Telework - Telenor

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14 Table 1 Categories of teleworkers, applied in the analysis Homework Full time (FT homework) Full time paid work conducted in the home 5 days a week Part time (PT homework) Paid work conducted in the home more than 5 hours per week ICT-based (IB homework) Paid work conducted in the home more than 5 hours per week with the use of PC (and possibly other ICT equipment) Mobile work Part time Paid work that is conducted outside the office and the home more than 5 hours a week or elsewhere. Rather, telework has been a fringe benefit by the enterprises to attract educated workers. 3)“The teleworkers are using more and more information and communication technologies (ICT).” This appears as a natural consequence of the penetration of communication equipment like PCs, Internet, ISDN, cellular telephones, pagers, etc. 4)“The teleworkers are mainly motivated by individual needs.” This follows from the arguments presented above. The general trend seems to be that telework is more and more motivated by individual, more than societal needs. I will use these hypotheses as guidelines for the analysis in the rest of this chapter. 3.3 The data The data in this analysis is based on a household survey repeated three times; in 1995, 1997 and 1998. In each instance a battery of core question has been repeated, although some questions have been added in subsequent surveys. The informants are a representative sample of Norwegian households, including both wage earners and others between 17 and 79 years of age. The total survey has included about 2000 households each year, of which approximately 40 % have been considered wage earners. 10) The cumulated number of teleworkers (1995 10) It should be noted that the wage earners do not include those employed in the agriculture, fishing and forestry sectors. The reason for this is simply that in these sectors, homework has been a common practice for ages, so they should be kept apart from a possible new wave of teleworkers. – 1997) includes 29 full time homeworkers, 180 part time homeworkers and 443 mobile workers. 3.4 Number of teleworkers As in most other European countries, there are fewer full time homeworkers in Norway (cf. Korte et al., 1996). The numbers have fluctuated somewhat during the period, but this group represents approximately 1 percent of the workforce, see Figure 3. In total, this means that about 23,000 persons use the home as their ordinary office. Turning to the part time homeworkers, that is wage earners who work more than 5 hours per week in their own homes, the number is 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 more substantial. The general penetration of this group is approximately 7 % of the workforce, if we use the average number of the three surveys. Surprisingly, however, the numbers in this category have decreased significantly during the period, from over 8 % to 5.2 % in 1998. 11) This indicates that the number of people doing work tasks in their homes is not growing, as hypothesized. A closer look at the group of PT homeworkers reveals that approximately every third had spent one or more full days in their homes during the previous week, which represents about 1.8 % of the total workforce. 12) The ICT-based homework, which consists of wage earners that conduct work in their own home more than five hours per week, and use ICT equipment, is of course a smaller group. As mentioned earlier, the only technology considered here is the use of PC in the daily work operations. Treated as a separate category, the ICT-based homeworkers repre- 11) Pearsons R = .006 (Value = -0.54 / St.Error = .019 / Tb = -2,743). 12) This is what we could label the group of telecommuters, because their telework arrangements replace one or more work-travels. Replacing work travels with working at home or in a local tele-center is at the heart of this concept (cf. Nilles et al., 1976). FT homework PT homework IB homework Mobile work 1995 1997 1998 Figure 3 Penetration of different types of teleworkers in Norway 1995 – 1998 Telektronikk 4.1999
sent 4.5 % of the workforce, that is approximately 100,000 persons in Norway. In contrast to PT homeworkers, the number of ICT-based homeworkers has been constant at least for the last two years (from 1997 to 1998). The group of mobile workers, as defined above, is the largest category. The percent of the workforce who conduct more than five hours of paid work outside the office and the home is between 16 and 17, and there are only minor changes over the period. It is however important to stress that this category includes more than the white-collar worker “on the run” with a lap-top under his arm and a cellular in his pocket. Mobile work, as it is defined here, also covers taxi drivers, truck drivers, sales people, construction workers and several other vocations. 3.5 The typical teleworker Hypothesis two, presented above, stated that the teleworkers would have a relatively privileged status in the labor market. I will here look closer at the teleworkers’ professions, status at work, income, gender and their family pattern. Looking first at the type of business in which the teleworkers typically work, one finds that the different teleworktypes appear to be scattered over a surprisingly broad area, see Figure 4. The most salient attribute seems to be that there is far more homework in the category “education and research”, than in any other. This is in particular the case for PT homework, where approximately 17 % of the employed work at home more than five hours a week. There is also a lot of PT homework in “private services”. These two groups also deploy most of the ICT-based working from home. Mobile work is most common in the “transportation businesses” and “manufacturing industry”. Looking at the professions, there is also an impressive range represented among the teleworkers. The PT homeworkers include such different occupations as architects, data consultants, union workers and one freelance singer(!). The PT homework is most common among selfemployed and white collar workers. As many as 29 % of the self-employed worked as part time homeworkers as did almost 10 % of the higher level clerks, and about 7 % of the middle level clerks. In contrast, only 0.9 % of the unskilled workers where PT homeworkers Telektronikk 4.1999 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Trade, industri, building and construction 50 40 30 20 10 0 Unskilled worker Commerce, banking, insurance Skilled worker Privae services Transport (air, sea, land) Employee, lower Employee, medium Looking at the variable status at work it seems that telework is a habit among the higher level employees and the selfemployed, more than among the skilled and unskilled workers and the lower level employees (see Figure 5). In particular ICT-based homework is more frequent among the higher level employees, and the full time homeworkers are most prominent among the self-employed. We also asked the respondents if they had a profession where they figured as leaders. Almost one third of the wage earners Publich administration Education and research Employee, higher Self employed Public services Figure 4 FT homework, PT homework, IB homework and mobile workers within different categories of work (1995 – 1998), in percent Figure 5 <strong>Telework</strong>ers’ social status (1995 – 1998). Percent of teleworkers in each category FT homework PT homework IB homework Mobile work FT homework (N=29) PT homework (N=180) IB homework (N=79) Mobile work (N=443) All wage earners (N=2573) answered affirmative to this question. However, over 50 % of the FT homeworkers and the PT homeworkers indicated they had this kind of work. For the mobile group, the numbers were somewhat lower. Thus, the teleworkers were actually more often engaged in management work. On the other hand, it was even more compelling to see that among the managers there were twice as many PT homeworkers, IB homeworkers and mobile workers as among the others. This suggests that homework and mobile 15
Page 2 and 3: Contents At the age of 95 and into
Page 4 and 5: 2 Telektronikk 4.1999
Page 6 and 7: 4 Telework research: Setting the sc
Page 8 and 9: 6 During the 1990s the focus was in
Page 10 and 11: 8 be internally conflicting. Howeve
Page 12 and 13: 10 The silent transformation of the
Page 14 and 15: 12 tions, telework became a favorit
Page 18 and 19: 16 120 100 25 20 15 10 80 60 40 20
Page 20 and 21: 18 The paradox is intriguing but al
Page 22 and 23: 20 The knowledge gap in the IT sect
Page 24 and 25: 22 Developing telework regulations
Page 26 and 27: 24 The International Labour Organiz
Page 28 and 29: 26 For the practice of telework, it
Page 30 and 31: 28 Julsrud, T, Opheim, H. 1998. Erf
Page 32 and 33: 30 as Toffler in the 1970s and 1980
Page 34 and 35: 32 Table 3 Proportion of time spent
Page 36 and 37: 34 (eg. whether it is seen as being
Page 38 and 39: 36 ence of ICTs. Individual use of
Page 40 and 41: 38 Huws, U, Korte, W, Robinson, S.
Page 42 and 43: 40 of boundaries of here and there,
Page 44 and 45: 42 the understanding of work and le
Page 46 and 47: 44 for other activities than work,
Page 48 and 49: 46 Illustration 2 Why is boundary w
Page 50 and 51: 48 Flexible work and health ERIK BE
Page 52 and 53: 50 civil servants in jobs character
Page 54 and 55: 52 HIGH Decision Latitude (control)
Page 56 and 57: 54 Case La Dolce cooperativa A stud
Page 58 and 59: 56 productivity benefits. Policy de
Page 60 and 61: 58 Working with others: the virtual
Page 62 and 63: 60 try to co-ordinate their trips t
Page 64 and 65: 62 beginning, one of the teleworker
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64 Telecottages and other work cent
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66 • Place of purchase of commodi
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68 too expensive to the organizatio
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70 Toward increased organisational
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72 Table 1 Telework and life form c
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74 • Individual agreements concer
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76 References Amin, A. Post-Fordism
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78 • Intra-organisationel - Focus
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80 Lack of physical proximity Less
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82 • intended - a conversation in
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84 Electronic team rooms The need f
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86 transformation from hierarchy-bu
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88 Proceedings from CSCW’96, (Cam
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90 changed from being very optimist
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92 Table 2 Inhabitants of Oslo and
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94 Table 6 Reduction in total car j
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96 Epilogue - “Confessions of a w
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98 Telektronikk 4.1999
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102 PBX IP telephony software Phone
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104 Control information Voice conne
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106 Intelligent Network Management
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108 the two standing working commit
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110 References 1 Voice over IP Serv
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114 Everything was easier before ..
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116 IIA Internet Industry Associati
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120 Engset was not afraid of long a
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