Juan_Castro Marquez

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Parassol, N., M. Freitas, K. Thoreux, G. Dalmasso, R. Bourdet-Sicard and P. Rampal. 2005. Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 inhibits the increase in paracellular permeability of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-infected T84 cells. Res. Microbiol. 156:256-262. Svensson, C., K. Lundborg, U. Emanuelson and S. Olsson. 2003. Morbidity in Swedish dairy calves from birth to 90 days of age and individual calf-level risk factors for infectious diseases. Prev. Vet. Med. 58:179-197. Swanson, K. S., S. E. Dowd, J. S. Suchodolski, I. S. Middelbos, B. M. Vester, K. A. Barry, K. E. Nelson, M. Torralba, B. Henrissat, P. M. Coutinho, I. K. O. Cann, B. A. White and G. C. Fahey. 2011. Phylogenetic and gene-centric metagenomics of the canine intestinal microbiome reveals similarities with humans and mice. ISME J. 5:639-649. Teuri, U. 1998. Increased fecal frequency and gastrointestinal symptoms following ingestion of galacto-oligosaccharide-containing yogurt. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 44:465-471. Smiricky-Tjardes, M. R., Grieshop, C. M., Flickinger, E. A., Bauer, L. L. and Fahey, G. C. 2003. Dietary galactooligosaccharides affect ileal and total-tract nutrient digestibility, ileal and fecal bacterial concentrations, and ileal fermentative characteristics. J Anim Sci. 81:2535-2545. Torres, D. P. M., J. Teixeira and L. Rodrigues. 2010. Galacto-oligosaccharides: Production, properties, applications, and significance as prebiotics. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. F. 9:438-454. Tuomisto, H. 2010. A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia. 164:853-860. Van Loo and Vancraeynest. 2008. Prebiotics and animal nutrition. Page 421 in Handbook of Prebiotics. Glenn R. Gibson ed. CRC/Taylor and Francis group, Boca Raton, US. Vizoso Pinto, M. G., M. Rodriguez Gómez, S. Seifert, B. Watzl, W. H. Holzapfel and C. M. A. P. Franz. 2009. Lactobacilli stimulate the innate immune response and modulate the TLR expression of HT29 intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 133:86-93. Warton, D. I., S. T. Wright and Y. Wang. 2012. Distance-based multivariate analyses confound location and dispersion effects. Meth. Ecol. Evolut. 3:89-101. Yamazaki, S., K. Machii, S. Ysuyuki, H. Momose, T. Kawashima and K. Ueda. 1985. Immunological responses to monoassociated bifidobacterium longum and their relation to prevention of bacterial infection. Immunology. 56:43-50. 123
CHAPTER V EVALUATION OF VARIOUS ADDITIVES AS STIMULATORS OF GLP-2 SECRETION AND GUT DEVELOPMENT ABSTRACT Glucagon like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a trophic factor secreted by endocrine L cells in the distal intestine and is responsible for adaptational changes such as mucosal growth and enhanced intestinal permeability under stressful circumstances, and has been proposed to have therapeutic potential to help young calves in circumstances such as weaning and diarrheal disease. Previous research indicates that GLP-2 secretion can be stimulated by substances like glucose, sweeteners and umami flavor. The objective of this experiment was compare a non-supplemented milk replacer diet against 1) glucose (220 mg/kg of BW/day), 2) stevioside (10 mg/kg of BW/day), 3) non-metabolizable glucose ( 6 mg/ kg of BW/day) and 4) glutamic acid source (GS) (i.e.,umami flavor) (20 mg/kg of BW/day) supplemented diets in regards to GLP-2 secretion, GI organ size, cellular proliferation, GLP-2 signaling pathway mRNA expression, and intestinal epithelium morphometric dimensions; as indicators of intestinal development in newborn Holstein calves. No difference among treatments in GLP-2 secretion or any of the intestinal development measurements was observed. Two possible reasons for this could be that at moderate to high milk feeding levels, like those used here, GLP-2 secretion may not be as responsive; and also possible failure to identify the optimal dose to achieve stimulation. 124
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CALF INTESTINAL HEALTH: ASSESSMENT
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On the other hand, gut health as me
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I must thank my pa
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DISCUSSION ........................
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The resultant growth delay may have
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High [cAMP] causes Cl - secretion i
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paracellular flux, possibly due to
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Finally, thorough understanding of
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Soberon, F., E. Raffrenato, R. W. E
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On the other hand, gut health as me
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At the farm level though, these sco
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of the new born calf with the proba
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From exploratory plots (Figure 2.1)
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transported to the laboratory for i
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hypothesized, a quadratic function
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Effect of age, GIT region and FPT o
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coefficients vary from one to the o
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passive immunity status (Chase et a
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mucosa (Wyatt, 2000). Thus, for ins
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Finally, more indicators of gut hea
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Table 2.2. Estimated fixed effects,
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Table 2.5. Effect of GIT locations,
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a b c d Figure 2.1. Exploratory plo
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Figure 2.4.Estimated probability of
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NAHMS. 2010. National animal health
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CHAPTER III MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION
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considered a monogastric (Orskov, 1
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals, Feed
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their nearest relative with a seque
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Microbial Community Composition. Th
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Intestinal SCFA Concentrations. Col
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ages, there is a visually evident d
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for most of the abundance differenc
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The PERMANOVA results (Table 3.13)
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In contrast, the rumen underwent ma
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lactate metabolism through extensiv
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CONCLUSION The rumen and colon of i
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Table 3.3. Regression coefficients
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Table 3.8. Contribution by specific
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.10. Indicator index values
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.1. Richness and Shannon In
Page 83 and 84: a) b) Stress: 0.18 Stress: 0.18 c)
Page 85 and 86: Bacterial motility proteins Aromati
Page 87 and 88: REFERENCES Anderson, M. J. 2001. A
Page 89 and 90: Gibson, G. R. and X. Wang. 1994. Re
Page 91 and 92: Sutton, J. D., A. D. McGilliard, M.
Page 93 and 94: than GOS supplemented animals. Size
Page 95 and 96: score and, within block, treatments
Page 97 and 98: from which 5 µm thick sections wer
Page 99 and 100: Afterwards, to visually explore the
Page 101 and 102: to estimate the expected number of
Page 103 and 104: abundance of one or many of the sev
Page 105 and 106: characterized by more abundant Lact
Page 107 and 108: Visceral Organs Size Supplementatio
Page 109 and 110: Average daily water intake at 2, 4
Page 111 and 112: absorptive capacities are progressi
Page 113 and 114: Regarding functionality, the transp
Page 115 and 116: TABLES AND FIGURES Table 4.1. Nutri
Page 117 and 118: Table 4.5. SIMPER for genera drivin
Page 119 and 120: Table 4.7. Regression coefficients
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.11. Least squares means ±
Page 123 and 124: Table 4.15. Least squares means ±
Page 125 and 126: Lactobacillus Clostridium Square ro
Page 127 and 128: REFERENCES Anderson, M. J. 2001. A
Page 129: Heinrichs, A., C. Jones and B. Hein
Page 133 and 134: of the umami flavor, into the duode
Page 135 and 136: Dosing of glucose was based on prev
Page 137 and 138: 3% hydrogen peroxide (15 min). Sect
Page 139 and 140: Genes selected to represent the GLP
Page 141 and 142: protein were tested as covariates.
Page 143 and 144: significant. Table 5.5 and Figure 5
Page 145 and 146: (average calf BW = 50 kg), which, f
Page 147 and 148: species specific dose response surf
Page 149 and 150: Table 5.2. Gene ID, accession numbe
Page 151 and 152: Table 5.4. Treatment means for plas
Page 153 and 154: a b 3OMG Control Gluc Sweet GS 3OMG
Page 155 and 156: R = 0.8, p < 0.001 Figure 5.3. NMDS
Page 157 and 158: Margolskee, R. F., J. Dyer, Z. Kokr
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