Practical Data for Metallurgists - Timken

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104 V USEFUL EQUATIONS FOR HARDENABLE ALLOY STEELS Ae (°F) ~ 1333 � 25 � Mn � 40 � Si � 42 � Cr � 26 � Ni ............... (1) 1 Ae (°F) ~ 1570 � 323 � C � 25 � Mn � 80 � Si � 3 � Cr � 32 � Ni.. (2) 3 Ac (°C) ~ 723 � 10.7 � Mn � 29.1 � Si � 16.9 � Cr � 16.9 � Ni � 1 290 � As � 6.38 � W ........................................................... (3) Ac (°C) ~ 910 � 203 � √C � 44.7 � Si � 15.2 � Ni � 31.5 � Mo � 104 3 � V � 13.1 � W ...................................................................... (4) Ms (°F) ~ 930 � 600 � C � 60 � Mn � 20 � Si � 50 � Cr � 30 � Ni � 20 � Mo � 20 � W........................................................ (5) M 10 (°F) ~ Ms � 18 ................................................................................. (6) M 50 (°F) ~ Ms � 85 ................................................................................. (7) M 90 (°F) ~ Ms � 185 ............................................................................... (8) Mf (°F) ~ Ms � 387................................................................................ (9) Bs (°F) ~ 1526 � 486 � C � 162 � Mn � 126 � Cr � 67 � Ni � 149 � Mo ............................................................................ (10) B 50 (°F) ~ Bs � 108 ............................................................................. (11) Bf (°F) ~ Bs � 216 ............................................................................. (12) Carburized Case Depth (in.) ~ .025√t, for 1700°F ............................... (13) Carburized Case Depth (in.) ~ .021√t, for 1650°F ............................... (14) Carburized Case Depth (in.) ~ .018√t, for 1600°F ............................... (15) (t � time in hours) ___________________________________________________________________________ Note: Each equation above is subject to the chemistry limitations under which it was developed. 1 & 2: R. A. Grange, Metal Progress, 79, April 1961, p 73. 3 & 4: K. W. Andrews, JISI, 203, 1965, p 721. 5: E. S. Rowland and S. R. Lyle, Trans. ASM, 37, 1946, p 27. 6-12: W. Steven and A. G. Haynes, JISI, 183, 1956, p 349. 13-15: F. E. Harris, Metal Progress, 44, August 1943, p 265. 141 105
GLOSSARY OF METALLURGICAL TERMS Alloying Elements ALUMINUM - Al is used to deoxidize steel and control grain size. Grain size control is effected by forming a fine dispersion with nitrogen and oxygen which restricts austenite grain growth. Aluminum is also an extremely effective nitride former in nitriding steels. BORON - B is usually added between .0005-.003% to significantly increase the hardenability, especially for low carbon alloys. It does not affect the strength of ferrite, therefore not sacrificing ductility, formability or machinability in the annealed state. CALCIUM - Ca is used in certain steels to control the shape, size and distribution of oxide and/or sulfide inclusions. Benefits may include improved ductility, impact strength and machinability. CARBON - C is the most important alloying element which is essential for the formation of cementite, pearlite, spheriodite, bainite, and iron-carbon martensite. Compared to steels with similar microstructures, strength, hardness, hardenability, and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature are increased with increasing carbon content up to approximately .60%. Toughness and ductility of pearlitic steels are decreased with increasing carbon content. CHROMIUM - Cr is used in low alloy steels to increase 1) resistance to corrosion and oxidation, 2) high temperature strength, 3) hardenability, and 4) abrasion resistance in high carbon alloys. Straight chromium steels are susceptible to temper embrittlement and can be brittle. COPPER - Cu is detrimental to hot workability and subsequent surface quality. It is used in certain steels to improve resistance to atmospheric corrosion. LEAD - Pb improves machinability. It does not dissolve in steel but stays as globules. Environmental concerns are resulting in a decreased usage of lead in the steel industry. MANGANESE - Mn is important because it deoxidizes the melt and facilitates hot working of the steel by reducing the susceptibility to hot shortness. It combines with sulfur to form MnS stringers which increases machinability. Manganese contributes to the effectiveness of normalizing for strengthening, to the formation of fine pearlite, and lowers the Ms temperature, therefore increasing the probability of retained austenite. 142
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Practical Data for Metallurgists
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Steel Chemis
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FREE CUTTING RESULPHURIZED STEELS C
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STANDARD ALLOY STEELS - continued S
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STANDARD H STEELS Chemical Composit
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STANDARD CARBON AND CARBON BORON H
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SAE No. C Mn Cr Ni Mo Other 2317 .1
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FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS - continue
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SELECTED MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS -
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SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICAT
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NITRIDING STEELS Chemical Compositi
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AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS - conti
Page 26 and 27:
SELECTED ASTM SPECIFICATIONS Chemic
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TIMKEN ® TUBULAR HOLLOW DRILL STEE
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TIMKEN ® WELDABLE HIGH STRENGTH ST
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TIMKEN ® ALLOY STEELS FOR HIGH TEM
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USA - EUROPEAN - JAPANESE NEAR EQUI
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(1) Ck has same chemical compositio
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EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS THROU
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JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS CARBO
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JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS H STE
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JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS CARBO
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JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS NICKE
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JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS CHROM
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END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS Tabu
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RESTRICTED END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY
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INTRODUCTION TO JOMINY CORRELATION
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BAR SIZE CENTER 0.20 0.35 0.50 1.5
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EXPLANATION OF COMBINED HARDENABILI
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TYPE HEAT TREATMENT 1340 NORMALIZED
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Page 82 and 83:
AVERAGE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CARBO
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CARBURIZING INFORMATION For .10% Ca
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SURFACE CARBON CONCENTRATION, % PRO
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TIME AT HEAT, Hr 100 80 60 40 20 10
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CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND Ms/Mf POI
Page 92 and 93: Represents the case of 8600 and 930
Page 94 and 95: MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCES Standa
Page 96 and 97: MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCE - conti
Page 98 and 99: MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCES Specia
Page 100 and 101: STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCES All Conditi
Page 102 and 103: (1) Refer to the previous page for
Page 104 and 105: TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS How Mechanic
Page 106 and 107: TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS - continued
Page 108 and 109: HOT ROLLED AND COLD DRAWN MECHANICA
Page 110 and 111: BAR CROSS SECTIONAL TOLERANCES FOR
Page 112 and 113: MASTER WEIGHT TABLES FOR ROUNDS AND
Page 114 and 115: MASTER WEIGHT TABLES FOR ROUNDS AND
Page 116 and 117: As Cast Size Product Diameter 28" (
Page 118 and 119: RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIO
Page 124 and 125: ESTIMATED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES HOT
Page 126 and 127: Temperature °F 3000 2802 2800 2720
Page 128 and 129: CALCULATIONS FOR X - AND R CHARTS A
Page 130 and 131: HANDY PHYSICAL CONSTANTS Accelerati
Page 132 and 133: CONVERSION FACTORS EQUATION: A 3 B
Page 134 and 135: Kg per sq mm Psi M Pa METRIC-ENGLIS
Page 136 and 137: TABLES FOR CONVERSION FROM INCHES I
Page 138 and 139: TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLES Alber
Page 140 and 141: HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLES BASED ON
Page 144 and 145: GLOSSARY - continued MOLYBDENUM - M
Page 146 and 147: GLOSSARY - continued END-QUENCH HAR
Page 148 and 149: GLOSSARY - continued TEMPERING A tr
Page 150 and 151: FORGING GLOSSARY - continued FILLET
Page 152 and 153: FORGING GLOSSARY - continued SHEAR
Page 154: Customers Turn to Timken for Qualit
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