The Iranian Revolution at 30

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Milani... racy was inevitably and irrevocably upon us. But Ayatollah Khomeini fought against this tide of history and erected a pseudo-totalitarian state founded on the divine edicts of God and the absolute wisdom of the Faqih. This last, and still lasting paradox of the “Islamic revolution,” will also bring about its end. The century-old coalition for democracy still awaits the realization of its dream. 28 The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: The Iranian Revolution at 30 • www.mideasti.org
The Revolutionary Legacy: A Contested and Insecure Polity Farideh Farhi Islamic Iran will enter its 30th year with almost as much political noise as it generated at its inception. On the one hand, Iran’s nuclear program and the confrontation it has engendered are daily reminders of the regional and global dimensions of Iran’s revolution. On the other hand, the incessant squabbling among various branches of the government as well as among different political factions point to the fact that, more than anything else, the revolution was about an end to a one-man dominated political system. The noise persists because of domestic quarrels over the nature of Iran’s relationship to the world, particularly to its sole remaining superpower, as well as to itself. The revolution of 1979 was for most Iranians a double-edged affair, involving aspirations for freedom (azadi) and national sovereignty or independence (esteqlal). These aspirations continue to shape and haunt the Islamic Republic. No matter how one looks at Iran today, there can be no denying that they remain at best partially fulfilled. More importantly, they continue to be played against each other. In the name of external threats, national security, and sovereignty, critical expressions are silenced while unhindered and, at times, unhinged political competition has turned democratic institutions such as elections into instruments of intra-elite rivalry rather than expressions of national will. The shaping of post-revolutionary Iran through its search for independence is manifestly reflected in its almost pathological insistence on national sovereignty and being treated with respect in the face of international pressures. The haunting comes in the form of “strategic loneliness.” Tehran is indeed betrothed to “neither West nor East,” as its founder Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini insisted nearly 30 years ago, but does not rest easily in that position. This does not mean that it is denied a seat at the table. In fact, as recently as July 2008 Tehran was host to the 15th annual ministerial meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement. But its desire to receive support for its noncompliant posture received half-hearted support from other non-aligned countries worried about their names being too closely identified with a country in direct confrontation with a rather unforgiving superpower. Tehran’s right to peaceful nuclear energy is repeatedly reaffirmed as “the basic and inalienable right of all states, to develop [and] research, [the] production and use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes,” 1 but only a few countries such as Cuba, Venezuela, and Syria are willing to condemn the three standing UN Security Council resolutions 1. Final Document of the XV Ministerial Conference of Non-Aligned Movement held in Tehran, July 27-30. The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: The Iranian Revolution at 30 • www.mideasti.org Farideh Farhi is an Independent Scholar and Affiliate Graduate Faculty at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa. 29
Page 1 and 2: Viewpoints Special Edition The Iran
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Page 5 and 6: Dedication The Iranian Revolution a
Page 7 and 8: Back to the Future: Bazaar Strikes,
Page 9 and 10: Economy 191 Energy 196 Gender 199 P
Page 11 and 12: Dedication... A Chronology of Dr. R
Page 13 and 14: Ramazani... In spite of these histo
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Page 17 and 18: Tajbakhsh... minton, boys and girls
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Page 21 and 22: Katouzian... are histories. The mos
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Page 27: Milani... stitutional government, o
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Page 33 and 34: Kurzman... Republic. 22 If journali
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Page 37 and 38: Bashiriyeh... satisfaction among it
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Page 49 and 50: Women and the Islamic Republic: Ema
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Page 53 and 54: Moghadam... making fancy jams, desi
Page 55 and 56: Social Change, the Women’s Rights
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Page 59 and 60: Koolaee... THE PoST-REFoRM ERA One
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Society The Middle East Institute V
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Baktiari... mosques. 2 The rise of
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Iranian Nationalism Rediscovered Al
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Iranian “Exceptionalism” Sadegh
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Zibakalam... However, since the ris
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Potentials and Challenges in the Ir
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Ghorban... to plan, and Iranian’s
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Roshandel... would be very similar
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Environmental Snapshots in Contempo
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Eskandari... producing fish are goi
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Keshavarzian... Iranian state is en
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Iran Para-governmental Organization
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Saeidi... and radical persuasions,
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Salehi-Isfahani... Immediately foll
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Salehi-Isfahani... HEAlTH AND BASIC
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Elections as a Tool to Sustain the
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Alamdari... Khomeini asserted that
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Rahimi... Not all Shi‘a Iranians
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Muhammad Khatami: A Dialogue beyond
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Harrop... In a veiled reference to
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Religious Apartheid in Iran H.E. Ch
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Chehabi... stymied by the entrenche
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Heradstveit... ties across the fron
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III. Regional and International Rel
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Iran’s International Relations: P
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Ehteshami... tionalism and revoluti
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Seifzadeh... CUlTURE AND HISToRIoGR
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Seifzadeh... positions, Iran has co
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Barzegar... question of federalism
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Saghafi-Ameri... government of Pres
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Iran’s Tactical Foreign Policy Rh
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Nashat... Due to its effective publ
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The Kurdish Factor in Iran-Iraq Rel
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Entessar... raids in the border are
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Shaery-Eisenlohr... The academic kn
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The Syrian-Iranian Alliance Raymond
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Hinnebusch... and on Iran over its
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Kibaroglu... and Turkey. Having rec
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The Dichotomist Antagonist Posture
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Redaelli... ficult, due to both its
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Kamrava... matic issues are intimat
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Iran and Saudi Arabia: Eternal “G
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Fürtig... ideas.” Relations with
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The European Union and Iran Walter
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Posch... debate continues to this d
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Izadi... ranean profondeur (depth)
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Izadi... CoNClUSIoN Conflicting wor
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Bonab... is more important than the
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Iran’s Islamic Revolution and Its
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Maleki... national levels. Iran joi
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Van Gölü (Lake Van) Maku ARMENIA
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The Middle East Institute Viewpoint
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Caspian Region Oil Pipelines (U) MO
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Statistics The Middle East Institut
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Economy The Middle East Institute V
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Thousand Tonnes IEA Energy Statisti
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Gender The Middle East Institute Vi
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Political Power Structure The Middl
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Head of State President Mahmud Ahma
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From the pages of The Middle East J
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Selected Bibliography The Middle Ea
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Society for Iranian Studies. Irania
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Mutahhari, Ayatollah Murtaza. A Dis
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