- Page 1:
Section 2: Physics of Ultrasound
- Page 4 and 5:
2.0: Ultrasound Formula http://www.
- Page 6 and 7:
Ultrasonic Formula
- Page 9 and 10:
2.1: Wave Propagation Ultrasonic te
- Page 11 and 12:
Acoustic Spectrum
- Page 13 and 14:
Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
- Page 15 and 16:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.ed
- Page 17 and 18:
2.2: Modes of Sound Wave Propagatio
- Page 19 and 20:
Longitudinal and shear waves
- Page 21 and 22:
Longitudinal and shear waves
- Page 23 and 24:
2.2.3 Longitudinal Wave Also Knows
- Page 25 and 26:
Longitudinal wave: Longitudinal wav
- Page 28 and 29:
2.2.4 Shear waves (S-Waves) In air,
- Page 30 and 31:
Shear waves
- Page 33 and 34:
Q10: For a shear wave travelling fr
- Page 35 and 36:
Rayleigh waves are a type of surfac
- Page 37 and 38:
Q29: The longitudinal wave incident
- Page 39 and 40:
The major axis of the ellipse is pe
- Page 41 and 42:
Surface wave
- Page 43 and 44:
Surface wave has the ability to fol
- Page 45 and 46:
Surface wave - One wavelength deep
- Page 47 and 48:
Love Wave http://web.ics.purdue.edu
- Page 49 and 50:
Other Reading: Rayleigh Waves Surfa
- Page 51 and 52:
Q110: What kind of wave mode travel
- Page 53 and 54:
2.2.6 Lamb Wave: Lamb waves propaga
- Page 55 and 56:
Types of Wave New! • Plate wave-
- Page 57 and 58:
Plate or Lamb waves are similar to
- Page 59 and 60:
With Lamb waves, a number of modes
- Page 61 and 62:
Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
- Page 63 and 64:
Symmetrical = extensional mode
- Page 65 and 66:
The form is determined by whether t
- Page 67 and 68: Q1: The wave mode that has multiple
- Page 69 and 70: Dispersion refers to the fact that
- Page 71 and 72: Thickness Limitation: One can not g
- Page 73 and 74: Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
- Page 75 and 76: In terms of the spring model, Hooke
- Page 77 and 78: Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
- Page 79 and 80: Elastic Model / Shear Wave
- Page 81 and 82: The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law, whe
- Page 83 and 84: What properties of material affect
- Page 85 and 86: Where V is the speed of sound, C is
- Page 87 and 88: Q50: The principle attributes that
- Page 89 and 90: E/N/G
- Page 91 and 92: Examples of approximate compression
- Page 93 and 94: Shear Wave Velocity: V S The veloci
- Page 95 and 96: The applet below shows a longitudin
- Page 97 and 98: http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
- Page 99 and 100: Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
- Page 101 and 102: Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
- Page 103 and 104: As can be noted by the equation, a
- Page 105 and 106: The two velocities of sound are lin
- Page 107 and 108: Sensitivity and resolution are two
- Page 109 and 110: 2.5.2 Grain Size & Frequency Select
- Page 111 and 112: Since more things in a material are
- Page 113 and 114: Detectability variable: • pulse l
- Page 115 and 116: Q7: When a material grain size is o
- Page 117: Pulse Length: A sound pulse traveli
- Page 121 and 122: “Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
- Page 123 and 124: 2.6: Attenuation of Sound Waves 2.6
- Page 125 and 126: Absorption: Sound attenuations are
- Page 127 and 128: Anisotropic Columnar Grains with di
- Page 129 and 130: The amplitude change of a decaying
- Page 131 and 132: Attenuation is generally proportion
- Page 133 and 134: Amplitude at distance Z where: Wher
- Page 135: 2.6.2 Factors Affecting Attenuation
- Page 138 and 139: 2.6.4 Further Reading on Attenuatio
- Page 140 and 141: Q168: Heat conduction, viscous fric
- Page 142 and 143: 2.7: Acoustic Impedance Acoustic im
- Page 144 and 145: Sound travels through materials und
- Page 146 and 147: Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
- Page 148 and 149: Q2.8: The acoustic impedance of mat
- Page 150 and 151: When the acoustic impedances of the
- Page 152 and 153: Reflection Coefficient:
- Page 154 and 155: Using the above applet, note that t
- Page 156 and 157: Incident Wave other than Normal? -
- Page 158 and 159: Q: The figure above shown the parti
- Page 160 and 161: For example: The dB loss on transmi
- Page 162 and 163: Q6: For an ultrasonic beam with nor
- Page 164 and 165: Refraction and Snell's Law When an
- Page 167 and 168: Refraction takes place at an interf
- Page 169:
Snell's Law describes the relations
- Page 173 and 174:
Snell Law http://www.ndt-ed.org/Edu
- Page 175 and 176:
When a longitudinal wave moves from
- Page 177 and 178:
Refraction and mode conversion occu
- Page 179 and 180:
For example, calculate the first cr
- Page 181 and 182:
Snell Law: 1 st / 2 nd Critical Ang
- Page 183 and 184:
Q. Both longitudinal and shear wave
- Page 191 and 192:
Typical angle beam assemblies make
- Page 193 and 194:
Depth & Skip
- Page 195 and 196:
Second Critical Angle The second cr
- Page 197 and 198:
2.10: Mode Conversion When sound tr
- Page 199 and 200:
In the previous section, it was poi
- Page 201 and 202:
Snell's Law
- Page 203 and 204:
Reflections
- Page 205 and 206:
V S1 V S2
- Page 207 and 208:
Snell Law- 1 st & 2 nd Critical Ang
- Page 209 and 210:
Transverse wave can be introduced i
- Page 211 and 212:
Calculate the offset for following
- Page 213 and 214:
Refraction and mode conversion at n
- Page 215 and 216:
Refraction and mode conversion at n
- Page 217 and 218:
Q1. From the above figures, if the
- Page 219 and 220:
Q: On Calculation: Incident angle=
- Page 221 and 222:
Q1. If you were requested to design
- Page 223 and 224:
2.11: Signal-to-Noise Ratio In a pr
- Page 225 and 226:
The following formula relates some
- Page 227 and 228:
Rather than go into the details of
- Page 230 and 231:
Determining cross sectional area us
- Page 232 and 233:
“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
- Page 234 and 235:
Pulse Length
- Page 236 and 237:
2.12: The Sound Fields 2.12.1 Wave
- Page 238 and 239:
When waves interact, they superimpo
- Page 240 and 241:
UT Transducer http://www.fhwa.dot.g
- Page 242 and 243:
UT Transducer
- Page 244 and 245:
Wave Interaction Complete in-phase
- Page 246 and 247:
With an ultrasonic transducer, the
- Page 248 and 249:
29. It is possible for a discontinu
- Page 250 and 251:
2.12.2 Variations in sound intensit
- Page 252 and 253:
The sound wave exit from a transduc
- Page 254 and 255:
The Near Field (Fresnel) and the Fa
- Page 256 and 257:
Amplitude ← Near Field Effect: Be
- Page 258 and 259:
Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
- Page 260 and 261:
Near/ Far Fields http://miac.unibas
- Page 262 and 263:
where α is the radius of the trans
- Page 264 and 265:
The curvature and the area over whi
- Page 266 and 267:
Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
- Page 268 and 269:
Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone http://st
- Page 270 and 271:
Q4: A transducer has a near field i
- Page 272 and 273:
2.12.4 Dead Zone In ultrasonic test
- Page 274 and 275:
Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
- Page 276 and 277:
Dead Zone Illustration http://www.n
- Page 278 and 279:
Q: On an A-scan display, the “dea
- Page 280 and 281:
2.13: Inverse Square Rule/ Inverse
- Page 282 and 283:
Small Reflector, a reflector smalle
- Page 286 and 287:
2.14: Resonance Another form wave i
- Page 288 and 289:
Thickness of Crystal at Fundamental
- Page 290 and 291:
Resonance UT Testing- The diagram b
- Page 292 and 293:
From the natural frequencies it is
- Page 294 and 295:
Q: The formula used to determine th
- Page 296 and 297:
2.15 Measurement of Sound
- Page 298 and 299:
Ultrasonic Formula - Signal Amplitu
- Page 300 and 301:
where: delta X is the difference in
- Page 302 and 303:
From this table it can be seen that
- Page 304 and 305:
However, the power or intensity of
- Page 306 and 307:
Revising the table to reflect the r
- Page 308 and 309:
Sound Levels- Relative dB
- Page 310 and 311:
“Absolute" Sound Levels Sound pre
- Page 313 and 314:
dB meter 97.3dB against standards s
- Page 315 and 316:
Exercise: Find the absolute sound l
- Page 317 and 318:
Practice: dB
- Page 319 and 320:
Example Calculation 2 If the intens
- Page 321 and 322:
What is the absolute rock concert s
- Page 323 and 324:
Practice Makes Perfect 28. An advan
- Page 325 and 326:
学 习 总 是 开 心 事
- Page 327 and 328:
学 习 总 是 开 心 事
- Page 329 and 330:
学 习 总 是 开 心 事
- Page 331 and 332:
学 习 总 是 开 心 事
- Page 333:
学 习 总 是 开 心 事