Juan_Castro Marquez

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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 1 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER II. CALF INTESTINAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT DURING THE BIRTH TO WEANING PERIOD .................................................................................................................. 11 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 11 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 12 MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................................. 15 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................. 21 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 25 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 30 TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 33 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER III. MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION AND ACTIVITY IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF PRE-RUMINANT HOLSTEIN CALVES AND THEIR POTENTIAL ROLE IN GUT HEALTH.................................................................... 44 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 44 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 45 MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................................. 48 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................. 54 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 61 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 66 TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 67 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER IV. ASSESSMENT OF THE PREBIOTIC POTENTIAL OF A GALACTOOLIGOSACCHARIDE RICH WHEY PERMEATE IN MILK REPLACERS FOR HOLSTEIN CALVES ON THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION, FERMENTATION PROFILE, GROWTH AND HEALTH .................................................. 85 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 85 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 86 MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................................. 87 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................. 95 vi
DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 102 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 107 TABLES AND FIGURES ...................................................................................................... 108 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 120 CHAPTER V. EVALUATION OF VARIOUS ADDITIVES AS STIMULATORS OF GLP- 2 SECRETION AND GUT DEVELOPMENT ...................................................................... 124 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 124 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 125 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 127 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................... 135 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 137 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 139 TABLES AND FIGURES ...................................................................................................... 141 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 149 vii
Page 1 and 2: CALF INTESTINAL HEALTH: ASSESSMENT
Page 3 and 4: On the other hand, gut health as me
Page 5: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I must thank my pa
Page 9 and 10: The resultant growth delay may have
Page 11 and 12: High [cAMP] causes Cl - secretion i
Page 13 and 14: paracellular flux, possibly due to
Page 15 and 16: Finally, thorough understanding of
Page 17 and 18: Soberon, F., E. Raffrenato, R. W. E
Page 19 and 20: On the other hand, gut health as me
Page 21 and 22: At the farm level though, these sco
Page 23 and 24: of the new born calf with the proba
Page 25 and 26: From exploratory plots (Figure 2.1)
Page 27 and 28: transported to the laboratory for i
Page 29 and 30: hypothesized, a quadratic function
Page 31 and 32: Effect of age, GIT region and FPT o
Page 33 and 34: coefficients vary from one to the o
Page 35 and 36: passive immunity status (Chase et a
Page 37 and 38: mucosa (Wyatt, 2000). Thus, for ins
Page 39 and 40: Finally, more indicators of gut hea
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.2. Estimated fixed effects,
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.5. Effect of GIT locations,
Page 45 and 46: a b c d Figure 2.1. Exploratory plo
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.4.Estimated probability of
Page 49 and 50: NAHMS. 2010. National animal health
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER III MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION
Page 53 and 54: considered a monogastric (Orskov, 1
Page 55 and 56: MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals, Feed
Page 57 and 58:
their nearest relative with a seque
Page 59 and 60:
Microbial Community Composition. Th
Page 61 and 62:
Intestinal SCFA Concentrations. Col
Page 63 and 64:
ages, there is a visually evident d
Page 65 and 66:
for most of the abundance differenc
Page 67 and 68:
The PERMANOVA results (Table 3.13)
Page 69 and 70:
In contrast, the rumen underwent ma
Page 71 and 72:
lactate metabolism through extensiv
Page 73 and 74:
CONCLUSION The rumen and colon of i
Page 75 and 76:
Table 3.3. Regression coefficients
Page 77 and 78:
Table 3.8. Contribution by specific
Page 79 and 80:
Table 3.10. Indicator index values
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 3.1. Richness and Shannon In
Page 83 and 84:
a) b) Stress: 0.18 Stress: 0.18 c)
Page 85 and 86:
Bacterial motility proteins Aromati
Page 87 and 88:
REFERENCES Anderson, M. J. 2001. A
Page 89 and 90:
Gibson, G. R. and X. Wang. 1994. Re
Page 91 and 92:
Sutton, J. D., A. D. McGilliard, M.
Page 93 and 94:
than GOS supplemented animals. Size
Page 95 and 96:
score and, within block, treatments
Page 97 and 98:
from which 5 µm thick sections wer
Page 99 and 100:
Afterwards, to visually explore the
Page 101 and 102:
to estimate the expected number of
Page 103 and 104:
abundance of one or many of the sev
Page 105 and 106:
characterized by more abundant Lact
Page 107 and 108:
Visceral Organs Size Supplementatio
Page 109 and 110:
Average daily water intake at 2, 4
Page 111 and 112:
absorptive capacities are progressi
Page 113 and 114:
Regarding functionality, the transp
Page 115 and 116:
TABLES AND FIGURES Table 4.1. Nutri
Page 117 and 118:
Table 4.5. SIMPER for genera drivin
Page 119 and 120:
Table 4.7. Regression coefficients
Page 121 and 122:
Table 4.11. Least squares means ±
Page 123 and 124:
Table 4.15. Least squares means ±
Page 125 and 126:
Lactobacillus Clostridium Square ro
Page 127 and 128:
REFERENCES Anderson, M. J. 2001. A
Page 129 and 130:
Heinrichs, A., C. Jones and B. Hein
Page 131 and 132:
CHAPTER V EVALUATION OF VARIOUS ADD
Page 133 and 134:
of the umami flavor, into the duode
Page 135 and 136:
Dosing of glucose was based on prev
Page 137 and 138:
3% hydrogen peroxide (15 min). Sect
Page 139 and 140:
Genes selected to represent the GLP
Page 141 and 142:
protein were tested as covariates.
Page 143 and 144:
significant. Table 5.5 and Figure 5
Page 145 and 146:
(average calf BW = 50 kg), which, f
Page 147 and 148:
species specific dose response surf
Page 149 and 150:
Table 5.2. Gene ID, accession numbe
Page 151 and 152:
Table 5.4. Treatment means for plas
Page 153 and 154:
a b 3OMG Control Gluc Sweet GS 3OMG
Page 155 and 156:
R = 0.8, p < 0.001 Figure 5.3. NMDS
Page 157 and 158:
Margolskee, R. F., J. Dyer, Z. Kokr
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