that are
usually populated by caribbean
nationals.

Denmark
Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen / expert on the microscopic tardigrades
chapter 5

Denmark
319
Una Canger / linguist specializing in languages of Mesoamerica
must apply and have been granted
a residence permit before you
arrive in Denmark. To be granted a
residence permit, you must be able
to document your:
• Enrolment into a course of
further education which is
approved by a state authority
or which is offered by a stateapproved
educational institution
• Ability to support yourself
during the programme and show
proof of being able to pay the
tuition
• Competency in speaking and
understanding the language used
to teach the course.
The immigration rules emphasize
that normally, students must have
obtained a residence permit before
entering Denmark. You can submit
your application in your country of
origin, or in the country where you
have resided permanently for the
past three months. Please see a list
of Danish consulates located in the
Caribbean at the end of this chapter.
If there is no consulate situated
in your home country, contact the
Danish Immigration Services:
The Immigration Service
Ryesgade 53
2100 Copenhagen Ø
Denmark
Tel: 004523308587
Email: study@us.dk
Although the norm is to apply for
the residence permit outside of
the country, in certain cases it is
possible to submit an application
in Denmark but this depends on
your grounds for being in the
country. For instance, if you were
granted a residence permit on
grounds other than study, then you
can apply for a residence permit
while in the country. If you wish
to apply for a residence permit
as a student, both you and the
educational institution in Denmark
must supply information for the
processing of your application.
Once you have been accepted the
educational institution in Denmark
will begin the application process
by completing their part of the
application form and attaching
the required documents. This
paperwork will then be sent or
see the list of danish
consulates in the
caribbean
given to you with the attached
documents. Then you should
complete your part of the form,
attach the rest of the required
documents, and submit the entire
application to the embassy or
consulate in the country of your
residence.
Required
documentation
*
Applicants should submit the
following documentation a
minimum of 2-3 months prior
to departure. The application
form (ST1) contains a detailed
description of how you and the
* The Consulate General advises against
making any final travel arrangements, particularly
purchase of non-refundable air tickets for a specific
date, prior to approval of your visa application.

Denmark
work permits
323
Family visa
If you have been granted a
residence permit as a student on a
higher educational programme for
three years or more, your family
can normally accompany you to
Denmark. It is a requirement that
your family can support itself
throughout the entire period, and that
you will all live at the same address.
However, your partner or spouse is
allowed to work full time during his
or her stay in Denmark.
Working
while
studying
All students from outside the
European Union are automatically
granted a permit to work for
a total of 15 hours per week
during the school term. During
holiday months students will be
granted permission to work fulltime;
that is, full time work in
June, July and August. Danish
employers require high levels of
qualifications for employees and so
it is sometimes challenging to find
part time employment. Therefore,
prospective students would have
to be persistent.
Work after
studies
If you complete a higher
educational programme in
Denmark, the immigration services
will normally grant you a grace
period for you to find suitable
employment. If you do find an
organization willing to employ
you, they are then able to apply for
a work and residence permit on
your behalf.
Embassies
in the
Caribbean
+53 (7) 338 128
Paseo de Marti (Prado) 20
Cuba
+ 53 (7) 8668144
Piso 4, Apt. 4 B Zona 2
Fax: +53 (7) 338 127
10200 Havana, Cuba
dancons@enet.cu
Phone: +1 (809) 732 1234
Jose Amado Soler 49
Dominican Republic
Fax: +1 (809) 541 2743
Edificio Gampsa Piso 1
Santo Domingo
dmnconsul@maersk.com
Phone: +509 223 2551
35, Ave. Marie-Jeanne
Haiti
Fax: +509 222 5156
P.O. Box 1334
Port-au-Prince
shmadsen@hotmail.com
Phone: +1 876 923 5051
449 Spanish Town Road
Jamaica
Fax: +1 876 923 5055
Kingston 11
rammoja@mail.infochan.com
Phone: +1 868 624 3587
21 Ferndale Terrace
Trinidad and Tobago
Fax: +1 868 627 44804000
St. Anns
Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago

Denmark
325
EMPLOYMENT:
VACANCY SOURCES
Niels Kaare Krabbe / ornithologist and bird conservationist
Hidden
vacancies
There are many opportunities to
work in Denmark and it takes an
astute and persistent individual
to carry out a fruitful job search.
Unlike many other developed
countries, the typical way to
apply for a job in Denmark is to
use a Cover letter and CV but
the accompanying evidence is
also integral to the application
process; relevant certification,
copies of qualification and referee
letters from previous employers
should be sent along with your
application letter.
In-depth research on the company
to which you are applying is
equally important as it increases
your chance of being hired. Use
as many resources as possible to
find company information if you
are seeking to send speculative
letters. Look at company
directories and the yellow pages.
These are available free of cost
in Danish libraries, for example
The Copenhagen Business
School Library may be a useful
resource. It is an academic library
which holds information on
various types of businesses and
career areas such as accounting,
advertising, banking and finance,
research the
company to which
you are applying
computer science, foreign trade,
law, marketing, statistics and
social sciences sectors. Your
research should be reflected in
the fact that your application or
cover letter must be directed to a
specific person at the company;
otherwise, your application may
be discarded.
It is important to note all other
elements to creating a job
application (the general rules
on cover letters and CV) as
presented in CHAPTER 11-
WORKING ABROAD.

Denmark
327
Danish CV
CVs should be kept brief and
factual with work experience
being viewed as more important
than extra-curricular activities.
A Danish CV should be in the
following order:
• Begin with your name, address,
and contact information.
• Business qualifications follow,
based on the requirements listed
in the job advertisement, with
work experience sequenced
to match your business
qualifications.
• Education.
• Personal information, including
date of birth, marital status,
number of children,
• Nationality (as a non-native it
is advisable to clarify your work
permit status)
• Finally, you should briefly list
your outside interests.
• Newspapers
As in most countries, job
advertisements appear in the
Sunday editions of the newspapers.
The Kidon Media-Link website is a
one stop shop for links to various
regional Danish newspapers. The
main newspapers for adverts are:
• The English weekly paper
• The Copenhagen Post
• Jyllands-Posten
• Politiken
• Berlingske Tidende
• Dansk Industri: is a weekly
journal that covers a wide range
of information from trade and
industry relations and this may be
useful in your job search.
more info:
www.kidon.com
www.cphpost.dk
www.jp.dk
www.politiken.dk
www.berlingske.dk
www.di.dk
ONLINE RECRUITMENT
SERVICES AND JOB
LISTINGS
Jobbank
www.jobbank.dk
JobsInCopenhagen
www.jobsincopenhagen
Job opportunities with
English as the main
working language;
Job Index Denmark
www.jobindex.dk
Karriere Vejviser
www.karrierevejviser.dk
Monster (Denmark)
www.monster.dk
Stepstone (Denmark)
www.stepstone.dk
Higher
education
career
support
Students registered at higher
education institutions may want
to ask for help and advice from
the careers center located on their
university campuses. Career
support is offered in universities
to graduates by student advisers
and also by employment officers
or labour unions. The university’s
careers services is particularly
focused on facilitating the
transition from studying into
employment and is less
orientated towards providing job
placements.
more info:
The Copenhagen Business
School Library
http://uk.cbs.dk/library

Denmark
329
Interviews
This is largely dependent on
the position for which you
have applied and could be an
individual or panel interview.
Business dress is usually expected
on these occasions. There is an
increasing use of group activities
and psychometric tests as part of
the selection process, especially by
larger organizations.
Work
patterns
• Not unlike the Danish education
system, the working culture is
team-orientated and the working
environment is characterised by
open and informal manners.
• The normal working week is
37 hours and employees’ normal
holiday entitlement is five weeks,
although within the public sector
this is generally six weeks.
• Danish companies offer good
working conditions, modern
conveniences and technical
equipment of a high standard.
• Most workplaces offer continuing
education to their employees and
the development of qualifications
is seen as a high priority.
Hans J. Baagøe /
professor researching on scandinavian bats

Finland
chapter 6
Markku Kulmala / Professor in Aerosol and Environmental Physics

Finland
361
visa and
immigration
International Office
P.O.Box 412 (Keskuskatu 34)
virve.hakamies@scp.fi
Seinäjoki University
of Applied Sciences (SeAMK)
South Carelia Polytechnic
Svenska Yrkeshögskolan
Sydväst Polytechnic
Tampere Polytechnic -
University of Applied Sciences
Turku University
of Applied Sciences
of Applied Sciences
Vaasa University
of Applied Sciences
FI-60101 Seinäjoki
International Office
global@syh.fi
Koulukatu 5 B
FI-55120 Imatra
P.O. Box 6 (Fabriksgatan 1)
FI-65201 Vasa
International Office
international.office@tpu.fi
P.O. Box 21 (Teiskontie 33)
FI-33521 Tampere
International Office
int.office@turkuamk.fi
Sepänkatu 3
FI-20700 Turku
Admissions Office
hakutoimisto@puv.fi or
Wolffintie 30
FI-65200 Vaasa
All students that would like to
study in Finland for a period
of more than three months
are required to apply for a residence
permit at a Finnish mission in their
home country (Please see a list of
Finnish Missions contact details at
the end of this chapter). Finnish
residence permits are normally
granted to students who will
undertake studies leading to a
degree qualification or to exchange
students who are supplementing
their learning experience for a
limited period of time. Residence
permits are not normally granted
to students who just want to
undertake language courses.
Linus Torvalds / inventor of Linux

Netherlands
chapter 7
Theunis Piersma / shorebird biologist

Netherlands
visa and
immigration
395
All international students who
are from non-EU countries
and who would like to
study in the Netherlands require
a visa to enter and remain in the
country. All information regarding
the legal entry of foreigners is
outlined in what is refered to as the
Aliens Law. It is advised that you
obtain the document and read the
information thoroughly. The three
most common visas required for
foreign students are:
the procedure is
lengthy and will take
about three to six
months or longer
• A short-stay visa (VKV) – for
visits of up 3 months stay, issued
by the Dutch embassy;
• An authorization for temporary
stay for visits that are more than 3
months stay (MVV), issued by the
Dutch embassy;
• A residence permit issued by the
Alien Registration Office in the
Netherlands after one’s arrival in
the country (VTV);
The universities in the Netherlands
offer far-reaching assistance to
students who need to complete the
visa process. Some universities go
as far as offering qualified students
financial assistance in the form of a
grant to cover the cost of their visa
application.
Another service that many higher
education institutions offer is
assistance to expedite the visa
process by applying for it on your
behalf. Ask your future
host institution about
this process. Remember,
you may not, under any
circumstances, collect an
MVV in the Netherlands;
not even if your host
institution in the Netherlands
initiates the application on your
behalf. MVVs can only be collected
at the Dutch embassy or consulate in
your home country (or the country
in which you legally reside).
If your host institution applies for
an authorization for temporary
stay for you via the shorter
procedure, you have to pay a
handling fee of 250 Euros. If
you apply for an authorization
for temporary stay yourself, you
have to pay a handling fee of 433
Euros. Paying the fee does not
automatically mean that your
application will be successful.
The fee is also non-refundable; it
will not be returned even if your
application is unsuccessful.
The first step in the visa process
is to apply for an Authorization
for temporary stay (machtiging
tot voorlopig verblij, MVV). It
is extremely important to have
this visa before entering the
Netherlands. You can apply for
an MVV at the Dutch embassy or
consulate in your home country or
the country in which you legally
reside; that is the country in which
you have resided for more than 3
months. The procedure involves
completing an application form
along with all relevant documents.
The procedure is lengthy and will
take about three to six months,
sometimes even longer. Therefore,
as outlined in CHAPTER 1, create
a timetable and ask for all relevant
information during the application
process in order to avoid delays
due visa issues. As soon as you
have your acceptance letter you
should apply for your visa.
After entering the Netherlands,
students that are intending to stay
for longer than three months are
mandated to obtain a residence
permit (verblijfsvergunning). If
you are not a visa national but
have entered the country and will
remain there for more than three
months, you are still required
to apply for a residence permit.
You or your host institution
(university or university of
applied sciences) has to apply
for your residence permit within
five days of your arrival in the
Netherlands.
It is important for you to arrive
with the correct visa. If you are in
the Netherlands on a short-stay
visa, you can never be issued a
residence permit. Be sure to have
the correct document in your
possession. A short-stay visa is for
stays for three months or less, or an

Netherlands
397
Ben L. Feringa/Professor of Molecular Science
MVV if you intend to stay for more
than three months and if your
nationality requires it.
Required
documentation
The documents that are usually
required for the MVV are as
follows:
• A valid passport
• Non-criminal record.
• Proof that you are no risk to
public order, national peace or
security.
• Sufficient means of support,
for example, earned income or
scholarship
• Tuberculosis tests.
• Civic integration examination
more info:
www.internationalstudy.nl
board pass grade or proof of
exemption.
• Health insurance with a Dutch
insurer that covers your stay.
• Proof that you are enrolled in an
educational institution that has an
agreement with the Immigration
and Nationality department (IND).
• You have sufficient long term
means of support.
• You are aware your stay is of a
temporary nature.
Student visas are approved under
certain conditions, therefore your
residence permit will only remain
valid if you are:
• Participating in a foundation
course for the purpose of enrolling
in a full degree programme. The
residence permit will be valid for
a maximum of 12 months. It is not
possible to extend this visa for
another period of preparation, after
the prep year. However, you may
apply for a regular study permit;
• A student at a higher education
institution. This residence permit
will be valid until the end of the
academic year, until September 1st.
This visa may be extended once
you provide proof of continued
enrollment.
• A student doing a traineeship,
the residence permit will be valid
for a maximum of 12 months. It is
not normally possible to extend it.
Visa
extension
Given that the residence permit
for students are normally
granted for one year intervals,
students undertaking a degree
programme will be required to
extend the permit at least once.
This may be done by sending
the relevant documents and
fee to the immigration services.
Nevertheless, the IND usually
sends a reminder letter with the
relevant forms three months
before the expiration of current
permits. It is integral that the
extension process is started before
the expiration of any current visa
or you may be presented with
unliveable consequences.

Sweden
chapter 9
Hanna Dahlkvist / cellist

Sweden
459
Jesper Waldersten / illustrator
The decision on whether to
accept an applicant rests with the
institutions. Make sure you satisfy
all the necessary requirements
before submitting an application.
If you are not sure, contact the
department responsible for the
programme in which you have an
interest directly. After the deadline
passes, each institution will assess
your application, based on their
in-house selection procedures.
Decisions are usually made based
on various criteria, such as grades
obtained, results from previous
courses and degree projects.
Given there are so many courses
from which to choose, before logging
in to the system, you can do a
search to find degree programmes
of interest to you, use the search
function at the Study in Sweden
webiste. Each programme or
individual course has a unique
application code. After you have
found one or more programmes that
you would like to apply to, you can
then proceed to the central application
system, in order to register the chosen
programme (s). An added benefit of
checking the courses at the Study in
Sweden website is that you can learn
the application codes and this is a
good way to later check that you have
applied to your intended programme
choice. The current application
processing fee is 900 Swedish Kronor.
Application deadline :
March 15 of each year
The Swedish academic year
is divided into two semesters.
The autumn semester stretches
from the end of August until the
middle of January. The spring
semester begins in the middle
of January and ends mid-June.
Some universities also offer single
subject courses during the summer
months (June-August). Application
deadline for international students
is March 15 of each year; this is
largely to facilitate the long visa
process. This deadline is rigidly
enforced and all documents
received outside of this deadline
will not be considered as part of
the application.

Sweden
461
General
requirements
LANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
Some students may be exempt from
formal language tests. They are:
• Students with a bachelors
degree from a university where
English is the main language of
instruction, in accordance with
the recommendations in the latest
edition of International Handbook
of Universities.
• Students with a bachelors
degree (equivalent to a Swedish
kandidatexamen) where English is
the main subject.
• Students with 30 higher
education (HE) credits from a
Nordic country where the language
of instruction of the course is
English.
more info:
www.studyinsweden.se
Examples of tests used
and minimum scores:
TOEFL
Test of English as a
Foreign Language
IELTS
International English
Language Testing
Service
EFL
Cambridge examination
Melab
Michigan English Language
Assessment Battery
scores: 500-550 (paper-based test)
173-213 (computer-based test)
61-79 (internet-based test)
5.0-6.0 (no band lower than 4.5-5.0)
grades A or B
85 - 90 points
• Swedish
Students who would like to
complete a full degree in Swedish
are required to show written
and oral skills meeting the level
required for upper-secondary
education. This prerequisite may
be shown by completing the
nationwide test of Swedish for
university studies (TISUS.)
RECOGNITION OF
QUALIFICATIONS
The national agency for services
to universities and university
colleges undertakes evaluation
of completed foreign uppersecondary
education. They may be
contacted at:
Verket för högskoleservice
Box 24 070
104 50 Stockholm
Tel: 08-725 96 00
Fax: 08-725 96 01
Recognition of higher academic
degrees is undertaken by Swedish
NARIC, a section of the National
Agency for Higher Education

Sweden
465
your home institution. This should
not be more than two pages.
• Two letters of
recommendation (Mandatory):
From professors/academic
supervisors, describing the interest
your cv should not
be more than
two pages
of cooperation and long term
impact of a study/research visit to
Sweden as well as confirming the
applicant’s status (holder of a PhD
degree, or registered PhD student).
The letter should also evaluate
the applicant’s English language
proficiency. This is not necessary
for students/researchers working
in Swedish language. These letters
should be sent to the:
The Swedish Institute
Box 7434
103 91 Stockholm
Sweden
All documents or the envelope
should be marked with the
reference number of your
confirmed application. This should
not be more than two pages.
• Copies of university
degrees (Mandatory): Copies
of the highest degree obtained,
translated into English and
certified by the university.
• Research proposal
(Mandatory): A research
proposal describing the
scientific quality of the
project as well as its
originality, methodological
approach and relevance. This
should not be more than five
pages.
• CV of the applicant
(Mandatory): Outlining your
previous studies, degrees and
English language proficiency. This
should not be more than two pages.
• CV of the intended
supervisor/contact person in
Sweden (Mandatory): This should
not be more than two pages.
• List of publications
(Optional): This should not be
more than two pages.
• Personal motivation
(Mandatory) : Expected long term
impact and goals, choice of Sweden
as your study/research destination
and reasons for seeking financial
support. This should not be more
than one page.
•It is also mandatory that
Students use the application forms
provided by the institute. It may be
found on the Institute of Sweden’s
website.
more info:
Swedish institute
www.si.se
Danica Kragic / professor of robotics

Sweden
employment:
vacancy sources
487
Swedish CV
Your CV should be no longer than
two pages and can be written in
either chronological or reverse
chronological order. It can also
be written in either first or third
person. The CV can be relatively
comprehensive but do not write
long blocks of text; bullet points
with a couple of lines of text are
often the norm.
Heading
Curriculum Vitae
Meritförteckning
You normally use a heading for
your CV. In Swedish a CV can be
called both Meritförteckning and
CV, though nowadays CV is the
most commonly used.
Personal Information
It is usually only your name and
surname(s), Address, Contact
telephone number/s, fax and
email. This doesn´t need a
heading on its own and is often
just written on the top of the CV
(see example, page 488).
Professional Experience
Arbetserfarenheter
Company name and sector. Dates,
duties, achieved goals, etc.. Use
the order that is better for you
depending on the experience
you want to emphasize: from the
oldest to the newest, or vice versa.
Read more about the two ways of
organizing your work experience
in these two kinds of resumes.
Studies
Utbildning
List all levels of your studies.
Title, place, city, dates of studies
(it’s better to list these in a
chronologically inverse order).
Under this section you can
also include courses, seminars,
congresses or conferences that are
relevant in relation to the position.
Long or prestigious courses are
also interesting. Point out its
duration in hours. Do not write
down the ones that are not relevant
or not recent.
Languages
Språk
Which ones and what is your level:
high, medium or low. Point out if
you can translate, speak or write.
Computer Skills
Dator erfarenhet/färdighet
Programmes
applications
database
Internet, etc.
Miscellaneous
Övrigt
Other relevant information that
you don’t know where to put,
such as geographic and job
mobility, driver’s license (pointing
out the category), having a car,
etc. Explaining your hobbies is
something that you should usually
try to do because that is something
which tends to come up at the
personal interview. It has the effect
of pursuing your personality.
See an example of a Swedish
CV on the next page
Gunnar Broberg / historian researching on animal´s relation to humans

Switzerland
chapter 10
Mario Botta / architect

Switzerland
497
The constitution also confers
sovereignty - that is, supreme
political power - on the
population, which elects
a parliament. The Swiss
parliament, in turn, elects the
members of the government,
called a Federal Council. The
country also has a legislative
body, the Federal Assembly,
which is composed of two equal
The economy is
classified as one of
the most capitalist
in the world
chambers. The Council of States,
with 46 members representing
the cantons, and the National
Council, with 200 members
allocated according to the strength
of the party.
There are currently four main
political parties: the Swiss People’s
Party, the Radicals, the Social
Democrats and the Christian
Democrats.
For much of the twentieth
century Switzerland has been the
wealthiest country in Europe.
Swiss residents enjoy low tax
rates, in comparison to the
rest of Europe, with similarly
high standards of living. Yet,
unlike many European states,
residents are required to have
insurance against unemployment,
occupational accidents and
occupational illness.
A 2005 survey by the Swiss
Federal Statistical Office
found that the average
Swiss spent just over a
third of their household
budget on taxes and
insurance. Nevertheless, the
strong economic performance of
Switzerland could make studying
there rewarding experience. The
country’s economy is classified as
one of the most capitalist in the
world and it boasts high levels of
stability and modernization.
The main industries are:
• Pharmaceuticals
• Banking and Insurance
• Watch production
•Tourism
• Mechanical and Electrical
Engineering
The country has high levels of
freedoms in all areas of life, and in
1981 an equality law was passed
to ensure equal rights between
men and women. The country is
a collage of various languages,
religious leanings and ethnic
differences. This adds to the rich
cultural tapestry that makes the
country unique.
Switzerland’s currency is the Swiss
franc (CHF). The Euro is also
becoming increasingly accepted.
However, transactions are mostly
done in Swiss francs.
more info:
www.swissworld.org
Swiss
franc
(CHF)

Switzerland
why switzerland?
499
Kurt Wüthrich / chemist researching on proteins
• Accessible education
Educational programmes in
Switzerland are largely accessible
by a wide cross-section of
people and foreigners make up
a high percentage of the student
population. As such, choosing
Switzerland as your place of
study means you will meet and
associate with people from all over
the world. This kind of diversity
is good; it can give you a very
global outlook and an impartial
understanding of life.
• Multicultural &
multilingual country
Switzerland is a multilingual
country with many people being
able to speak French, German,
Italian, Romansh and another 1%
of the population speaking other
languages. If your core interest is to
learn several languages, or if you
would like to learn a new language
or two while you study, Switzerland
is a great option to consider.
• Funding for
postgraduates
Through the Federal Commission
for International Students, the
government provides a small
number of scholarships to foreign
postgraduates only. These help
students undertake research in
fields that are particularly strong
areas for Swiss universities.
you will meet people
from all over
the world
• Balance academic with
hands-on experience
Since Switzerland is a European
business hub, several courses
have links with locally based
businesses, which give these
programmes an advantage that
cannot be beaten. Special strengths
are in banking, machine tool and
precision engineering. Other
strengths include chemical and
pharmaceutical engineering as well
great hotel and tourist education
departments. The country has
been very successful in attracting
the investment of foreign multinationals
and businesses; and this
is one of the reasons for its huge
banking sector. The knock-on
effect of the wealth attracts some
of the most respected academics
in European universities who look
to enjoy the high wages
and comfortable lifestyle
Switzerland offers.
• Doctoral students
Doctoral study is
considered to be
employment and therefore PhD
students are paid members of the
workforce.
more info:
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Switzerland
www.swissworld.org
www.swissinfo.org

Switzerland 517
universities and subjects
diploma
University of Zurich
• Art Market Studies
• Biology: Behavioural Sciences
• Biology: Developmental Biology
• Biology: Ecology
• Biology: Geneticser of Science
• Biology: Human Biology
• Biology: Microbiology
• Biology: Molecular and Cellular Biology
• Biology: Neurosciences
• Biology: Plant Biology
• Biology: Quantitative Biology and Systems Biology
• Biochemistry
• Economics and Business Administration: Banking and Finance
• Economic s and Business Administration: Economics
• Economics and Business Administration: Management and Economics
• Environmental Sciences
• Informatics: Multimodal and Cognitive Systems
• Informatics: Software Systems
• International Sports Organisations
• Medical Biology
EM/MAS
MSC
MAS
MSC
CAS
MSC
• Palaeontology
• Quantitative Finance
Beatrice Weder di Mauro / Economist
DOCTORAL
PROGAMMES
To access information regarding
doctoral programmes, you can
log onto the Swiss universities
website. Where it is possible to
search for doctoral programmes
by discipline or by university.
The site also allows prospective
students to combine their chosen
programmes with the university
at which it is available. The main
criteria that is used to determine
eligibility for a PhD programme,
is the completion of a master’s
degree or equivalent from a
recognised or accredited university.
Similar to the bachelor’s and
master’s programmes, conditions
for acceptance vary among
universities, and interested
students should check the
admission requirements of their
prospective university.
more info:
www.swissuniversity.ch.

Switzerland
525
work permits
On arrival in Switzerland,
you will have to apply to the
police department dealing with
foreigners, to obtain a residence
permit. You must present yourself
within ten days of arrival to the
appropriate police department in
the town where you will be living
with following documents:
• a valid passport, with a copy
and the original of your entry visa
• confirmation that you
have been accepted by a Swiss
university
• a guarantee of sufficient
financial means to support yourself
during your studies (e.g. bank
statement)
• statement concerning your
address in Switzerland
Visa
extension
Based on the prevailing division
of government services between
the federal government and the
cantons, the cantonal authorities
are responsible for the extension
of visas or the granting of aliens
police residence permits. For this
reason, you are required to address
your enquiries regarding visa
extensions directly to the cantonal
migration authorities responsible
for your area of residence. The
procedure is similar to that of
obtaining your previous residence
permit.
more info:
www.bfm.admin.ch
www.eda.admin.ch
Manuela Pfrunder / designer
Working
while
studying
The student resident permit does
not give you the right to work. In
the case of a summer internship,
the local authorities have to be
informed and they have to agree
beforehand.
Work after
studies
Upon the completion of your
studies, you cannot work in
Switzerland automatically. If a
company recruits you, they need to
apply for another type of residence
permit for you and obtain it
beforehand. Non-EU-citizens can
only get a work permit if their
employer proves they could not fill
the respective position with a Swiss
or EU citizen. This can become a

Working abroad
537
the necessary finances. As such,
students without the necessary
financial means should start their
job search as early as possible.
Starting the job search early has
a secondary function. If you are
for students
without the
necessary
financial means
able to find employment prior to
submitting your visa application
(or while it is being considered)
some countries allow this to be
calculated as part of the financial
burden of proof, necessary for visa
issuance * .
* This regulation should be checked at the
embassy when you will apply for your student visa.
It is possible for you to make a strong case for your
employment to be considered as financial security.
This is especially true , if the proposed employment is
in a field related to your area of study and you have a
signed and certified contract from the employer.
The first part of this chapter will
be on the various Methods of job
hunting and how you can use
available resources to make your job
hunting successful. Each country
specific chapter contains more indepth
job search sources particular
to that country. The second section
will discuss and evaluate the Tools
of Job Searching, such as resumes,
standard application forms and the
job letter.
this chapter
section 1
various
methods of
job hunting
• how to use
available
resources
section 2
tools of job
searching
• resumes
• application forms
• job letter
Methods of
job hunting
These are some of the most
common places to start
your job searching:
• Personal contacts
• Employers/companies of interest
• Classified ads
• National and local newspapers
• Professional journals
• Trade magazines
• Internet resources
• Professional associations
• Labour unions
• State employment service offices
• Government departments
• Community agencies
• Internships
• Private employment agencies
and career consultants
• School career planning and
placement offices
book:
What Color Is Your
Parachute?
Richard Bolles

my notes

613
this book
© Kenisha Russell
All rights reserved.
No part of this book can be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in
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or mechanical or otherwise,
without the prior written
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except for brief reviews.
Design and illustrations
Martha Sanchez
Typefaces
News Gothic
designed by Morris Fuller
Palatino
designed by Hermann Zapf
Printing
Elanders Fälth & Hässler
Värnamo, Sweden
February 2012