Telework - Telenor

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26 For the practice of telework, it is recommended to • Establish or strengthen result-oriented management routines; • Reconsider organizational routines, to take care of the development and assignment of work tasks, as well as the individual’s career development; • Establish routines to uphold and strengthen co-determination and democracy at work, as well as work-place loyalty and workplace identification; • Establish information and communication channels which are accessible irrespective of location; • Establish procedures for logistics and support. The proposal for provisions is motivated by the fact that the Working Environment Act does not apply for home-based teleworking. The general intention of the proposal is to extend the area of application to include telework as far as possible, but without introducing unwanted bureaucracy and rigidity. The proposal includes items like • The area of application for the provisions should be home-based telework, except sporadic and insignificant instances of working at home (other instances of telework are already covered by the Act); • The regulation of daily working hours should be suspended, while upholding limitations regarding weekly working hours; • The Directorate of Labour Inspection should uphold a right to inspect the work-site; • The system of internal control 1) should be extended to the telework sites. The proposal has been forwarded to the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development, for eventual treatment. 1) The system of internal control delegates aspects of work site inspection from public authorities to the company in question. The system’s procedures shall be reported to the authorities (cf. Brunborg and Ihlen, 1997). Telektronikk 4.1999
importance of distance working, and the parties have agreed to systematically follow up developments in this field. Based on the results from this monitoring of telework experiences, one probable next step is the formulation of (elements of) a telework policy in a future revision of the Basic Agreement. As telework is an emergent organizational form without an accumulated body of practice, the informal regulatory mechanisms like norms, traditions and generally accepted models for work practices have not yet been developed to any extent. A common approach for the development of codes of practice is the more or less systematic monitoring of experiences and work practices, from which the dissemination of results may take place through media like reports, management courses, or telework handbooks. Project Telework – a Norwegian telework development initiative As an instrument for the development and dissemination of telework practices and telework knowledge, the Research Council of Norway has supported a telework development project as a part of its programme for National Information Networks (see separate instalment on Telework promotion plans in Norway). A main goal for the telework project has been to contribute to the further development of teleworking as an attractive alternative for organizing work (see NIN, 1999). Recommendations and proposals from the telework project are formulated in a Telework Handbook, in working group reports, and in the proposal for provisions to the Work Environment Act. The project and its results have already proven influential through the dissemination of results and practices, in particular through a wide deployment of the Handbook. Further, the project has been given a central role in the process of formulation of telework policies and practices, as expressed by official authorities (see NIN, 1999; St.meld. nr. 38 (1997–98); Nærings- og handelsdepartementet, 1998). Results from the project are abstracted as a separate instalment in order to demonstrate in more detail one specific approach Telektronikk 4.1999 to telework regulation, characterized by the formulation of somewhat extensive local agreements due to the situation with a poorly developed overarching framework for telework regulation. A continued monitoring of experiences with teleworking will contribute to the on-going process of developing both the formal and the informal mechanisms for telework regulation. Comparing telework programmes and regulations Within the field of telework, a large number of promotion and development programmes have been formulated, like the American Clean Air Act and the initiative for ‘information superhighways’ (see NIST, 1994), the Bangemann Group Report, and other initiatives from the European Community (Club de Bruxelles, 1994; de la Serna, 1996). A comparison of telework development programmes, and the actual practices these programmes inspire, is of great importance for an understanding of the dynamics of telework development and telework regulation. There are several common themes in the various telework development programmes, partly through a migration of initiatives and arguments from programme to programme, where the American plans and the Bangemann Group Report have been particularly influential. In spite of common themes, telework development programmes differ considerably regarding ambitions and goals, and the means by which the goals are to be accomplished. The diversity of programmes may be elaborated through an understanding of development programmes as pragmatic acts of communication – communication with the intent of achieving changes. Within this perspective, the study of the textual content of the programmes is important, but does contribute only to a partial understanding of them and their relevance. In addition, one has to study the types of actors and institutions involved in the formulation of the programmes and supporting them. Further, one has to consider the regulatory environment wherein the telework initiatives are located, and how these initiatives may support and amend existing regulations. When comparing telework initiatives cross-nationally, one also has to consider the different labour-management relations and management traditions, as well as the various approaches to labour legislation in the respective countries. References Actions for the stimulation of trans-border telework and co-operation in Europe. 1996. Brussels, European Commission DGXIII. Bakke, J W. 1998. Fjernarbeid, arbeidsavtaler og arbeidsrett. Oslo, Norges forskningsråd. Bakke, J W et al. 1998. Håndbok i fjernarbeid. Oslo, Arbeidsmiljøforlaget. Beck, U. 1992. Risk society. London, Sage Publ. Brunborg, H, Ihlen, F. 1997. Internkontroll i praksis. Oslo, Cappelen Akademisk forlag. Club de Bruxelles. 1994. The future of the information society (the ‘Bangemann Group’ report). Brussels. Duffy, F. 1997. The new office. London, Conran Octopus Limited. du Gay, P (ed.). 1997. Production of culture / Cultures of production. London, Sage / The Open University. Dølvik. J E et al. 1996. Norwegian labour market institutions and regulations. In: Dølvik, J E, Steen, A H (eds.). Making solidarity work. Oslo, Scandinavian University Press. Hetland, P et al. 1988. Fjernt, men likevel nært. Stavanger, Rogalandsforskning. Jacobsen, J K S et al. 1996. Fjernarbeid og potensial for reduksjon i arbeidsreiser. Oslo/Kjeller, Transportøkonomisk Institutt / Telenor R&D. Jakhelln, H. 1996a. Oversikt over arbeidsretten. Oslo, NKS-forlaget. Jakhelln, H. 1996b. Fjernarbeid. In: Jakhelln, H, Bakke, J W (eds.). Fjernarbeid og arbeidsrett. Kjeller, Telenor R&D. Julsrud, T. Hjemmebasert fjernarbeid i Norge 1994–97. Faglig nyhetsbrev fra Telenor FoU, nr. 2, 1998. 27
Page 2 and 3: Contents At the age of 95 and into
Page 4 and 5: 2 Telektronikk 4.1999
Page 6 and 7: 4 Telework research: Setting the sc
Page 8 and 9: 6 During the 1990s the focus was in
Page 10 and 11: 8 be internally conflicting. Howeve
Page 12 and 13: 10 The silent transformation of the
Page 14 and 15: 12 tions, telework became a favorit
Page 16 and 17: 14 Table 1 Categories of teleworker
Page 18 and 19: 16 120 100 25 20 15 10 80 60 40 20
Page 20 and 21: 18 The paradox is intriguing but al
Page 22 and 23: 20 The knowledge gap in the IT sect
Page 24 and 25: 22 Developing telework regulations
Page 26 and 27: 24 The International Labour Organiz
Page 30 and 31: 28 Julsrud, T, Opheim, H. 1998. Erf
Page 32 and 33: 30 as Toffler in the 1970s and 1980
Page 34 and 35: 32 Table 3 Proportion of time spent
Page 36 and 37: 34 (eg. whether it is seen as being
Page 38 and 39: 36 ence of ICTs. Individual use of
Page 40 and 41: 38 Huws, U, Korte, W, Robinson, S.
Page 42 and 43: 40 of boundaries of here and there,
Page 44 and 45: 42 the understanding of work and le
Page 46 and 47: 44 for other activities than work,
Page 48 and 49: 46 Illustration 2 Why is boundary w
Page 50 and 51: 48 Flexible work and health ERIK BE
Page 52 and 53: 50 civil servants in jobs character
Page 54 and 55: 52 HIGH Decision Latitude (control)
Page 56 and 57: 54 Case La Dolce cooperativa A stud
Page 58 and 59: 56 productivity benefits. Policy de
Page 60 and 61: 58 Working with others: the virtual
Page 62 and 63: 60 try to co-ordinate their trips t
Page 64 and 65: 62 beginning, one of the teleworker
Page 66 and 67: 64 Telecottages and other work cent
Page 68 and 69: 66 • Place of purchase of commodi
Page 70 and 71: 68 too expensive to the organizatio
Page 72 and 73: 70 Toward increased organisational
Page 74 and 75: 72 Table 1 Telework and life form c
Page 76 and 77: 74 • Individual agreements concer
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76 References Amin, A. Post-Fordism
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78 • Intra-organisationel - Focus
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80 Lack of physical proximity Less
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82 • intended - a conversation in
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84 Electronic team rooms The need f
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86 transformation from hierarchy-bu
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88 Proceedings from CSCW’96, (Cam
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90 changed from being very optimist
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92 Table 2 Inhabitants of Oslo and
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94 Table 6 Reduction in total car j
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96 Epilogue - “Confessions of a w
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98 Telektronikk 4.1999
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102 PBX IP telephony software Phone
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104 Control information Voice conne
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106 Intelligent Network Management
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108 the two standing working commit
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110 References 1 Voice over IP Serv
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114 Everything was easier before ..
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116 IIA Internet Industry Associati
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120 Engset was not afraid of long a
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