UT Testing-Section 2 Physics of Ultrasound

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Shear waves
In the transverse or shear wave, the particles oscillate at a right angle or transverse to the direction <strong>of</strong> propagation. Shear waves require an acoustically solid material for effective propagation, and therefore, are not effectively propagated in materials such as liquids or gasses. Shear waves are relatively weak when compared to longitudinal waves. In fact, shear waves are usually generated in materials using some <strong>of</strong> the energy from longitudinal waves. http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/Graphics/Flash/transverse.swf
Page 1: Section 2: Physics of Ultrasound
Page 4 and 5: 2.0: Ultrasound Formula http://www.
Page 6 and 7: Ultrasonic Formula
Page 9 and 10: 2.1: Wave Propagation Ultrasonic te
Page 11 and 12: Acoustic Spectrum
Page 13 and 14: Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
Page 15 and 16: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.ed
Page 17 and 18: 2.2: Modes of Sound Wave Propagatio
Page 19 and 20: Longitudinal and shear waves
Page 21 and 22: Longitudinal and shear waves
Page 23 and 24: 2.2.3 Longitudinal Wave Also Knows
Page 25 and 26: Longitudinal wave: Longitudinal wav
Page 28 and 29: 2.2.4 Shear waves (S-Waves) In air,
Page 33 and 34: Q10: For a shear wave travelling fr
Page 35 and 36: Rayleigh waves are a type of surfac
Page 37 and 38: Q29: The longitudinal wave incident
Page 39 and 40: The major axis of the ellipse is pe
Page 41 and 42: Surface wave
Page 43 and 44: Surface wave has the ability to fol
Page 45 and 46: Surface wave - One wavelength deep
Page 47 and 48: Love Wave http://web.ics.purdue.edu
Page 49 and 50: Other Reading: Rayleigh Waves Surfa
Page 51 and 52: Q110: What kind of wave mode travel
Page 53 and 54: 2.2.6 Lamb Wave: Lamb waves propaga
Page 55 and 56: Types of Wave New! • Plate wave-
Page 57 and 58: Plate or Lamb waves are similar to
Page 59 and 60: With Lamb waves, a number of modes
Page 61 and 62: Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
Page 63 and 64: Symmetrical = extensional mode
Page 65 and 66: The form is determined by whether t
Page 67 and 68: Q1: The wave mode that has multiple
Page 69 and 70: Dispersion refers to the fact that
Page 71 and 72: Thickness Limitation: One can not g
Page 73 and 74: Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
Page 75 and 76: In terms of the spring model, Hooke
Page 77 and 78: Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
Page 79 and 80: Elastic Model / Shear Wave
Page 81 and 82:
The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law, whe
Page 83 and 84:
What properties of material affect
Page 85 and 86:
Where V is the speed of sound, C is
Page 87 and 88:
Q50: The principle attributes that
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E/N/G
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Examples of approximate compression
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Shear Wave Velocity: V S The veloci
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The applet below shows a longitudin
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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As can be noted by the equation, a
Page 105 and 106:
The two velocities of sound are lin
Page 107 and 108:
Sensitivity and resolution are two
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2.5.2 Grain Size & Frequency Select
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Since more things in a material are
Page 113 and 114:
Detectability variable: • pulse l
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Q7: When a material grain size is o
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Pulse Length: A sound pulse traveli
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Determining cross sectional area us
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Pulse volume rule-of-thumb: Competi
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When sound travels through a medium
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Scattering: Grain Size and Wave Fre
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Spreading/ Scattering / adsorption
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The units of the attenuation value
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Attenuation can be determined by ev
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A o Ut A
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2.6.3 Frequency selection There is
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Q94: In general, which of the follo
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Q7: When the material grain size is
Page 143 and 144:
Transmission & Reflection Animation
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The following applet can be used to
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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2.8: Reflection and Transmission Co
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Since the amount of reflected energ
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Note that the reflection and transm
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If reflection and transmission at i
Page 157 and 158:
Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Further Reading (Olympus Technical
Page 161 and 162:
Further Reading: Reflection & Trans
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2.9: Refraction and Snell's Law
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V s1 Only If this medium support sh
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http://www.ni.com/white-paper/3368/
Page 172 and 173:
Note that in the diagram, there is
Page 174 and 175:
Snell Law
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Snell Law
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Example: Snell’s Law L-wave and S
Page 180 and 181:
Snell Law: First critical angle
Page 182 and 183:
Q155 Which of the following can occ
Page 184:
Q: When angle beam contact testing
Page 192 and 193:
Snell Law: http://techcorr.com/serv
Page 194 and 195:
More on Snell Law Like light, when
Page 196 and 197:
http://www.ndtcalc.com/calculators.
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Mode Conversion http://www.ndt-ed.o
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Snell's Law holds true for shear wa
Page 202 and 203:
In the applet below, the shear (tra
Page 204 and 205:
Creep wave
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Beyond the first critical angle, on
Page 208 and 209:
Note that the applet defaults to co
Page 210 and 211:
Offset of Normal probe above circul
Page 212 and 213:
Refraction and mode conversion at n
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Q118: At the water-steel interface,
Page 220 and 221:
Q72. In a water immersion test, ult
Page 222 and 223:
Q53. The term used to determined th
Page 224 and 225:
The absolute noise level and the ab
Page 226 and 227:
Sound Volume: Area x pulse length M
Page 228:
Acoustic Volume: w x w y ∆t
Page 231 and 232:
Determining cross sectional area us
Page 233 and 234:
4. Decreases in materials with high
Page 235 and 236:
Pulse Length Affect Resolution
Page 237 and 238:
Transducer cut-out http://ichun-che
Page 239 and 240:
UT Transducer
Page 241 and 242:
UT Transducer- Surface creep wave t
Page 243 and 244:
UT Transducer
Page 245 and 246:
When the origins of the two interac
Page 247 and 248:
However, as stated previously, soun
Page 249 and 250:
Q5: Acoustic pressure along the bea
Page 251 and 252:
Of course, there are more than two
Page 253 and 254:
2.12.3 Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone Fr
Page 255 and 256:
The Near Field (Fresnel)- Wave Inte
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Fresnel / Fraunhofer Zone
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
Page 261 and 262:
Near/ Far Fields
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where D is the diameter of the tran
Page 265 and 266:
Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone 10dB, K-0
Page 267 and 268:
Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
Page 269 and 270:
Q: Where does beam divergence occur
Page 271 and 272:
Q160 Beam divergence is a function
Page 273 and 274:
Dead Zone - The interval following
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
Page 277 and 278:
Dead Zone http://www.ni.com/white-p
Page 279 and 280:
Q36: To eliminate the decrease in s
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Large Reflector Inverse Rule
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Small Reflector Inverse Square Rule
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Fundamental Frequency The lowest re
Page 289 and 290:
Transducers Piezoelectric Thickness
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Application Case#1: The specimen's
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Application Case#2: Electromagnetic
Page 295 and 296:
Q7: The resonance frequency of 2cm
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dB is a measures of ratio of 2 valu
Page 299 and 300:
The Decibel The equation used to de
Page 301 and 302:
Why is the dB unit used? Use of dB
Page 303 and 304:
Use of the dB in Sound Measurements
Page 305 and 306:
Since transducers and microphones p
Page 307 and 308:
Sound Levels- Relative
Page 309 and 310:
Practice:
Page 311:
“Absolute" Sound Levels Whenever
Page 314 and 315:
Absolute: The standard reference so
Page 316 and 317:
Exercise: ANSWER Find the absolute
Page 318 and 319:
Relative dB: Example Calculation 1
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Example Calculation 3 Consider the
Page 322 and 323:
2.16 Practice Makes Perfect
Page 324 and 325:
Q104: If an ultrasonic wave is tran
Page 326 and 327:
学习总是开心事
Page 328 and 329:
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UT Testing-Section 2 Physics of Ultrasound

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