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Letter dated 25 November 1957 from the Prime Minister of Ghana to the High Commissioner for the United Kingdom in Ghana "I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of today's date which reads as follows: [See letter I] "I have pleasure in confirming that the Government of Ghana are in agreement with the provisions set out in your note of today's date. (Signed) Kwame NKRUMAH Prime Minister and Minister for External Affairs "Note: Came into force on 25 November 1957 by the exchange of the said letters." This Agreement was followed by a series of letters between the two sides, the purpose of which was to pinpoint which particular agreements concluded by the United Kingdom on behalf of what was then the Gold Coast were inherited by Ghana by virtue of the Agreement. Those letters testify to the difficulty of establishing such a list. The following exchange of notes is of interest in this regard: 3 No. 6348. EXCHANGE OF NOTES CONSTITUTING AN AGREEMENT Ibid., vol. 442, p. 175.
BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND GHANA RELATING TO THE CONTINUED APPLICATION TO GHANA OF CERTAIN TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS CONCLUDED BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND. ACCRA, 4 SEPTEMBER AND 21 DECEMBER 1957 AND 12 FEBRUARY 1958 The American Ambassador to the Ghanaian Prime Minister, Minister of Defence and External Affairs I EMBASSY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA No. 7 4 September 1957 "I have the honour to refer to the informal statement of Minister Gbedemule and the Secretary of the External Affairs Department to the Charg d'affaires of the American Embassy on or about 20 February 1957 that the Government of Ghana would regard treaties and agreements between the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America affecting Ghana as remaining in effect for three months following 6 March 1957, pending the conclusion of more permanent arrangements. The Minister responsible for external affairs informed me orally on 28 June 1957 that the Government of Ghana considered that this informal undertaking remained in force. "In the view of my Government, it would be desirable to replace the existing informal agreement by a formal undertaking, which might be appropriately registered with the United Nations Organization. Since certain treaties or agreements between the United Kingdom and the United States of America may be either
Page 1 and 2: OFFt OF LEGAL AFAmS COLLECTION OF E
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Table des matiere
Page 5 and 6: M THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER IN
Page 7 and 8: THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER OR PR
Page 9 and 10: PREFACE The world has changed radic
Page 11: PROLOGO El mundo ha cambiado radica
Page 15 and 16: THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADISER [N THE
Page 17 and 18: decisions on matters of foreign pol
Page 19 and 20: well as a great privilege. Assistin
Page 21 and 22: ownership or, for the sake of more
Page 23: GOVERNMENT OF GHANA RELATIVE TO THE
Page 27 and 28: "The Governments of the United King
Page 29 and 30: torch-bearer for the decolonization
Page 31 and 32: oppose independence. As you know, v
Page 33 and 34: constantly kept on the agenda of th
Page 35 and 36: Since independence, Ghana has pursu
Page 37 and 38: In 1962, Nkrumah convened a confere
Page 39 and 40: THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER IN TH
Page 41 and 42: distinction between the Charter of
Page 43: the United States, are promoting th
Page 46 and 47: Nous examinerons ainsi tout d'abord
Page 48 and 49: apport positif pour l'6quilibre de
Page 50 and 51: jurisconsulte est les r6actions et
Page 52 and 53: ~aliste" 6 ou objedfif . Evalu6e du
Page 54 and 55: jurisconsulte b6n6ficie de son r6le
Page 56 and 57: Le r6le de conseiller du jurisconsu
Page 58 and 59: de recourir i la m~thode de ligne d
Page 60 and 61: de la proposition et 26 Etats contr
Page 62 and 63: protagonistes ont dfi faire de gran
Page 64 and 65: Le choix du mode de r~glement du di
Page 67 and 68: THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER IN TH
Page 69 and 70: This article attempts to illustrate
Page 71 and 72: "intervene" in the conclusion of an
Page 73 and 74: function of the political departmen
Page 75 and 76:
At this stage, the proposal must al
Page 77 and 78:
These ministers may, however, do so
Page 79 and 80:
The legal adviser has to decide how
Page 81:
conclusion of treaties and their ap
Page 84 and 85:
II. International Humanitarian Law
Page 86 and 87:
for human rights started as a liber
Page 88 and 89:
on the similarities between the two
Page 90 and 91:
protection to the human person". In
Page 92 and 93:
(ICTY)" 7 and of the International
Page 94 and 95:
two notions of this threshold cumul
Page 96 and 97:
the Court. This provides, for insta
Page 98 and 99:
D~s 1950, la Convention europ6enne
Page 100 and 101:
collectifs. Presque tous ses membre
Page 102 and 103:
~gle g6n6rale il s'agit de jugement
Page 104 and 105:
nationales puis de n6gociation aien
Page 106 and 107:
en cause sont tr~s varies mais reve
Page 108 and 109:
la rigueur et de la pugnacit6 dont
Page 110 and 111:
denominators of the different legal
Page 112 and 113:
The legal advisers' meeting normall
Page 114 and 115:
access to the Minister of Foreign A
Page 116 and 117:
monitoring of the work of the offic
Page 118 and 119:
oad publicity, including those on t
Page 120 and 121:
particular international commitment
Page 122 and 123:
It is sometimes said that the role
Page 124 and 125:
These are examples of efforts to no
Page 126 and 127:
an increasing importance in the rel
Page 128 and 129:
c) Register treaties for national t
Page 130 and 131:
e) Appear before bodies established
Page 133 and 134:
SOFT LAW AND THE LEGAL ADVISER Hart
Page 135 and 136:
We should also differentiate betwee
Page 137 and 138:
interests.' The wholesale criticism
Page 139 and 140:
said in its 1950 advisory opinion o
Page 141 and 142:
Non-treaty agreements are concluded
Page 143 and 144:
sovereign will of the declaring Sta
Page 145 and 146:
parties be introduced without the a
Page 147 and 148:
treaty breaches to a more complex v
Page 149 and 150:
about the rules inherent in the agr
Page 151 and 152:
In any event, pledges are to be ful
Page 153 and 154:
internal door for the other side to
Page 155 and 156:
international law may be inadmissib
Page 157 and 158:
THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADISER IN THE
Page 159 and 160:
multilateral conventions for Bosnia
Page 161 and 162:
agreed The same article goes on to
Page 163 and 164:
L Practice of the Republic of Croat
Page 165 and 166:
Croatia- A few States, however, did
Page 167 and 168:
The legal adviser played a paramoun
Page 169 and 170:
scrutinized by the Ministry of Just
Page 171 and 172:
on a list of the treaties which are
Page 173:
practising lawyers, interested firm
Page 177 and 178:
L' HABILITATION LEGISLATIVE: UN MOY
Page 179 and 180:
ne peut etre op&e que par l'entremi
Page 181 and 182:
. Ces textes sont ensuite appliques
Page 183 and 184:
Pamin ces r~sohumons, celles qui im
Page 185 and 186:
Mais le D13partement juridique joue
Page 187 and 188:
THE ROLE OF AND PROBLEMS CONFRONTED
Page 189 and 190:
the federal Government or any treat
Page 191 and 192:
is not possible. For example, any m
Page 193 and 194:
which the obligations incurred are
Page 195 and 196:
understood in Islam. Rules of prude
Page 197 and 198:
THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER IN TH
Page 199 and 200:
3. Post-Federation Both before and
Page 201 and 202:
the prevailing State practice. 5 IV
Page 203 and 204:
contend with the problem of success
Page 205 and 206:
ilateral treaties were allowed to l
Page 207 and 208:
officers and issued in the form of
Page 209 and 210:
Given the common law and constituti
Page 211 and 212:
have been rare and have not operate
Page 213 and 214:
no doubt avail opportune moments fo
Page 215 and 216:
TREATY NEGOTIATION AND THE NATIONAL
Page 217 and 218:
However, the specialist role of the
Page 219 and 220:
The i-actice prevailing in Sri Lank
Page 221 and 222:
the political tensions which had do
Page 223 and 224:
establishing the World Trade Organi
Page 225 and 226:
The Coordinating Committee comprise
Page 227 and 228:
Convention on International Trade i
Page 229 and 230:
transfer of technology, this was on
Page 231:
committees, to ensure that the deci
Page 234 and 235:
que los instrumentos intemacionales
Page 236 and 237:
especto del proceso legislativo y l
Page 238 and 239:
una parte importante de los delegad
Page 240 and 241:
uno de los cuales podria ser las di
Page 242 and 243:
con cl conocimiento de la doctrina
Page 244 and 245:
V. El Asesoramiento del Consejero L
Page 246 and 247:
Ademis del asesoraniento institucio
Page 248 and 249:
Legal est6 conformada por funcionar
Page 250 and 251:
ecordar que en la Cancilleria argen
Page 252 and 253:
En este contexto, el consejero lega
Page 255 and 256:
TIE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER IN CO
Page 257 and 258:
objectMs concerned the question of
Page 259 and 260:
and thus been clear about the legal
Page 261 and 262:
This means that the Socialist Feder
Page 263 and 264:
not insisted on raising the questio
Page 265 and 266:
Having in mind this experience, I b
Page 267 and 268:
subject matter of a dispute between
Page 269:
developed so that any proposed deci
Page 272 and 273:
ainsi trouv6 en premiere ligne dans
Page 274 and 275:
De mani~re intuitive on pergoit bie
Page 276 and 277:
m6riter ce nom, dans le domaine jur
Page 278 and 279:
dapression qui, au lieu du progr~s
Page 280 and 281:
d~signis par la r6gion pour singer
Page 282 and 283:
initiative de la Fd~ration Syndical
Page 284 and 285:
du BIT avait fait observer dans son
Page 286 and 287:
Peut-on pour autant parler d'invent
Page 288 and 289:
instruments inadaptds a la ratifica
Page 290 and 291:
Comme on l'a indiqu6 en introductio
Page 292 and 293:
Commission de la fonction publique
Page 294 and 295:
Le survol qui precede comporte une
Page 297 and 298:
THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER OF AN
Page 299 and 300:
institUtional one and is, according
Page 301 and 302:
member did not pay any taxes on his
Page 303 and 304:
pubidy know., But now, as to my oth
Page 305 and 306:
Question 3 - Do you have a role to
Page 307 and 308:
TU, most of the legal "material" pr
Page 309 and 310:
for the reasons of this change, I w
Page 311 and 312:
and is followed by the said 20 subp
Page 313 and 314:
isk of rejection, as I was heavily
Page 315 and 316:
finctioning and practice in various
Page 317 and 318:
Question 9- What qualifications are
Page 319 and 320:
Morage uad a thii* skin, all needed
Page 321 and 322:
Z 0 za 3 A a ac ~cu1 0o Am= 2 ! --I
Page 323 and 324:
the Member States and other interna
Page 325:
preferably of the UN Common System.
Page 328 and 329:
* Certifying to the Bank's underwri
Page 330 and 331:
incumbent is concerned. This is due
Page 332 and 333:
Agreement has followed the latter c
Page 334 and 335:
influenced by the political charact
Page 336 and 337:
information indicates that the disp
Page 338 and 339:
Assignments of lesser importance ha
Page 340 and 341:
as agreed with the borrower. The pr
Page 342 and 343:
encourage and extend, as appropriat
Page 344 and 345:
his report that: "Whereas in the pa
Page 346 and 347:
These questions will be addressed b
Page 348 and 349:
Yaound6 General Conference during t
Page 350 and 351:
some delegations, both informally a
Page 352 and 353:
Organization Administrative Tribuna
Page 354 and 355:
udget, while the operational budget
Page 356 and 357:
as its administrative regulations a
Page 358 and 359:
pursuing the reform process of UNID
Page 360 and 361:
The wording of this paragraph testi
Page 362 and 363:
formulation and implementation, and
Page 365 and 366:
THE LEGAL ADVISER AND LITIGATION IN
Page 367 and 368:
H. The Australian Context Before tu
Page 369 and 370:
ule is if there is little material
Page 371 and 372:
In Australia, the position of natio
Page 373 and 374:
of treaty provisions. The willingne
Page 375 and 376:
esponsibility and interests of a fa
Page 377 and 378:
Some judges refer to the Bangalore
Page 379 and 380:
equire many years of effort, educat
Page 381 and 382:
developments prohibiting discrimina
Page 383 and 384:
Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
Page 385 and 386:
Nicaragua v. United States ofAmeric
Page 387:
VI THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER OR
Page 390 and 391:
de la Cour et de recevabilit6 d'une
Page 392 and 393:
force des choses, pr6sente ces sour
Page 394 and 395:
fagon dont les plaideurs et conseil
Page 396 and 397:
constitu6e par la narration argumen
Page 398 and 399:
Projet Gabdkovo-Nagymaros", ils con
Page 400 and 401:
peuvent 8tre consid6r~es comme obli
Page 402 and 403:
1'essence de la r~gle. Tels, par ex
Page 404 and 405:
prend alors un certain ascendant. C
Page 406 and 407:
27. Les principes g~nraux du droit
Page 408 and 409:
obligations assum6es par les Etats
Page 410 and 411:
I. Les fonctions du Chef du Service
Page 412 and 413:
Implicitement, il d~coule toutefois
Page 414 and 415:
conununautaires", D'apris une analy
Page 416 and 417:
i'neure actuele, ia premere pnase a
Page 418 and 419:
apport qui est transmis au comite d
Page 420 and 421:
La port6e de l'obligation d'ex~cuti
Page 422 and 423:
Nous avons d~ji mentionn6 la procha
Page 424 and 425:
jurisprudence dans le cadre des sys
Page 427 and 428:
INTERNATIONAL LITIGATION AND PEACEF
Page 429 and 430:
has finally failed." 3 The present
Page 431 and 432:
control of Nauru in 1942 and subjec
Page 433 and 434:
sovereign nation"." Because of the
Page 435 and 436:
that it had total freedom of action
Page 437 and 438:
Optional Clause declarations. Formu
Page 439 and 440:
for Nauru; he was so addressed by t
Page 441 and 442:
joint letter of discontinuance of I
Page 443 and 444:
name. Australia and its other two f
Page 445:
feasibility studies. Post-judgment
Page 448 and 449:
des conseils et avocats 3 dans la p
Page 450 and 451:
certainement rassurant" et pour les
Page 452 and 453:
Ce barreau officieux est toutefois
Page 454 and 455:
6quilibre g~ographique raisonnable,
Page 456 and 457:
partie 3 et qui effectue en son nom
Page 458 and 459:
En dehors de ce noyau incompressibl
Page 460 and 461:
mime r~ellement l'affaire en mains
Page 462 and 463:
certain qu'une th~orisation soit po
Page 464 and 465:
thbses respectives). Le r6le des co
Page 466 and 467:
s'abstient de guider les Parties en
Page 468 and 469:
fLhx en raison de circonstances tr~
Page 470 and 471:
plan institutionnel; il restera ceu
Page 472 and 473:
Federal States of Micronesia in the
Page 474 and 475:
countries having such libraries at
Page 476 and 477:
the ideal candidate for ad hoc judg
Page 478 and 479:
specialists, who -- at least for th
Page 480 and 481:
(1982)12, Libya (1982)13, Libya (19
Page 482 and 483:
Iran (1996)," Hungary (1997), " Slo
Page 484 and 485:
Nicaragua (1986)," 3 Guinea-Bissau
Page 486 and 487:
that their expertise in certain con
Page 488 and 489:
tendencies (to the point of almost
Page 490 and 491:
paper.
Page 492 and 493:
It was agreed in article 3 of the A
Page 494 and 495:
In any democratic State, institutio
Page 496 and 497:
computers. The importance of confid
Page 498 and 499:
originals of any annexed documents
Page 500 and 501:
produce many of the charts and tabl
Page 502 and 503:
simultaneous interpretation from En
Page 504 and 505:
VII. Summary Many valuable lessons
Page 507 and 508:
BETWEEN COMMITMENT AND CYNICISM: OU
Page 509 and 510:
I will call "cynicism". I shall aim
Page 511 and 512:
gains in one's ability to lead a li
Page 513 and 514:
empirical reality or moral discours
Page 515 and 516:
ambiguity. The debate about a "legi
Page 517 and 518:
And is there not something of high
Page 519 and 520:
structures of sovereignty and treat
Page 521 and 522:
1'on entend bien revendiquer pour s
Page 523 and 524:
The policy-science approaches that
Page 525 and 526:
The judge personifies impartiality,
Page 527 and 528:
In other words, comrmitment to rule
Page 529 and 530:
From the internal perspective of th
Page 531 and 532:
Court's non liquet in the Nuclear W
Page 533 and 534:
Court of Justice -- arrives at a co
Page 535 and 536:
Hence the academic, too, is always
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COLLECTION OF EssAYs RECUEIL D' ARTICLES - Naciones Unidas

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