UT Testing-Section 2 Physics of Ultrasound

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2.14: Resonance Another form wave interference occurred when the normal incidence and reflected plane wave interact within a narrow parallel interface. When the phase of the reflected wave match that of incoming incident wave, the amplitude of the superimposed wave doubling, creating a standing wave. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/waves/string.html#c3 Resonance occurred when the thickness of the material is equal to half the wave length or multiple of it. It also occur when longitudinal wave travel thru a thin sheet of materials during immersion testing.
Fundamental Frequency The lowest resonant frequency of a vibrating object is called its fundamental frequency. Most vibrating objects have more than one resonant frequency and those used in musical instruments typically vibrate at harmonics of the fundamental. A harmonic is defined as an integer (whole number) multiple of the fundamental frequency. Vibrating strings, open cylindrical air columns, and conical air columns will vibrate at all harmonics of the fundamental. Cylinders with one end closed will vibrate with only odd harmonics of the fundamental. Vibrating membranes typically produce vibrations at harmonics, but also have some resonant frequencies which are not harmonics. It is for this class of vibrators that the term overtone becomes useful - they are said to have some non-harmonic overtones. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/waves/funhar.html
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Section 2: Physics of Ultrasound
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2.0: Ultrasound Formula http://www.
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Ultrasonic Formula
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2.1: Wave Propagation Ultrasonic te
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.ed
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2.2: Modes of Sound Wave Propagatio
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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2.2.3 Longitudinal Wave Also Knows
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Longitudinal wave: Longitudinal wav
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2.2.4 Shear waves (S-Waves) In air,
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Shear waves
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Q10: For a shear wave travelling fr
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Rayleigh waves are a type of surfac
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Q29: The longitudinal wave incident
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave
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Surface wave has the ability to fol
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Surface wave - One wavelength deep
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Love Wave http://web.ics.purdue.edu
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Other Reading: Rayleigh Waves Surfa
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Q110: What kind of wave mode travel
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2.2.6 Lamb Wave: Lamb waves propaga
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Types of Wave New! • Plate wave-
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Plate or Lamb waves are similar to
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With Lamb waves, a number of modes
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Symmetrical = extensional mode
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The form is determined by whether t
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Q1: The wave mode that has multiple
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Dispersion refers to the fact that
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Thickness Limitation: One can not g
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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In terms of the spring model, Hooke
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law, whe
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What properties of material affect
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Where V is the speed of sound, C is
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Q50: The principle attributes that
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E/N/G
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Examples of approximate compression
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Shear Wave Velocity: V S The veloci
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The applet below shows a longitudin
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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As can be noted by the equation, a
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The two velocities of sound are lin
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Sensitivity and resolution are two
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2.5.2 Grain Size & Frequency Select
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Since more things in a material are
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Detectability variable: • pulse l
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Q7: When a material grain size is o
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Pulse Length: A sound pulse traveli
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Determining cross sectional area us
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Pulse volume rule-of-thumb: Competi
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When sound travels through a medium
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Scattering: Grain Size and Wave Fre
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Spreading/ Scattering / adsorption
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The units of the attenuation value
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Attenuation can be determined by ev
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A o Ut A
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2.6.3 Frequency selection There is
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Q94: In general, which of the follo
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Q7: When the material grain size is
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Transmission & Reflection Animation
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The following applet can be used to
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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2.8: Reflection and Transmission Co
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Since the amount of reflected energ
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Note that the reflection and transm
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If reflection and transmission at i
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Further Reading (Olympus Technical
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Further Reading: Reflection & Trans
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2.9: Refraction and Snell's Law
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V s1 Only If this medium support sh
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http://www.ni.com/white-paper/3368/
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Note that in the diagram, there is
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Snell Law
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Snell Law
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Example: Snell’s Law L-wave and S
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Snell Law: First critical angle
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Q155 Which of the following can occ
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Q: When angle beam contact testing
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Snell Law: http://techcorr.com/serv
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More on Snell Law Like light, when
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http://www.ndtcalc.com/calculators.
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Mode Conversion http://www.ndt-ed.o
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Snell's Law holds true for shear wa
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In the applet below, the shear (tra
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Creep wave
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Beyond the first critical angle, on
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Note that the applet defaults to co
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Offset of Normal probe above circul
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q118: At the water-steel interface,
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Q72. In a water immersion test, ult
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Q53. The term used to determined th
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The absolute noise level and the ab
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Sound Volume: Area x pulse length M
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Acoustic Volume: w x w y ∆t
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Determining cross sectional area us
Page 233 and 234: 4. Decreases in materials with high
Page 235 and 236: Pulse Length Affect Resolution
Page 237 and 238: Transducer cut-out http://ichun-che
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Page 241 and 242: UT Transducer- Surface creep wave t
Page 243 and 244: UT Transducer
Page 245 and 246: When the origins of the two interac
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Page 249 and 250: Q5: Acoustic pressure along the bea
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Page 253 and 254: 2.12.3 Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone Fr
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Page 259 and 260: Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
Page 261 and 262: Near/ Far Fields
Page 263 and 264: where D is the diameter of the tran
Page 265 and 266: Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone 10dB, K-0
Page 267 and 268: Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
Page 269 and 270: Q: Where does beam divergence occur
Page 271 and 272: Q160 Beam divergence is a function
Page 273 and 274: Dead Zone - The interval following
Page 275 and 276: Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
Page 277 and 278: Dead Zone http://www.ni.com/white-p
Page 279 and 280: Q36: To eliminate the decrease in s
Page 281 and 282: Large Reflector Inverse Rule
Page 283: Small Reflector Inverse Square Rule
Page 289 and 290: Transducers Piezoelectric Thickness
Page 291 and 292: Application Case#1: The specimen's
Page 293 and 294: Application Case#2: Electromagnetic
Page 295 and 296: Q7: The resonance frequency of 2cm
Page 297 and 298: dB is a measures of ratio of 2 valu
Page 299 and 300: The Decibel The equation used to de
Page 301 and 302: Why is the dB unit used? Use of dB
Page 303 and 304: Use of the dB in Sound Measurements
Page 305 and 306: Since transducers and microphones p
Page 307 and 308: Sound Levels- Relative
Page 309 and 310: Practice:
Page 311: “Absolute" Sound Levels Whenever
Page 314 and 315: Absolute: The standard reference so
Page 316 and 317: Exercise: ANSWER Find the absolute
Page 318 and 319: Relative dB: Example Calculation 1
Page 320 and 321: Example Calculation 3 Consider the
Page 322 and 323: 2.16 Practice Makes Perfect
Page 324 and 325: Q104: If an ultrasonic wave is tran
Page 326 and 327: 学习总是开心事
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UT Testing-Section 2 Physics of Ultrasound

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