Juan_Castro Marquez

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Considering the length of the papillae and the villae in rumen and small intestine, we observed that the effect of treatment depended on the age of the calf. While the average villae/papillae length remained unchanged in the CON group, they increased significantly in the GOS group from 2 to 4 weeks of age. The effect of the interaction between dietary treatment and GIT site was not significant, meaning that the effect size of GOS supplementation was similar in both fore stomach and small intestine. In addition, there was a significant effect of treatment on the mean depth of the crypts in small and large intestine (Table 4.11) and this effect did not depend on GI site or calf age. On the other hand, treatment or its interaction with GI site or age did not affect the width of the papillae in the rumen, the villae in the small intestine or the crypts in the colon (Table 4.11). Dry Matter, Nutrient and Water intake Daily milk DMI was significantly affected by dietary treatment. The magnitude of such effect ranged between 20 and 40 g/d and was dependent on time as illustrated by the significant interaction between treatment and age. At 2, 4 and 8 weeks of age, average milk DMI was greater for CON than GOS and this difference slightly increased from week 2 through week 8. Grain DMI intake was not different between CON and GOS and was affected only by age, similar to total DMI meaning that GOS animals could not compensate the reduced milk DMI by increasing grain DM consumption (Table 4.12). The difference in DMI resulted in a marginally lower daily energy intake for GOS animals up to week 4 at which point the difference was not significant any further (Table 5.13). Daily crude protein intake differed between CON and GOS only between weeks 0 and 2 as shown by a significant treatment by week interaction (means not shown). Afterwards, no difference was observed (Table 4.13). 101
Average daily water intake at 2, 4 or 8 weeks was not affected by dietary treatment overall (Table 4.14). Growth Body growth was slightly although significantly affected by dietary treatment and the CON diet consistently supported a better performance than GOS treatment. The CON animals presented between 0.64 and 2 kg higher bodyweights than GOS animals from week 2 to 8 (Table 4.15). Heart girth and hip height also were greater in CON than in GOS animals at weeks 2, 4 and 8 but the magnitude of the difference varied across weeks. Similarly for body length and wither height as shown by the significant interaction between week and treatment but only from week 4 through week 8. Hip width was significantly greater for CON versus GOS at 8 weeks of age. Health In Table 4.16 it can be seen that the odds of having fecal score 4 for GOS animals were 2.36 times those of CON animals (Figure 4.4). Moreover, the number of days with fecal scores over 2 was statistically greater for the GOS treatment than CON at 2, 4 and 8 weeks of age when the latter was exceeded by about 10 days. DISCUSSION In the current experiment, feeding a GOS rich milk replacer potently boosted LAB such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria in the colon at the expense of other genera like Faecalibacterium, Clostridium and Oscillospira. This prebiotic effect was characterized by LAB levels ~8-9 times higher in GOS than in CON, which lasted ~2 weeks and then disappeared afterwards. Therefore, enzymatically treated whey permeate has indeed shown to bear prebiotic 102
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CALF INTESTINAL HEALTH: ASSESSMENT
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On the other hand, gut health as me
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I must thank my pa
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DISCUSSION ........................
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The resultant growth delay may have
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High [cAMP] causes Cl - secretion i
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paracellular flux, possibly due to
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Finally, thorough understanding of
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Soberon, F., E. Raffrenato, R. W. E
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On the other hand, gut health as me
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At the farm level though, these sco
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of the new born calf with the proba
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From exploratory plots (Figure 2.1)
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transported to the laboratory for i
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hypothesized, a quadratic function
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Effect of age, GIT region and FPT o
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coefficients vary from one to the o
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passive immunity status (Chase et a
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mucosa (Wyatt, 2000). Thus, for ins
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Finally, more indicators of gut hea
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Table 2.2. Estimated fixed effects,
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Table 2.5. Effect of GIT locations,
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a b c d Figure 2.1. Exploratory plo
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Figure 2.4.Estimated probability of
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NAHMS. 2010. National animal health
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CHAPTER III MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION
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considered a monogastric (Orskov, 1
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals, Feed
Page 57 and 58: their nearest relative with a seque
Page 59 and 60: Microbial Community Composition. Th
Page 61 and 62: Intestinal SCFA Concentrations. Col
Page 63 and 64: ages, there is a visually evident d
Page 65 and 66: for most of the abundance differenc
Page 67 and 68: The PERMANOVA results (Table 3.13)
Page 69 and 70: In contrast, the rumen underwent ma
Page 71 and 72: lactate metabolism through extensiv
Page 73 and 74: CONCLUSION The rumen and colon of i
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.3. Regression coefficients
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.8. Contribution by specific
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.10. Indicator index values
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.1. Richness and Shannon In
Page 83 and 84: a) b) Stress: 0.18 Stress: 0.18 c)
Page 85 and 86: Bacterial motility proteins Aromati
Page 87 and 88: REFERENCES Anderson, M. J. 2001. A
Page 89 and 90: Gibson, G. R. and X. Wang. 1994. Re
Page 91 and 92: Sutton, J. D., A. D. McGilliard, M.
Page 93 and 94: than GOS supplemented animals. Size
Page 95 and 96: score and, within block, treatments
Page 97 and 98: from which 5 µm thick sections wer
Page 99 and 100: Afterwards, to visually explore the
Page 101 and 102: to estimate the expected number of
Page 103 and 104: abundance of one or many of the sev
Page 105 and 106: characterized by more abundant Lact
Page 107: Visceral Organs Size Supplementatio
Page 111 and 112: absorptive capacities are progressi
Page 113 and 114: Regarding functionality, the transp
Page 115 and 116: TABLES AND FIGURES Table 4.1. Nutri
Page 117 and 118: Table 4.5. SIMPER for genera drivin
Page 119 and 120: Table 4.7. Regression coefficients
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.11. Least squares means ±
Page 123 and 124: Table 4.15. Least squares means ±
Page 125 and 126: Lactobacillus Clostridium Square ro
Page 127 and 128: REFERENCES Anderson, M. J. 2001. A
Page 129 and 130: Heinrichs, A., C. Jones and B. Hein
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER V EVALUATION OF VARIOUS ADD
Page 133 and 134: of the umami flavor, into the duode
Page 135 and 136: Dosing of glucose was based on prev
Page 137 and 138: 3% hydrogen peroxide (15 min). Sect
Page 139 and 140: Genes selected to represent the GLP
Page 141 and 142: protein were tested as covariates.
Page 143 and 144: significant. Table 5.5 and Figure 5
Page 145 and 146: (average calf BW = 50 kg), which, f
Page 147 and 148: species specific dose response surf
Page 149 and 150: Table 5.2. Gene ID, accession numbe
Page 151 and 152: Table 5.4. Treatment means for plas
Page 153 and 154: a b 3OMG Control Gluc Sweet GS 3OMG
Page 155 and 156: R = 0.8, p < 0.001 Figure 5.3. NMDS
Page 157 and 158: Margolskee, R. F., J. Dyer, Z. Kokr
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Juan_Castro Marquez

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